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THE LIBRARY OF
JOHN G. McEACHERN
^..OCM^"^'^^ ^
/ /
3IABCH OF THE TI !
English Miles
T.vr^is
^
tioagiUide
THE
BY
Boston, U.S.A.:
GINN & COMPANY.
Toronto :
but I have at least succeeded in making this book briefer than its
immediate predecessor. In writing it I have aimed to give, first,
only such fundamental facts of Greek grammar as the young pupil
must know before he can begin to read the connected narrative of
Xenophon intelligently and with pleasure, and secondly, a moderate
amount of practice, both in reading and in writing, in the application
of these principles. I have entirely excluded from the eighty lessons
into which the First Greek Book is divided- the Attic second
declension, the systematic treatment of the affinity of words, word
lists, word groups, the principles of word formation, and the divi-
sion of verbs into eight classes, although provision is made for the
study of some of these important matters, if the teacher finds the
time for it, in the materials furnished in the Appendix. Further,
CONTENTS.
IiESS.
vm CONTENTS.
LESS.
CONTENTS. IX
less;
TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
NO. PAGE
1. Greek Schoolroom 3
2. Ancient Dog-cart ^. 6
3. Assyrian Tents _ 9
4. The Slaying of the Suitors 13
5. Sabre 14
6. Attic Four Drachma Piece 15
7. Bronze Boat used as a Lamp 21
8. Greek Wairior 25
9. Sacrifice 29
10. Targeteer 39
11. Ancient Persians 40
12. The Skulking Warrior 45
13. Assyrian Wagon 46
14. Theseus Fighting with Amazons 48
15. Attic Four Drachma Piece 64
16. Silenus the Satyr _ 56
17. Alexander the Great 61
18. Target ^ 62
19. Greek Armor 69
20. Battle 79
21. Darius III _ 82
22. Persian Daric 83
23. A Youthful Knight 85
24. Persian Slingers 90
25. Greek Armor 94
26. Chariot Race ! 97
27. Masks of Pan 99
28. Ostriches ! 100
29. Helmet 103
30. Arming of a Greek Warrior 104
31. Raft of Inflated Hides Ill
32. Axe : 114
33. Bridle 115
34. Greek Hoplites .
118
35. Bow 122
36. Greek Schoolroom 127
37. Greek Armor 132
38. Altar 137
39. Ancient Dogs 140
40. Sword 148
41. Spear-heads 163
42. Ancient Persians 157
43. War Ship 159
44. Girdle 162
TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xi
so. PAGE
45. Darius goes Hunting 170
46. Attic Ten Drachma Piece 171
47. Ancient Horse Race 175
48. Assyrian Soldiers 177
49. Wheel and Axle of Scythe-bearing Chariot 181
50. Chariot : 188
51. Chaplet 196
52. Zeus and Victory ,. 202
53. Apollo flays Marsyas 204
54. Persian Charioteer 208
55. Trumpeter 211
56. Plan of the Battle at Cunaxa 214
57. Barbarians 219
58. The Stricken Persian 225
59. Attic Obol 227
60. Athena 233
61. Zeus - 234
62. The Giving of Hands 237
63. Athena 264
64. The Caftan 274
65. Amazon 285
IN THE VOCABULARIES.
66. Mill 5
67. Axe 7
6a. War Chariot 9
69. Artemis 10
70. Oval Shield ., 10
71. Round Shield , 11
72. Attic Drachma Piece 16
73. Breast-plate 23
74. Horse and Rider 24
75. Herald 26
76. Greave 27
77. Helmet 27
78. Ancient Ships 31
79. Stone-thrower 32
80. Arming of Warriors 83
81. Heavy-armed Soldier 34
82. Target 37
83. Frontlet and Bridle of Horse 40
84. Persian Sceptre-bearer 4i
85. Mounted Bowmen 46
86. Position of Rowers in the Trireme 46
87. Bowman - 47
88. Greek Women 48
89. Bracelet 50
90. Harnessing to the Chariot 50
FIEST GREEK BOOK.
LESSON I.
met Epsilon
ddze Zeta
prey Eta
thin Theta
A;ill Kappa
Zand Lambda
men Mu
2. At the end of a word s, elsewhere o-, as ctkt/v^s, of a tent.
8. Mutes of the same class are called cognate; those of the same
order, co-ordinate.
and t^.
9,, T], (0. The last three, formed by writing i under d, i\, o),
1 as in eight, vi as in qwit,
01 as in oil, ou as in growp,
Give the name of each letter, and the phonetic value of each single vowel,
consonant, and diphthong in the following words:
13. EXERCISE.
T|-|ic-pa, day. 6v-pa, door. Ov-pai, doors.
LESSON II.
17. Most words ending in ci, and all verbs of the third
person ending in , generally add v when the next word begins
with a vowel, as exovaiv ot/cia?, thet/ have houses ; elx^v oUidv,
the acute (
' )'
^ a-ya-06<;, good, ^fie-pd, day, "Ap-re-fii';,
iv aKrj-vai<;, in tents.
19. The acute can stand only on one of the last three
syllables of a word, the circumflex only on one of the last two,
25. A word which, like a-Krj-vij, tent, lias the acute on the
last syllable is called oxytone {i.e. sharp-toned). An oxytone
changes its acute to the grave before other words in the same
sentence, as a-K-q-vr) a-^a-drj, a good tent.
6 PUNCTUATION.
28. The Greek uses the comma (,) and the period (.) like
the English. It has also a colon., a point above the line (),
which is equivalent to the English colon and semicolon. The
mark of interrogation (;) is the same as the English semicolon.
Name the accent of each word in 13, and state the principle or principles
LESSON III.
Nouns. Introductory.
29. There are five Cases in Greek, the nominative, genitive,
dative, accusative, and vocative.
30. The nominative and vocative plural are always alike. In neuters,
the nominative, accusative, and vocative are alike in all numbers ; in the
plural these end in a.
31. There are three Numbers, the singular, the dual (which
denotes two objects), and the plural.
A-Declension. Feminines in a.
38.
FEMININES IN ALPHA (LONG).
40. VOCABULARY.
dYopa, ar, ^, market-place. |jiaKpa, adj., long.
olKia, ds, }}, house. Tiv, he {she, it) was; rio-av, they were.
LESSON IV.
44.
VERBS. 11
LESSON V.
Verbs. Introductory.
48. The Greek verb has three Voices, the active, middle,
and passive,
56.
PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE. 13
LESSON VI.
A-Declension. Feminines in a.
2.
FEMININES IN ALPHA (SHORT). 15
63. VOCABULARY.
ap,a|a, tjs, i), wagon. No. 13. aya9i\, adj., good, brave.
OdXaTra, i;s, ij, sea. fls, prep, with ace, i?ito, to (a pro-
itIXttj, i;s, i}, shield, target. No. 18. dat., on, by, at; with ace, upon, to,
daXaTTYj ,'
3, rpaTre^d? eVt toji^ ajxa^wv ayere. 4. et? 7171'
OdXaTTav.
LESSON VII.
(9
IMPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE. 17
10. i^ovXevofiev.
TTjv dyopdv.
LESSON VIII.
'O-Declension.
76. PARADIGMS.
a. For the accent, see 21 (final oi is sliort, 23), 22, 24, 35, 36. The
forms 6, ol are proclitic (26).
78. VOCABULARY.
avOpwiros, ov, 6, i], man, human being, 8(i>pov, ov, t6, gift.
iiriros, ov, 6, horse. No. 23. \tapiov, ov, t6 (c/. x<ip)) small place,
Xo-yos, ov, 6, word, speech. place, spot.
a. The article placed after the noun indicates its gender, 6 the mas-
culine, ^ the feminine, to the neuter.
80. 1. The allies had horses. 2. I led the horse into the
village. 3. The place was narrow. 4. The man was a coward
(i.e. cowardly) in war. 5. He sent horses to the allies.
20 0-DECLENSION.
LESSON IX.
0-Declension (continued).
82.
0-DECLENSION. 21
83. VOCABULARY.
686s, oO, ri, road, way. oirXov, ov, t6, implement, plur. arms. No. 19.
LESSON X.
91. Some verbs lack the first aorist. Such verbs often have
a Second aorist, which ends in ov, and is conjugated exactly
like the imperfect (69), as d'ye!), d^co, second aorist rjyayov,
I led, rjyaye'i, you led, ^yaye, he led, etc., e;^, e|ft), second
aorist ea^ov, I had, eo-;^9, you had, ea^X^i ^^ had, etc.
94. VOCABULARY.
dOpoi^w (verb stem aOpoiS), dOpoio-w, d8X({>6s, oO, 6, brother.
Notes. ^ The dative follows the compound verb. See the Rule in
865. Note also that the article is here used, as often, instead of the pos-
sessive pronoun, his brother. ^ "Wg might have t^v 'EXXrjvLKrjv fttvXaKrjv
LESSON XL
A-Declension. Masculines.
99. Masculines of the A-Declension end in as or r\s (37).
102. VOCABULARY.
Ev<j>paTT)s, ov, 6, t?ie Euphrates.
vcavCas, ov, 6, young man.
oirXt-nis, ou, 6 (c/. SttXov), heavy-armed foot soldier,
hoplite. No. 8.
<rvv, prep, with dat., with, in company with, Lat. cum. Greek Warrior.
26 PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE.
iv Be^LO, ^
ex^*"
'
^- o ^^ aTpaTrjyo<; ovre to^ottjv ^l^ev ovre
ireXTacTTTJv. 9. avv rot? (/*) TreXrao-rar? ihicoKe tov<;
TreXracTTa? cx^*^*
LESSON XII.
and K and -y to Xi as
7re7ro'/A(^-77.
116. VOCABULARY.
8i-apird^(i>, 8i-apirdo-(o, Si-Vjpircura, 8i- ElX^apxoSi ov, 6, Clearchus.
No. 9.
make an,
ezpeditton.
.... f i- with gen
Sid,> prep. :
o ., through;
>
with ace,
>
on account of.
8apiK6s, ov, 6, daric (a gold coin). irpis, prep.: with gen., over against;
opKov<; ol (TTpaTr]yoC
ov ya/a reOvKdcn rot? Oeois-
9. 7)dpoiKa<;, (6 Kvpe, ctti tov? ^ap^dpov<; tov<; TreXraora?
/cat T0V9 To^ora?. 10. ot 8e crT/aartwrat ra? dfxd^d<;
iXekvKecrav Sto, toi^ (their) t(ov noXefjLL(oi/ (poftov.
No. 9. Sacrifice.
30 THE ART OF BEADING.
LESSON XIII.
fully note the laws of construction, especially those which differ from the
corresponding constructions in Latin and English.
In reading^
a. Observe sharply the forms of the words, so as to become at once a'rare
of their grammatical relations.
b. Make the utmost effort of memory to recall the meanings of tcords alrejtihi
met.
c. Follow the Greek order strictly in arriving at the thought. Observe care-
fully the order of the words and the marks of punctuation.
124. VOCABULARY.
apxTJ; V^j V, rule, province, satrapy. Ilepo-iKos, v, (>v {cf. Il^/ixrijs), Persian.
Urxvp6s, d, 6v, strong; x^P^"" Icrx^p^v, acrri, conjunctive adv., so as, so that,
stronghold. wherefore.
READING LESSON.
arpaTLwraL avr<S rjaav is equivalent to (tt par Liar a.<i t'x^. For the dative,
see the Rule of Syntax in 862. - 6. For the appositlves oTrXTrai, TreArao-Tai,
ro^orai, see the Rule of Syntax in 804. 9. eir' avrdv: a case of elision (16).
32 ADJECTIVES OF THE VOWEL DECLENSION.
LESSON XIV.
Adjectives of the Vowel Declension.
129. The nominative, genitive, and vocative plural feminine follow the
accent of the masculine, as a|iai (following the accent of a^tos, like a^ioi),
not a^ujx (from the nominative singular d^id), and d^toiv, not a^iunv as in
nouns of the A-Declension.
impassable, impracticable.
131. VOCABULARY.
aYpios, a. Of, wild. Svos, ou, 6, ass.
airopos, ov, without resources," impass- iraUt, iraCcrw, ciraicra, ir^aiKa, strike,
LESSON XV.
Analysis of the Primary Tenses of the Indicative Active.
SINGULAR. DCAL. PLURAL.
1 -|W. -|UV
2 -<r{<7-l) -TOV -T
139. The future stem of Auw is Auo-/e, formed by adding the tense
suffix cro or o- ((r^/j) to the verb stem.
141. VOCABULARY.
ayycXos, ok, 6, messenger, scout. Orjpcvw, Otjpcvo-w, ^OTJpcvo-a, rcO^pcvKa
avrl, prep, with geu., instead of. (c/. Oripiov), hunt wild beasts, hunt,
Aird, prep, with gen., off from, from. catch. No. 45.
144. Cyrus escapes with his Life, and plots against his Brother.
LESSON XVI.
Analysis of the Secondary Tenses of the Indicative Active.
Notes.
^ /caxov, evil, neuter singular of /caKos used as a noun.
' Dependent on iKavovs, enough to plunder.
UeXoTrovvqcrLov?
ivofxii^e ydp, cJs (as) eXeye, Ttcrcra-
LESSON XVII.
Demonstrative Pronouns. avros.
154. The principal demonstrative pronouns are oStos, this.,
157. These pronouns are declined, in the main, like adjectives of the
vowel declension (126 ff.); 68e is declined like the article (758), with the
enclitic suffix St added.
takes the article, and stands either before or after both article
and noun, not between them.
to be mentioned.
(yonder).
DEMONS TEA TI VE PR ONO UNS. avTO<i. 39
160. In all its cases avr6<i may mean self ; when preceded by
the article it means same ; in its oblique cases it may mean
him, her, it, them.
Thus: auTos o orpaTy/yos iXc^e ravra, the general himself said this, but
6 avTos (TTpaTrjyo^ lA.^e ravra, the same general said this; 6v(tu) auros,
/ myself will offer sacrifice ; ol crrparioirai aurovs liraiov, the soldiers struck
them.
161. VOCABULARY.
'ApoTiinros, ov, 6, Aristippus. (urd, prep.: with gen., with, in com-
avTos, :^, 6, pron., self, same, him, pany with; with ace, behind, after.
stranger, ^^ guest
her, it. I^vos, ov, 6, friend,''"'
tiriPovX'^, ^y, ii {cf. e-rriPovXeiw), plot, oSc, ^8, t68 {cf. w5e), pron., this, the
0TTaX6s, ov, 6, a Thessalian. ovTOs, aiirq, tovto {cf. ovtws), pron., this.
\-Y, \^|, iXtifl, {cf. \6yos), say, speak, ri, conj., and (enclitic and postposi-
tell, state, report. tive); T . . . Ka(, both . . . and.
LESSON XVIII.
Present and Imperfect Indicative of l|Jii, be.
3. When it follows ovk, el, ws, Kai, tovto, and some othei words, as
ovK eoTt Ku/ao) ttXoui, Cyrus has no boats.
lowing word. The proclitics are the forms 6, 17, ol, ai of the
article ; the prepositions et<>, into, ef (e/c), out of, iv, in ; the
conjunctions el, if, and oJ?, as, that; and the negative ov
(ovk, ov'x), 7lOt.
2. When the preceding syllable is elided (16), as ravr ccrrt kuko., this
is bad.
170. VOCABULARY.
Pao-CXcios, ov (130), royal; neut. plur. (idXXov, adv., more, rather.
MaCavSpos, ov, 6, the Maeander, a wind- f"\'i'f\, v^, v, fountain, head, spring.
ing river in Asia Minor. source.
contraction for iirouov, third plural imperfect indicative active of Troico), do.
LESSON XIX.
Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative Middle.
177. The present stem, found in the present and imperfect, is Xv^/^
(138 and 147), the future stem is \v(t/^ (139). The forms Xvei, i\vov,
and Auo-ci, are the shortened forms of Auc-<7ai, cAue-ao and Xvat-crai.
178. VOCABULARY.
d'yopd^w (dyopad), dYopdo-w, TiYopcura, irciOw, ir(<ra>, circura, iriiruKa, per-
TJYopaKa (c/. dyopi), frequent the suade; mid., obey.
market-place, buy. ircpav, adv., across, beyond.
^apPapiKos, ij, 6v {cf. pdpfiapos), barba- tticttAj), put faith in, trust.
2toi|j,os, Vi ov, or ps, ov (130), ready, (rv\i.-^v\(vu, plan with, advise; mid.,
prepared. consult with.
K(0[xr)
eK TavT7}<; ol crTpartwrai "qyopd^ovro Ta eTTtraySeta.
Notes.
^ The dative of the indirect object follows verbs signifying to
LESSON XX.
Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative Middle.
voice.
185. The and pluperfect middle use the perfect middle stem
perfect
XfXv, formed simply by reduplicating the verb stem. The pluperfect has
augment.
186. The future perfect uses the perfect middle stem with o-"/^ added,
X(Xv<T/f. A short final vowel is always lengthened before a-/e.
187. For the personal endings, see 175. The forms ikva-m and Xikvau
are shortened forms of cAuaa-o-o and AtXiJo-e-o-at.
|M
AND FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE MIDDLE. 47
188. VOCABULARY.
oKpos, a, ov, at the top, topmost ; &Kpov, irapao-Kcv^, ^s, ^, preparation, equip-
send away from oneself, dismiss. iravw, iraiio-w, cirav<ra, irtiravKa, ir^irav-
irapd, prep.: with gen., from beside, <rTa6|j.6s, ov, 6, stopping-place, stage,
LESSON XXI.
Indicative Passive.
195. The first aorist passive uses the Jirst passive stem, formed by
adding the tense suffix Oe (lengthened to 9r\ in the indicative) to the verb
stem, as \v9e (\v6r]). As a secondary tense, it has augment in the
indicative. It uses the active secondary endings (145).
196. Before the suffix $ a labial mute (it p })) becomes (or remains)
197. Some verbs form the aorist passive with the tense
suffix e (lengthened to x] in the indicative) instead of Be {Orj),
198. The first future passive uses the first passive stem with cr/^
added to 9rj, as XvOrja-"/^. It uses the middle primary endings (175).
60 INDICATIVE PASSIVE.
future active, aori st^ acti ve, perfect active, perfect middle, aorist
passive, as Xvco, Xvaco, eXvaa, XeXvKu, XeXvfxai, eXvdrjv.
200. The second aorist active (91), second perfect (115), and
second aorist passive (197) may occur in place of the correspond-
ing first tenses or in addition to them.
201. Not all verbs have all the principal parts, that is, some
verbs are defective.
204. VOCABULARY.
YpoKtxi), 'ypd\|;(<>, -ypa\)fa, ^^'Ypa<{>a, -y^- irapewrd.Y'yTis, ov, 6, parasang, a Persian
8^, intensive postpositive particle, now, irUlu (irteS), viia-a, cirUo-a, ivU<r9r\v,
ivTtvBtv, adv., thence, from this place. under, of agency, by, through; with
Notes. ^ Used as a neuter noun. ^ ^,j (jig j-igjit (wing^. ' See 17.
*
Use ayw. ^ p^j; i\^q Greek word for this phrase first. Cf. 205, 9.
Tojp ^acriXeioiv
pel 8e /cat 8ta KeXauvwv.
LESSON XXII.
209. The concurrence of consonants in the stem and endings (note the
forms in parenthesis) occasions euphonic changes, according to the follow-
ing principles :
210. The third person plural of the perfect and pluperfect is a com-
pound form, consisting of the perfect middle or passive participle and cicri
in the perfect, and of this participle and rjaav in the pluperfect.
(yeypafji/xai, etc.).
212. VOCABULARY.
S.\ia, adv., at the same time. Komro (/cot), k6^<i>, cKO\|/a, K^KOi{>a,
Notes. The agent (203). 2 Middle. 3 For the order, cf. 213, 2.
Notes. 1. Joti : for the accent, see 166, 1 9. Si^x^ioi : the numeral '
LESSON XXIII.
K and X'
2. <r between two consonants is dropped.
222. VOCABULARY.
IV, adv., ivell. TaTTw (ray), Td|, cTa|a, Wraxa, ri-
omen, euphemistic for left, on the especially of troops, draw up, mar-
left side, as contrasted with 5e|i6s. shal, post.
LESSON XXIV.
Prepositions.
227. The prepositions ain't, instead of, dird, off from, from,
Latin ab, , out of, from, Latin ex, and irpd, before, Latin pro,
take only the genitive, i^ signifies from within, out of, airo,
228. V, in, Latin in with the ablative, and avv, with, Latin
cum, take only the dative.
229. dvd, up, and ls, into, Latin in with the accusative, take
only the accusative.
about, irpos, over against, at, to, and vird, under, Latin sub, take
the genitive, dative, and accusative.
age ncy ., co nditio n., p urpose ., and other impoi-tant ideas. The
original force of the preposition shades off into many meanings.
235. VOCABULARY.
dXXd, conj., hut, yd, stronger than 5^. vWs, adv., at once, immediately.
a(i,j>i, prep.: with gen., about, concern- ircpt, prep.: with gen., about, concern-
ing ; with ace, aboui, round. ing; with dat., round, about; with
yX^dvd, prep, with ace, up, up along, ace, about, all round, round.
up to, with numerals, at t he rate of^ irp6, prep, with gen., be/ore, in front
apxTfi), be first, rule, reign over, com- irpwros, 17, ov (cf. irp6), first, foremost
mand ; mid. begin.
, irpwrov as aAv., first.
ov, adv., again, in turn, moreover. vvip, prep.: with gen., over, above, in
clra, adv., then, thereupon. behalf of; with ace, over, above.
Notes. ^ those about Cyrus, i.e. his attendants. * each day, genitive of
the time within which (854). ^ The genitive follows ap^^w (847) * I.e.
LESSON XXV.
Labial and Palatal Mute Stems of the Consonant Declension.
N. -s or (-S or ) -S (-es)
G. -(ov (-wm)
-ct (-ibus)
-as or vs (-es)
-S (-es)
245. VOCABULARY.
8iwpv|, vxoy, ij, canal, ditch. K(Xi|, lAfoj, 6, a Cilician.
cUrPoXVj, ^j, rj, entrance, pass. kXca^t, /cXwTrij, 6, thief.
Otwpu^a
yi^vpai 8' inyjaav.
62 LABIAL AND PALATAL MUTE STEMS.
Notes. ^ at daybreak (literally at the same time icith the day). The
dative is used with words implying union (864). ^ {y jii<r: between.
LESSON XXVI.
Lingual Mute Stems of the Consonant Declension.
250. In the nominative singular and dative plural of the first three
nouns the final lingual (t 8 0) of the stem is dropped before s. vv^ there-
fore stands for wkt-%, kuk-s, ks becoming ^. So wkt-(tl, wk-o-l, w$i.
251. The fourth noun yepwv rejects <r in the nominative, and length-
ens o to . Final t is dropped, since this letter cannot stand at the end of
a word. In the dative plural both v and t are dropped before <r, and o is
lengthened to ov.
255. VOCABULARY.
app.a, aros, r6, chariot. No. 26. pvis, t^os, 6, ^, bird.
doriris, fSos, ^, shield. No. 34. o-T6|jia, aros, t6, mouth; of an army, van.
yepwv, ovToi, 6, old man. o-TpaTtujia, otos, t6 (cf. (TTparid, arpa-
eXiris, ISos, ij, hope. Ttc^rijy), army.
vtKX], ijs, T], victory. Xo-P*-^) '^o^i ^> grace, favor, gratitude;
bowmen shot birds and wild asses in the plain. 5. The army
was cut to pieces by these barbarians.
LESSON XXVII.
Adjectives of the Consonant Declension.
to o), or rejects s, like ycpwv (744). For the vocative singular masculine
of -)(apLCL^ and kKw, see 253.
264. VOCABULARV.
&-iras, fi-7ra<ro, E-irav, all together, all. iras, ira.<xa, irav {cf. irdvv), all, entire.
Ikwv, ovffa, 6v, willing, of one''s own wtoXos, ou, 6, armed force, expedition.
cTi, adv., yet, still, longer. {to-rcpos, a, ov, later; vffrepov as adv.,
Note. ^ ttSs and aTrds generally have the predicate position (813).
LESSON XXVIII.
Contract Verbs in ao) in the Indicative.
275. VOCABULARY.
cpuTouo, ip<jTf\<rt, etc., ask a question, rush; mid., set out or forth, start,
inquire. iroXXaKis, adv., often, frequently.
viKaci), viK'fja-w, etc. (cf. viK-ri), conquer, Ttfidw, Ti(jiTJ(r, etc. (cf. d-Tt/tdfw), va2ue,
5 (rvyu/Lia^ot."
LESSON XXIX.
Contract Verbs in and ow in the Indicative.
282. VOCABULARY.
aSiK^w, dSiK^o-u, etc. (cf. 45i/coj), he K^K\T]|iai, ckX^Oi^v, call, summon,
unjust, do wrong, wrong, injure. name.
a-8iKos, ov (d neg. + SUri), unjust. 8ti, conj., that, because, since.
apx(v, ovTos, 6 {cf, ipx<>>), ruler, com- voUu, iToii^<r, etc., do, make; /cokws
KOKus {cf. KaKbs), adv., badly, ill. ^\,\io>, ({>iX^o-u, 44*^^*''''^) ir4>XTj}iai,
LESSON XXX.
Contract Nouns and Adjectives of the Vowel Declension.
292. VOCABULARV.
dKlvdKT)s, 01^, 6, short sword. No. 11. jivd, fivds, i], mina = SIS.OO.
dirXovs, rj, ovv, simple, sincere. vovs, voC, 6, mind; iv vt^ lxi ^i' '
dp-yvpovs, a, ovv, of silver, silver. mind, intend.
yfj, 7^s, 71, earth, ground, land. o-Tptirros, oO, 6, necklace, collar. No. 21.
Note > toith the Thracians. For the case, see 864.
rot9 8e (TTpaT i oyr ai<i vTroxjjtd fiep iaTLv ort ayet irpo^ *ApTa-
^4p^7)v, 6p.ct)<i Se enovTai. Trpoa-aLTOvai Se fiLcrOov. 6 Se
Kvpo<; VTTtcr^vetrat eKacTTO) crTpaTLcorrj dj^rt SdpeiKov rpia
rjfjLLodpeLKa
ort Se cttI tov dSeX(f)ov iv v(o e)^et TTopeveadai
LESSON XXXI.
Deponent Verbs. Conditional Sentences.
299. A few deponent verbs have the aorist passive instead of the
aorist middle. These are called passive deponents. Thus, povXo|i,ai, will,
300. Some verbs which have active forms are nevertheless used almost
exclusively in the middle, or middle and passive, and practically become
deponents, as iicTaTrcix-iroiiai, and o-uo-TpaTcvojiai, used as middle deponents,
and iropvop.ai, as a passive deponent. See 178.
of l, if.
308. VOCABULARY.
dir-d-yci>, lead away or back. \ii\, adv. , not.
(rf. d7w), lead the way, lead, guide, and ir^-irpaxa, ir7rpa-yj*ai| ^P^\^^v,
conduct. do, act, accomplish.
bravely, finely, successfully, well; i&ai (c/. XPW*)> w*c> make use of,
Notes. ^ ^pao/xai, use (serve oneself hy') takes the dative of means (866).
Cf. Latin ulor with the ablative.
* Dative of advantage (861). ' oJtws
SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE. 77
LESSON XXXII.
Subjunctive Active. Vivid Future Conditions.
313. The time expressed by the present and aorist subjunctive is gener-
ally future, the present expressing the action as going on or repeated, the
aorist expressing simply its occurrence, as av kwXutj, if he shall be hindering,
or if he shall hinder (habitually), but tov kwXvo-q, simply if he shall hinder.
315. The subjunctive has the long vowel or t| in place of the final
vowels o or and a of the tense suffixes found in the indicative (138, 140,
6
\
78 SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE.
The protasis is here introduced by lav, if, and has the subjunctive
it states a supposed future case vividly. The apodosis has its verb in the
future indicative, but any other future form might occur.
318. VOCABULARY.
diro-xwp^w, diro-xp^<r, etc. {cf. x^pcl, irap-t'xw, hold beside or near, furniah,
tdv, by contraction av or rjv (et + &v), thing, affair, difficulty; plur., affairs,
l|i,ir6piov, ov, t6, trading place, empo- <j>\^, w<}>X'^<r, etc., help, assist,
rium. benefit.
XoTEs. 1. iriiXos: the article is omitted, since the word is used almost
as a proper name. 2. ifo-av : tcere, consisted of. TetxT nominative plural
'
LESSON XXXIII.
Subjunctive Active (continued). Subjunctive in Exhortations
and in Final Clauses.
Both these sentences express exh ortation ; the verb in each is in the first
person plural of the subjunctive. If the ex hortati on is negative, (i^, not, is
used.
The subordinate clauses here express purpose and take the subjunctive ;
they are introduced by the final particle tvo (also cs or ^ttws), that, in order
that, or, if negative, by tva fi^ (also 5>s |i^, or oirs ^f\, or simply ^i\), that
not, in order that not. The verb of the principal clause is iu a primary (50)
tense.
327. VOCABULARY.
airia, alT/jo-w, efc., ask, ask for, 4X^\a|iai, T|\d9T]v, drive; intrans.,
heed to. ovhi {ov + S^), neg. conj., but not, and
dir-cXavv(i>, drive away; intrans., ride, not, nor yet, nor; as adv., not even,
march, or go away. not at all.
Ida), iaa-a, clacra, ctaKa, claiiai., tla.9r\v a-vy-KoXiw, call together, summon.
(274), permit, allow, let go. <{Kv-yci) (0^7), <|Kv|o|iai and <|>v|ov|iai,
IkcS {cf. iKftvos), adv., in that place, i^vyov, iri^tvy a, flee, run away, flee
there. from, flee one's country, be an
i\aiva {i\a), k\&, -^Xaa-a, ^X^XaKa, exile.
LESSON XXXIV.
Subjunctive Middle and Passive. Subjunctive after Verbs
of Fearing.
332. The long vowel w or t) (315) is used also in the middle and pas-
sive in all the tenses. But in the aorist passive it is added to the tense stem
(195), as Xv$-<j), Xv8 (by contraction). The subjunctive uses the end-
ings of the primary tenses (315), here the middle and passive endings (17&),
except in the aorist passive where the actice endings occur (136).
333. 1^ SeSoiKa |it] ras 'Y<})vpas Xi)co(ri, I fear that they will
destroy the hridyes.
The subordinate clause, which expresses the thing feared and is the
object of the leading verb, here takes the subjunctive ; it is introduced by
(i^, that or lest (Latin ?ie), or if negative by liij ow, that not (Latin ut). The
verb which denotes fear is in a primary tense.
335. VOCABULARY.
S^SoiKa, aperf. with force of pres., aor. voy.Llo> (voniS), vo|i,im, etc., regard, con-
gular of the future (^taofjuu) of ei/ii (for IcrcTai). Use the aorist.
READING LESSON. 85
wmmmiwjmm
No. 23. A Youthful Knight.
86 CONTRACT VERBS IN THE SUBJUNCTIVE.
LESSON XXXV.
Contract Verbs in the Subjunctive.
(1) a + = ;< a + = a;
ti a-|-xi^a,;
(2)4-o) = ; +Ti=:ii; +xi = Ti;
341. VOCABULARY.
d-(i,ax( (d neg. +yadx'?), adv., without KaT-d-yw, bring back, restore.
accompany. exile.
that the troops will demand their pay. 3. Let us set fortli,
Notes. ^ to be. ^ A cognate accusative (833). * with the help of, crvv.
LESSON XXXVI.
Liquid Stems of the Consonant Declension.
346. The nominative singular rejects s and lengthens the vowel of the
stem, if this is not already long. In the dative plural v is dropped befoie
0-. The vocative singular is like the nominative in oxytones ; in other
liquid stems it is like the stem.
348. 1. irar/jp and k-^ttip drop of the stem in the genitive and dative
singular and accent the last syllable. Elsewhere they retain except in
the dative plural, where cp is changed to pa ; c is accented except in the
cases named and in the vocative singular, which is the mere stem and has
recessive accent.
349. VOCABULARY.
d'Y<&v, wvos, 6 (cf. 47w), gathering, n'fjv, /j.r)f6i, 6, month.
assembly, contest, games; ayQva (i'^'nip, n.7jTp6i, ri, mother, Lat. mater.
whether ... or. Kp<(): the dative follows CTro/xat (864). ov: accented at the
LESSON XXXVII.
Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns.
accent on the first syllable, except in the short forms rov, rw,
and never changes the acute to the grave.
356. VOCABULARY.
8^(1), Scfjo-ci), etc., lack, want, need; mid., lack, desire,
request ; Sci, used impersonally, there is need, it is
another, other.
5 iTTaivo)
evOvs he koI v/xet? e^e eVati^eo'CTe, 17 (or) ovKeri
eyoi Kvpd? elfii" ol [xev hrj crTpaTLCOTai iv iXvio'L KaXat?
^aap, Mei^cDVL he kol hwpa Xeyerai Trefxxjjai. fxerd he ravra
hie^aive tov noTafxov eiTreTO he koX to aXXo crrpctTev/xa
avTw airav.
LESSON XXXVIII.
Optative Active. Less Vivid Future Conditions.
362. The optative adds the Mood Suffix i (in the third plural w) to the
tense stem, as Xvo-i-jii, Xvara-i-|u. In the perfect the a of the st-em XeAvxa
is changed to o. The optative uses the endings of the secondary tenses
(145), but the first person singular active takes (jli. The forms Xv<rias,
Xvo-i(, Xvo-ciav, in the aorist, are irregular, but they are in common use
instead of Xuo-ais, Xvaai, Xvaauv. For the accent of Xvoi, Xv<rot, Xv<rai,
see 23.
The protasis is here introduced by A; if, and has the optative ; it states
a supposed future case less vividly than the subjunctive (317). The
apodosis has its verb in the optative with the adverb &v.
365. VOCABULARY.
Sia^aTos, v, 6v, fordable, passable. self with provisions, collect or pro-
SiKaiMS (cf.dlKatos), adv., justly, rightly. kXcCm, kXcCo-u, cKXcio-a, KCKXeiftai and
8oKa>, 8d|, <8o|a, ScSoYiiai, 86x6tjv, KKXci<r|i.ai, CKXeio-O-qv, shut, close.
seem, seem best or good, think; ircS'g (c/. iref6$), adv., on /ooi.
doKet, etc., impers., it seems, it irtjos, )), 6v, on foot; oi we^ol, the
Notes. ^ should prove to be. ^ Ugg f}^Q simple dative (861), ^ I.e.
Verbal adjectives signifying fulness and want take the genitive (855).
LESSON XXXIX.
Optative Active (continued). Optative in Final Clauses.
Object Clauses.
in 795.
The clauses which express purpose here take the ojttative (cf. 325), but
they are introduced by the same final particles that introduce the subjunc-
tive. The verb of the principal clause is here in a secondary (50) tense.
V/J 371. Clauses which denote purpose (or final clauses) are
covVfintroduced by the final particles iva, d)S, or ottws, and take the
loptative after secondary tenses. The negative is iiTJ.
The subordinate clause is here the object of the leading verb, which
signifies to plan or strive for (the leading verb may also signify to care for,
to effect); this subordinate clause is introduced by 8irs or, if negative,
by 8irs |i^, and has the future indicative whether the principal verb is in
a primary or a secondary tense.
374. VOCABULARY.
ciri-)iX^o(t.ai, iri-|i,cX^o-o|iai, ^iri-|U|ii- (^a, t\T)p,fiai, IX^4*^v> ^(1^6) receive,
care for, give attention to, see to. iropC^w {iropiS), iropiu, etc., furnish, pro-
Xafipdvu (Xa^), X^|/o}j,ai, cXa^v, itKi]- Ti\t.\.o%, a, ov {cf. rifx-^), valued, dear.
this in order that the enemy might not hear. 5. Let us plan
to get provisions.
Notes.
^ The genitive follows verbs signifying to care for (846).
2 The genitive depending on a|tos, worthy, is the genitive of value (853).
' The genitive depends on adjectives signifying fulness or want (855).
Notes. -5. o-rpovfloC : for an ancient picture of the ostrich, see no. 28.
LESSON XL.
Optative Middle and Passive. Optative after Verbs of Fearing.
379. The mood suffix is i, as in the active (362), except in the aorisi
passive ; here it is fq in the singular and sometimes in the dualand plural,
but the shorter forms XvOeirov, XvOttrriv, etc., occur more frequently. In
these forms the accent does not go back of the mood suffix. The optative
middle and passive uses the middle and passive secondary endings (175),
except in the aorist passive, where the active endings occur (145).
The verb which denotes fear is here in a secondary tense (cf. 333), and
the subordinate clause takes the optative.
382. VOCABULARY.
tlcrot (cf. 'j), adv., inside, within. f\9p6s, i, 6v, hostile; ix^P^^i '>> ^
cKar^pwOcv, adv. on both sides or flanks.
, noun, enemy, foe.
(vvotKcos {cf. evvovi), adv., with good kvkKos, ov, 6, circle, curve.
i
OPTATIVE MIDDLE AND PASSIVE. 99
o|i(i)s, adv. , nevertheless, yet, still, how- <rto%t (<rw, ffwd), otmo-oi, ccraxra, (reo-wKa,
Tr\T]<rid5w (irXriffLaS), "irXT)<ria,<r, etc., save, rescue, keep safe; mid. and
PIIII'S!
lUU OPTATIVE MIDDLE AND PASSIVE.
would not cease from war. 4. I would not take part in the
expedition, unless Xenophon were present.
Notes. '^
c;(<d is used with an adverb in the sense of
be well disposed.
ci/it with an adjective. koAws Ix in 308.
Cf. * Verbs of depriving
may take a genitive of the thing. Cf. 838. This is the genitive of
separation (849).
* Dative of manner (866). * Use the aorist.
385. The Soldiers go hunting.
second aorist of Xa/ifidvo}. irripv^iv : )(pdofiai takes the dative. Cf. 309, 1.
LESSON XLI.
387. The mood sufRx in all the voices is i, except in the singular
active, where it is generally itj. The forms bracketed in the paradigms
are uncommon or rare. When the mood suffix is it), the first person singu-
lar active has the regular ending v (145).
(2) -|- 01 = 01
389. VOCABULARY.
dptT^, ^s, 17, goodness, courage, valor. out for hire, let; mid., cause to be
t|TTdop,ai, T|TT^<ro|Aai, etc., pass, dep., let to oneself, hire.
dpxqv.
LESSON XLII.
394. The stem ends in <r (^evpea; rpi-qpta, Kpcao-). In masculine and
feminine nouns in tlie final syllable of the stem is lengthened to t] in the
nominative singular (Tpi^pTjs) ; in neuter nouns it is changed to o in the
nominative, accusative, and vocative singular (cvpos).
395. Final <r of the stem is dropped before all case endings, and the
vowels thus brought together are contracted. The vocative singular of
masculine and feminine nouns is the simple stem. The forms rpv/jpoiv
No. 29
104 STEMS IN a OF THE CONSONANT DECLENSION.
(vpos, ouj, t6, breadth, width. irXtOpov, ov, t6, a plethrum, a measure
K^pas, K^pus and Kiparos, t6, horn of of 100 Greek feet.
Kpdvos, ous, t6, headpiece, helmet. No. tes, the celebrated philosopher.
iirXtr9Tjv (c/. 6v\ov), arm, equip. Tpi'^pris, oKs, i}, trireme, war vessel, with
eVeXeiTTe, Kpea 8' ert elx^v. 9.( '^v he ravra Tei)(r),^ kcu to
TavTa is the subject. ^ the one . . . the other. See 815. For the position
*
6 crtros
Kpea ovv ecrOiovaiv ol (rrpartwrat. tovtcov
TToXXou? Se T(t>v aTa9fia>v irdw /xa/cpov? rjkavve Kypof;
LESSON XLIII.
Imperative Active.
409. VOCABULARY.
8i8do-Kw (5i5ax), 8i8d|, t8t8a|a, 88- |Apo5> ^^i "^^i division, part, share,
instruct, show. Nos. 1 and 36. op-yfj, ijs, ij, temper, anger.
Y^Xo<|>os, ov, 6 {yrj + \6<pos, crest, hill), irats, 7rai56s, d, 17, child, boy, girl, son.
LESSON XLIV.
Imperative Middle and Passive.
LESSON XLV.
Contract Verbs in the Imperative.
422. VOCABULARY.
dir-aiT^, ask from, demand. AaKt8ai|i6vios, a, ov, Lacedaemonian.
Scvpo, adv., hither, here. UtI-k-c'ti (/ot^ + en), adv., not again, no
8p6|ios, ov, 6, run, race course. Sirov, rel. adv., where, wherever.
l8i.wTT]s, ov, 6, private person or soldier, o-xeSia, as, tJ, raft, float. No. 31.
private. roXudw, ro\\k{\a-<i>, etc., risk, dare.
LESSON XLVI.
Adjective Stems in v and (r of the Consonant Declension.
4^^1. Review 259. Most adjective stems in v are of two endings, like
cvSai/awv. The accent is recessive.
428. Adjectives with stems in s are of two endings. Cf. the declen-
sion of Tpt,rjpr)<; in 747. See 394, 395.
429. VOCABULARY.
clXtjG^s, h {cf. dX-^Oeia), unconcealed, KaTa(}>avV|s, ^s, in plain sight.
do-<|>aXT|s, ^s, free from danger, safe, 6p.aX^s, is, even, level.
cv8ai|i(ov, ov, fortunate, happy. ({>oivi|, Ikos, 6, palm tree, palm. No. 45.
Notes. ^ For the accent, see 166, 3. ^ The objective genitive follows
adjectives signifying mastery (855). ^ Adjectives signifying fulness and
leant, like the corresponding verbs, take the genitive (855). * Use iv.
70VO-C Ti : have some dispute. 7. B^edpx*?: the dative object follows verbs
signifying anger (860).
LESSON XLVII.
Personal Pronouns.
435. The forms \uiv, \Loi, pi; rov, trot, a-i; ov, ol, i, are enclitic. But
if the pronoun is emphatic, the enclitic forms of the pronoun retain their
accent, and in the first person the longer forms Ijiov, i^u>l, i[U, are then
used. This generally happens also after prepositions.
114 PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
Thus, fxif <f>evyo)fj.ev, let us not flee ; av re yap 'EXAjyv ct koX yifiw, for
you are a Cheek and so are we Greeks.
Thus, <f>o^ovvTai jxi} oi ^apjiapoL (T<f)i(7iv ov;( CTrtovrai, they fear that the
438. To supply the place of a pronoun of the third person the oblique
cases of aurds are used. Review 160.
439. *
VOCABULARY,
d|tvTj, jjs, 'hi fl3;e. No. 32.
Sairavdw, Sairavifjo-M, etc., spend, expend.
iy<!>, ifju>v or fwD, pers. pron., I, Latin ego; stronger form
ro? (TToXo^i icTTLv vfXLv Te Kal rjiXLV. 3. napa rfj aKrjvfj aov
^vXa e(T\it,ev a^tvrj^ 6 (TTpaTLa)Tr)<;. 4. i/ojut^o) yap v/xa?
aiTO Tov crrd/xaro? avSpa^. 8. iyu) ovv Xeyco otl ere Set
Notes 3. lavrov :
of himself, his otcn. 7. oXXos : sc. Trtiparax ftdX-
Xciv.
LESSON XLVIII.
Reflexive, Reciprocal, and Possessive Pronouns.
Thus, dc^iTTTTCvci CTTt T^v auTov (TK-qvriv, he rides aioay to his own quarters;
y 448. The possessive pronouns are |tds, my^ ads, your^ t||jl-
Tcpos, oMr, v|xeTepos, your. They are formed from the stems
of the personal pronouns (759), and are declined like adjectives
in OS (750).
449. VOCABULARY.
dXX^Xuv (c/. dWos), recip. pron., of ^|i6s, ^, 6" (see 448), poss. pron., my,
one another. mine.
d|uX^(D, d|xc\^a-w, etc., he careless, Tjiitrcpos, o, ov (see 448), our.
back, return on horseback. o-6s, <rij, (rii/ (see 448), poss. pron., thy,
c|i,avTov, ijs (see 445), reflex, pron., of vficTcpos, d, ov (see 448), poss. pron.,
myself. your.
Notes. ^ Nouns with a possessive pronoun take the article when they
refer to definite individuals (809). ^ por the genitive, cf. 430, 4.
* The
genitive follows verbs signifying to neglect (846). * Use the dative (864).
Notes. 3. outow : adv., there, i.e. where they were. tos do-ir(8as . . .
txovras : the left knee was slightly advanced, the shield set firmly in rest
upon it, and the spear held in readiness for defence. 4. XaPv : literally
LESSON XLIX.
The Infinitive.
457. The accent of verbs is recessive (53), but all infinitives in vai
(as XeXvKt'vai, Xv6i^vai), the aorist active infinitive (Xvo-ai, PovXcvcai), and
the perfect middle and passive infinitive (XeXvcrflai) accent the penult.
(1) a 4" or 6 =a ;
(2) -|- 1 or = 1 ;*
to lead.
not to do this.
6. ovTOL LKavol rjaav ras Kiofids <f)vXd.rTtiv, these icere sufficient to guard
the villages.
Thus, the subject of the infinitive is in the accusative (cf. 1, 5), but it
(cf. 6). Finally, it may express purpose (cf. 7). Tlie negative with the
infinitive in these cases is ^f\ (cf. 3).
402. VOCABULARY.
dSvvaToy, ov, unable, impossible. i'n\.-Tpiiro, turn over to, entrust, alloio.
8.a-o-nS, bring through safely, save. |>vy^. v^, v (<f- <^h'w)i flight, rout.
THE INFINITIVE. 121
Notes 2. oZv -.
the narrative has been interrupted and is resumed
with ovv. -3. tStiTO TOV KXcdpxov ktX. : besought Clearchus not to do this.
4. OTi irptj^s X^-yti kt\.: because he spoke lightly 0/ his trouble. 5. Uvai:
to go, to get, present infinitive of cT/jli, go.
122 THE INFINITIVE,
Q^^
No. 35. t6^ov.
LESSON L.
467. All the forms of the present indicative of <^i//xt are enclitic except
<f>rj<:. Review 168, 169.
leading.
In all the examples the infinitive is the object of the principal verb, but
in the first two it represents the words of an original speaker and its tense
corresponds in time to the same tense of the indicative (the speaker says :
472. VOCABULARY.
avrlKa, adv., immediately, forthwith. op-y(^o)i,ai (dpyiS), opYiovfjiai, etc. (cf.
become, prove oneself to be. irpo<r-'^K, have come to, be related to.
SijXos, Vi 0" (c/- S7}\6<t)), plain, evident, trrpaTdirtSov, ov, t6, camp.
manifest. raxt'ws {cf. rdxa), adv., quickly.
t|, conj., or; 71 ... Tj, either . . . or. <j>7jp.i (0a), <|>^a-(i>, e<|>T)aa, say, declare,
Give the forms of the quoted sentences in the follovFing exercise (473)
in the words of the original speaker.
a dative of respect, which is a form of the dative of manner (866). ' They
said, Kvpos <^iA.eiTai * The person's thought was, " The Lacedaemonians
"
KXeapxe kol Tlpo^eve koI ol aXXot EXXi^i/e?, tl
TTOieire ; et yap Tiva aXXi^Xoi? fxa^-qv (Tvud\jjT, voixit^ere
course, shall have been cut to pieces, shall he instantJy cut to pieces. ov iroXv :
not long. 4. 4|xow vcrrepov : after me. Adverbs of the comparative degree
take the genitive (858). 6. 4v cavT$ ^Y^vfTo : came to himself, recovered his
senses.
STEMS IN L AND v. 125
LESSON LI.
478. VOCABULARY.
uKpiiiroXis, ews, ij (&Kpos-\--ir6\is), upper \6yyi\,7js, i], spear point, spear. No. 41.
city, citadel, acropolis. tnvrtKo.LSiKa., inded., fifteen.
iopv, aTos,T6, spear shaft, spear. No. 14. -iroXis, ea>s, rj, city, state.
8vvanis, ews, i], ability, power, troops. SdpSeis, wv, al, Sardis.
t^<Ta<ris, ewj, ij, review. Td|is, ecus, rj {cf Tdrru), arrangement,
txOvs, i^os, 6, fish. order, array, division.
Notes. 1. ivrevOfv : from the camp opposite Charmande. See the map.
c({>a(vcTO : there kept appearing, imperfect (68). 2. tinrwv : a predicate
genitive oi possession (%i'i'). ovtoi : refers to the horsemen implied in
LESSON LII.
Participles Active.
1. ovK i(f>i\i Tov ^aa-iXcvovTa ' Apra^epirfv, she did not love Artaxerxes,
who was king,
4. ovToi etcrtv ol vfia^ Travra? dStKi^crovres, these are the men who will
488. VOCABULARY.
air-lx") ^^^P off} intrans., be distant. oto)i.ai, ol^o-ofiai, (J^Ot]v, think, expect.
^Ix^^' ^' ^^^ y^P viKOiVTOiv^ ecrrt Kai to, eavrcou crw^eiv.
sent men who would rescue the boys. 3. But he called those
LESSON LIII.
6. fieaov l^^wi' t^s ovtov (rrpaTias o/itos c^w iyevero tov Kupou evoyvv-
fjMv KcpaTos, although he was at the centre of his own force, nevertheless he mis
These participles express tivie (1), cau.-ie (2), means or manner (3),
purpose (4), condition (5), concession (6), and attendant circumstance (7).
PARTICIPLES MIDDLE AND PASSIVE. 131
490. VOCABULARY.
'EXXVior-irovTos, ou, 6, the Hellespont. Kara-Xaiipdvo), seize upon, capture.
l|-aiT', ask from, demand; mid., beg jjidXwrTa (t/. ndWov), adv., most, espe-
off. daily.
498. They will not wrong us, if we make <i truce with
1.
them. 2. They fled from the hill, in fear that they should be
Note. 1 Cognate accusative (833), because you have suffered what ufrong f
132 READING LESSON.
LESSON LIV.
501. With T|8vs, cf. the declension of 7r^;(vs and aarv in 748. (ic-yas
502. VOCABULARY.
aiT66i {cf. a^6s), adv., here, there. SirwrOcv, adv., behind, in the rear.
^9vs, eta, i), deep. iroX.vs, ttoXXtj, ttoXiJ, much, many ; ttoXi)
T|5vs, eta, i; (cf. ijdofjiai), Sweet, pleasant. <rKr\via, o-KrjWjaw, ia-Ki\vr\(ra {cf. <rKi}vfi),
day's march. fiao<; in this position (813) refers to a, part of the subject.
5 iari KOL 7r/3o? de^v /cat Trpo? dvOpamoiv tovto irpa^o) irepX
began. For the following genitive, see 845. 4. o -rt : tvhatever, the neuter
of the general relative ooris, T7Tt9, o ti, whoever, whatever. The relative
LESSON LV.
Steins in a Diphthong of the Consonant Declension.
508. VOCABULARY.
dir-<pxo|xai,, come or go away, retreat, cpxop.at, (epx, ^Xi^^), tjXOov, cX'/jXvOa,
Povs, i3o6s, 6, ii, ox, cow; plur., cattle, vavs, veuis, ij, ship. No. 43.
oxen. ovK-ovv (ov + oSv), interr. particle, not
iri-8T| (eirel + Sri), conj., when, since. etc. (cf. ffTparbireSov), mid. dep., go
cp|j.r]vvs, ^ws, 6, interpreter. into camp, encamp.
LESSON LVI.
512. The relative pronouns are os, r\, o, who, which, and
oaris, TiTis, o Ti, whoever, whichever. The latter is called the
indefinite relative.
These participles are circumstantial (495), and express time and cause;
each modifies a noun in the genitive the noun and participle are not
;
517. Learn the first ten cardinal numerals in 756, and the
declension of ets, 5vo, rpcts, and TCTxapcs, in 757.
518. VOCABULARY.
els, fj-ia, Iv, one. o-rdSiov, ov, t6, stadium, stade, 600
|-cXavv(i>, drive out; intrans., march, Greek feet.
Zws, At6j, 6, Zeus, highest of the gods. <ra, ia-Tpar-f\yr\Ka (cf. arparrrris),
ovS-cCs, ovdefda, ovd^v, declined like els rpCros, Vi ov (cf. r/rets), third ; t6 rplrov
omitted (827).
* For the accent, see 166, 2. ^ A cognate accusative
(833),
is there any ivrong that I have done you ?
^ The antecedent is attracted into
Notes. 1. dSiKneefe : here causal (495, 2), because you have suffered what
wrong f but in line 3 concessive (495), although he had suffered no tcrong.
4. d8iKii<rai : infinitive in indirect discourse (469). 8. a-olyc to you at
any rate irori ti : ever again. 86gai.|xi, : sc. <^iAos Koi ma^TO'i eivai.
140 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.
LESSON LVII.
Here the suppositions are not particular, but general (302). In the first
if,and has the optative the apodosis has here the imperfect
;
indicative,
but it may have any past form denoting repetition.
527. VOCABULARY.
ScC, adv., always, ever. trori, adv., once, ever (enclitic).
KiK\f\i.\i.ax, iK\6Ltn]v {cf. k\u}iI/), steal. viro-Xva, loose beneath; mid., untie
KoXd^b) (Ko\ad), KoXdo-u, CKoXcura, kcko- one's sandals or shoes.
night, accusative of extent of time (836). * I.e. koL idv, even if. ^ to be
superior, to outdo (him). 'With the force of the middle, obey. ' irapa ifif.
7r/)09 TavTa Kvpo? eXe|^e Tot? irapovcriv, " 'O /xev dj/rjp
ctXXov? Xe^at.
those present (487, 3 and 4). 6. ravToL : i.e. to. avrd. I<|>t] : i.e. Clearchus,
when the trial was over.
CONDITIONAL RELATIVE SENTENCES. 143
LESSON LVIII.
532. Review 304; 305; 306, 307; 316, 317; 363, 364; 523, 524, 525.
or adverb, but with the added idea of the person, thing, time,
place, or manner, contained in the relative.
534. The particles ecos, ian, axpt> H'^XP'-' until^ follow the
construction of conditional relatives in both forms of future
conditions (533, 3 and 4), in unfulfilled conditions (533, 2), and
in present and past general suppositions (533, 5).
537. VOCABULARY.
ws, conj., as long as, while, until. }i.&.\o\i.ai, (xaxovfiai, l)iiaxc(rd|i,i]v, \u)i.a.-
lana, lr\<ru, live, be alive. XIK'^'^' i^^f- f^xv)i fight, give battle.
SvTj, r]s, 7), belt, girdle. No. 44. oirdrc, rel. adv., when, whenever.
OdvoTOS, ov, 6, death. rrpoa--Kvvio>, 7rpo<r-Kvv^(r(o, irpo(r-(KvvT)-
Kaipos, ov, 6, fitting time, occasion. <ra (c/. Kwiw, kiss), make obeisance
Kara-Xvu, unloose, halt, dissolve^ make to, salute.
538. *
1. a^Loq (^tXo? icrrlv 6 Kvpo^ w du ^tXo? y. 2/ onov
aTpariqyo'i ert t,(or)^ tov aTpaT'qyov irapeKoiXow. 3. eyw
yoLp (f)olBoLixr]v av rw y^yepiovi a>^ ripiiv nefixfjeLev eneadaL.
4. oTTOTav /catpog rj, r}$0) inl rrjv irokiv. 5. otroTe Karaxjir}-
lated to the case of its antecedent (828). ^ 'phe genitive often depends
on a preposition included in a compound verb (852) * The genitive
follows verbs signifying to take hold o/'(845). ^ in company with, <tvv.
LESSON LIX.
Comparison of Adjectives.
Thus, TToAc/AiwraTO? ^v /SacriXevs rots 'EAAiyo-i, the king was very hostile
to the Greeks.
548. VOCABULARY.
aUrxpos, 6., 6v, shameful, disgraceful. <rK(vo^6poi,ov,baggage^anrying; (tkcvo-
ytia, ytva-dt, e-ycvo-a, y^7<v|i(u, give a Taxvs, a, d {cf. rdxa), quick, swift.
taste; mid., taste. TeXevrdw, reXevrVjo-w, TXvrrj<ra, tc-
KcXiKia, as, i] (cf. KfXi?), Cilicia. bring to an end, end one's life, die.
irXai<riov, ov, t6, square, of troops. TeXewnfj, ^s, ij {cf. rAos), end.
iroXciiiKos, ^j 6v {cf. irSXefws), Jit for rtXos, ovs, to, fulfilment, end.
greater security.
(^^
No. 40. ^l4>ot.
PRESENT SYSTEM OF VEBBS. 149
LESSON LX.
Present System of Verbs. Indirect Discourse.
1. Present system, including the present and imperfect tenses in all the
voices. Tense suffix /g, tense stem \v/g. Thus, \v<o, e-Xvo-v, \vo-fuii,
i-kv6-firiv. Cf. 138, 147, 177.
2. Future system, including the future active and middle. Tense suffix
cr^/e, tense stem Auo-/j. Thus, Auo-to, Xvcro-fULi. Cf. 139, 177.
3. First aorist system, including the first aorist active and middle.
Tense suffix aa, tense stem kvaa. Thus, i-Xvaa, i-X.v<Td-fj.7)v. Cf. 148,
184.
4. First perfect system, including the first perfect and first pluperfect
active. Tense suffix Ka (first pluperfect kc), tense stem AeAvxa (first
pluperfect XcAvkc). Thus, AcAvxa, c-A.e\wr;. Cf. 140, 149.
5. Perfect middle system, including the perfect, pluperfect, and future
perfect middle and passive. Tense suffix none (in the future perfect o^/^),
tense stem XtXv (future perfect AcAvo-"/^). Thus, AcAv-joai, e-XiXv-ynqv,
XeXvfTo-fmi. Cf. 185, 186.
6. First passive system, including the first aorist and first future passive.
Tense suffix de, lengthened to Orj in the indicative (first future passive
Orj(r/f), tense stem Xvde, XvOrj (first future passive Xvdrj<T''/f). Thus,
i-Xv6r}-v, Xv$rjao-[uu. Cf. 195, 198.
ThuS; the synopsis of the present system of Xv(o in the active is, Xu,
cXvov, Xv<i>, Xvoifii., \v{, \vei,v, Xvwv.
Give the synopsis of the present system of \vw in the middle and
passive.
by the participle.
the use of on or ws, that, to introduce the indirect quotation, and may
involve a change of the interrogative pronoun ti to the general relative o Tt
in the indirect question. There is no change in either of these examples
of mood or tense.
561. VOCABULARY.
diropw, 6iiTopi\<rw, etc. {cf. diropos), he oiirut-iroTt (ou-ttw + tot^), adv., never
dr)>(iXws {cf. dr^a\^s), adv., safely, iropcCa, as, ij {cf. iropeiofiai), journey.
\iy(i>, (kt^a, elXoxa, c):X-y|j.ai., tXt'YTjv ^r\v and c6p<<{>6r]v, nourish, support,
Give the original forms of all the indirect quotations and questions in
the following exercise (562).
vw.
* Imperative ^ ci, whether, introduces the indirect question.
8 Use the subjunctive in a final clause. Use the present.
564. Council of War. Speech of Cyrus.
Notes. 2. ov iroioiro :
the joerson changes. C/! 390, 1. 3. -irapTjvti . . .
verbs signifying want take the genitive (848). diropwv the : participle
expresses cause (495, So the next
2). vofxi^wv in line. 5. d|u(vovs : braver,
accusative plural masculine irregular comparative dya^os.
of d/xetvajv, of
Sid TOVTO-:resumes because I vofii^wv, on thought, etc., this account. 6. eo~r :
genitive of (853).
value = yv which you
7. 11s fXfTtThe tx^rc, possess.
relative is the case of
assimilated to antecedent (828). genitive
its r\s :
No. 41 . X67X'7'
LESSON LXI.
Give the synopsis of the future system of \v(a in the active, 'in the
middle ; of the first aorist system of Avo) in the active, in the middle.
The verb in the quoted sentence retains its original mood and tense (an
indicative or optative with &v), whether the verb which it follows is
primary or secondary.
573. VOCABULARY.
8ia-Tptp<i>, rub through, consume, waste Kpwirrw {Kpv<p), Kpvt)/<o, Kpwvja, KCKpv|i-
there, here; of time, then, thereupon. K(i>\kiyn\'S, ov, 6 {cf. kw/it)), villager.
cp^a^o^ai (ipyad), cp-yd<ro|xai, clp-yoord- otKoi {cf. olkIo.), adv., at home; ol otKoi,
|i,T]v, cCpYoa-fiav {cf. epyov), work, do, those at home, one's countrymen.
KtJpVTTW {ktJPVk), KT]pv|<l>, CK'fjpV^a, KCK^- Tptp<l>, Tptt|;6>, trpl^a, T^Tpi<j>a, T^TpiH"
pvxa, KiK'i]pvyikai, iKr\pv\'d-t\v {cf. ktj- jiai, (Tpl^r\v and iTpt^9r\v, rub.
Give the original forms of the indirect quotations and questions in the
following exercise (574).
money. 5. The satrap said that Cyrus had plotted against the
king.
576. "You need not fear the Coming Struggle, and Success will
bring Reward."
lirep^ovTai
av he ravra dvaa^^rjcrde, rd akka ala^vvo^iai
oXoi TjiXLv oi iv Ty X^P^ eialv dvdpcoiroL. iav he vfxels
Notes. 1. els olov . . . d'yuva: into what sort of struggle you are going,
indirect question introduced by the relative otos, equivalent to Latin qualis.
an object of envy.
IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 157
LESSON LXII.
KpetTTWV KpartcTTOS
2. KaKo;, bad (543) )(LpU>V ^ttpto-TOS
5. iuKp6<i, small
578. VOCABULARY.
dXXdTTw (dWay), d\Xd|(o, qXXala, p(;CSi.os, a, ov {cf. pgLSlws), easy.
TJ\Xax.a, T]XXa-y)xai, riXXdxSiiv and ptiTTci) {p(.<p), pt^l'u, cppit|/a, ppi()>a, Sp-
TiXXd-ynv (c/. dWos), make other, pl|jk|tai,, cppt4>&t]v and eppU|>i]v, throw,
change. hurl, cast aside.
a.v-i\t, hold up; mid., stand firm orKVD<}>ope(i>, (rKcvo<t>op'^o-(i> {cf. <rKevo<p6-
d^i6(i>, d|t.u(r(i>, etc. (cf. (S|ios), think fit, <rrp<J>, <rTp^t|;, tirrpt^a, <rrpo^a,
dir-aWdTT, change off, abandon, rid turn, twist; intrans., turn, face about.
iraiScvo), iraiScvcco, etc. {cf. irats), train, TtTTapdKOVTa {cf. T^TTapes),. indecl.,
educate. forty.
Kvpo), eke^e " Kai fiijv, (o Kvpe, XeyovaC tlv<; otl ttoXXoL
LESSON LXIII.
584. The future of liquid verbs is formed by adding the tense suffix
stem c is contracted with the followv
/tf instead of o-/j (553, 2) to the ;
ing vowel, as in the present of ttoUw (782). Thus, fievuy (/u-cv), remain,
future /levtu, /Acms, /u,eveT, etc.; <f>aLvoi (<^av), show, future <f>avu), <f)aveL<:,
<f}avl, etc.
586. The first aorist system of liquid verbs rejects <r of the tense
suffix tra (553, 3) and lengthens the stem vowel in compensation, o to t]
<f>riva ; ktci'vo) (^ktcv'), kill, cKTCiva ; Kpivo) (xpiv), judge, eKplva, etc.
peltasts ?
591. VOCABULARY.
a.yy{k\<a (dyyeX), ayycXw, 'n'Y'Y*''^''^?
Kptvfil {Kpiv), KpiVM, iKptVa, K^KpiKa,
iir-ayytXXft), bring back word, report. KTflva {kTCv), KTVW, CKTClVa, CKTOva,
airo-Kptvo|iai, mid. dep., give a deci- kill.
yvwfjLT), 1JS, i}, opinion, plan, judgment. and ir^(|>T]va, ir^4>curp.ai, I<t>dv6i)v and
JK-PdXXu, throw out, expel. i^6.vr\v (cf. <pavep6s), bring to light,
K^ (Kav), Ka^o-M, cKavo-a, K^KavKa, show ; mid. and pass., show oneself,
Give the original forms of the indirect quotations and questions in the
following exercise (592).
TTopeviqTaL.
LESSON LXIV.
Formation and Comparison of Adverbs.
iJSvs, pleasant
164 FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.
598. VOCABULARY.
dvSpcios, a, ov {cf. avijp), manly, brave. kivSvvcvco, kivSvvcvo-m, etc. {cf. Klvdvvos),
cr^oXato)? eiTopevovro.
LESSON LXV.
Second Aorist System. Indirect Discourse.
606. The stem of the second aorist formed by adding the tense
is
suffix(135) /e to the verb stem, as XeiVoj (Amt), leave, second aorist stem
607. Review 558 and 468, 469. Note, further, under the
rule given in 469, that
Thus : (Tvv vfilv av oTfiai eivai Tt/nios, with you I think that I should be in
honor. (The original thought is, al-v u/liTv ai/ eirjv Ti/u,tos.) .
SECOND AOBIST SYSTMf. 167
2. tltcov (second aorist, said ) regularly takes otl or ws with the indicar
tive or optative
a. Note also that Sok^w takes the infinitive in indirect discourse (1) in
its common meaning of seem, appear, both when used personally and when
used impersonally ; (2) in its less frequent meaning of consider, think, sup-
pose. When SoK^M means seem right, good, or best, the infinitive that follows
is not in indirect discourse.
610. VOCABULARY.
aipiw {alpe, e\), aip^o-u, clXov, 'gpiiKa, viiTovQa, experience, suffer ; et iraOeip,
mid.,take for oneself, choose, prefer, irtirrtt (ttct, itto), xco-ovfiai, iVco-ov,
diro-Ovrfo-Kw, die off, die., be killed, fall xpo-Tpxw, run forward or ahead.
in battle. irwOdvoiJiai (ttvO), ircv<ro|xai, ^irv66p,T]v,
ctirov (etV, ip, pe), lp, ({pr]Ka, <;pT](j.ai, ir^iru<rfiai, inquire, learn by inquiry,
ippi\6r\v, say, speak, tell, order. ascertain, find out.
Give the original forms of all the indirect quotations in the following
exercise (611).
that all left^ the road and fled. 5. He preferred the friend- .
* For the genitive depending on (prjfjios, see 855. ^ Use the aorist of
7rapej(a). ^ Aorist participle, aU having left the road fled.
KXea/3^os wSe 7ra>9 ipojTa top Kvpov " Otet yap croL
in an oath (837).
NUMERALS. 169
LESSON LXVI.
Numerals.
615. VOCABULARY.
diro-T|iva>, cut off, intercept. opdw {6pa, IS, dir), o\|/o|jiai, cISov, copaKa
c-y-K^({>aXos, ov, 6 {cf. Kc^aX^), brain; and cc&paKa, cwpa|jiai and u|i|iai,
of the palm tree, crown, cabbage. <a^9r\v, see in its widest sense, behold,
Notes. ^ He said, ttov av ISoLfxi, where can I see ? The second aorist
indicative of opdw is ctSov, subjunctive iSo), optative iSoifii, etc. ^ Used
indeclinably for ttAcovcdv. ^ Accusative of extent of space (836). * awo-
TfjirjOevre^ ras Kcf)a\d<i, having been beheaded. The active construction
would be aTroTe'/xvo) Tivi (861) ttjv Kc^Xiyv the passive, dTroTc^vcTat tis
;
TTjv Kc</>aAi/v, Aas Ais head cut off. ^ In Greek the negative is doubled
;
LESSON LXVII.
First Perfect System. Indirect Discourse.^
623. Some liquid stems (582) suffer no change before the tense suffix,
626. Some liquid verb stems suffer transposition and become vowel
stems, as fiaXXta (^oA), throio, fii/ik-qKa (formed on stem (3Xa for /SoA.);
629. VOCABULARY.
al(r6dvop,ai {al<x6), al(rdTio-o)t,ai, ^<rd6- Zi.a-^9(lfxi, destroy uttrly,ruin,corrupt.
|it]v, 'g(rOr]|jiai, perceive, learn, ob- xt-o-TpaTwa), inarch against.
positive, at least, yet, indeed, cer- ^ai, ira.dr\v, stretch, exert oneself,
tainly, often to be indicated in hasten, press on.
English only by emphasis. ^9(lp<a {4>6ep), ^BtpH, (>0ipa, <}>0apKO,
Give the original forms of all the indirect quotations in the following
exercise (630).
17817 8ti7/07ra/c6Tas.
Use the
^ article.
Notes. 3. va-Tipr\cri . . . it^vtc : ca}7ie Jive days too late for the battle.
LESSON LXVIII.
Second Perfect System.
in 774.
Give its synopsis.
635. The stem of the second perfect is formed by adding the tense
suffix a (pluperfect t) to the reduplicated verb stem, as ypa.<f>(i) (ypa<^), write,
second perfect stem yeypa<f>a. The second perfect and second pluperfect
follow the inflection of the first perfect system (768).
636. Some verbs aspirate a final labial or palatal mute of the verb
stem, changing ir and p to <j>, and k and 7 to x- See 114.
638. VOCABULARY.
av8pdiro8ov, ov, t6, slave, esp. captive irX^v, conj., except; improper prep.
- taken in war. with gen., except.
PXaiTTCi) {/3Xa/3), pXdi)/w, epXat|/a, Pe- irXrjo-fos, a, ov {cf. Tr\r)ffid^w), near;
pXa(j>a, PcpXa|jL|jui,i, cpXdc^Orjv and neut. as adv., nXrifflov, near.
vdirt), Tjj, i), ravine, glen. and iTiw9r\v, melt; intrans., thaw,
Tdcfypov
TavTrjv Be Tr)v Td<^pov /SacrtXeu? /xeya? Trotet dvTi
e/)v/x.aro9, ineLBr) TTvvddverai Kvpov irpocrekavvovTa.
LESSDN LXIX.
Perfect Middle System of Vowel and of Mute Verbs.
644. VOCABULARY.
d7ro-<rxa, draw off, separate. bpirrtt {6pvx), opv^o), Mpv|a, 6pwpv\a,
Kio-fiai, 0(i>paK(<rOT)v {cf. dwpd^), arm itX^ttw (ttXtjy, 7rXa7), irXTJ^w, lirXT]5a,
|iai, |iv^o-9tiv, remind; mid. and \pv<rU>v, ov, t6 {cf. xpi'<''0''s)) P^^e of
pass., remember, with perf. as pres. gold, gold.
I
PERFECT MIDDLE SYSTEM. 179
before that (day). 6. f||ipwv : the time within which, but "^fx^pa preceding,
the time when. 7. Ovk apa in yLa\tiTax : he will not fight then at all.
8. aXi)Ocv(rgs : shall prove to be speaking the truth.
180" PERFECT MIDDLE SYSTEM.
LESSON LXX.
Perfect Middle System of Liquid Verbs.
(<^av), 7r<f>a(rfxai.
652. VOCABULARY.
&-iro-<rT^XX, send away, despatch. a-irtlpot (ffirep), crircpu, co-ircipa, co-irap-
Notes.
^ orders had been given. The subject is the following infinitive.
Cf. 461, 4 and 5.
^courageously. The participle (in the dative plural)
expresses manner (495, 3).
^ Yot the optative, see 569. Give the question
in its original form. * I.e. according to orders, literally according to the
orders that had been given. ^ ol SucfiOapfievoi tous 6(f)$aXixov<s, those who
(literally had been injured ) had had their eyes blinded. The active construc-
tion would be ^ ;(ia)v hLa^Odpu tlvI (861) tovs 6<{>9aXfxov<i. In the
passive the dative becomes the subject and the accusative remains. Cf.
616, 5, and the note.
LESSON LXXI.
First Passive System. Complex Sentences in Indirect Discourse.
Give its synopsis, first in the first aorist, then in the first future.
625); Kptvd) (k/oiv), iKpiOrjv (625); ^aXXw (^ak), i^X-qdrjv; Te'/nvto (re/x),
iTfirjOijv (626).
FIRST PASSIVE SYSTEM. 183
i<f>dv9r]v.
Convert each quoted complex sentence above into its original form.
Here the dependent clause follows a secondary tense, and its verb
(originally a primary tense of the indicative or a subjunctive) may either
be changed to the same tense of the optative or retained in the original
mood and tense. When the subjunctive becomes the optative, ov is
Here the dependent clause follows a secondary tense, but its verb
(originally a secondary tense of the indicative or an optative) retains its
mood and tense.
QQ4., VOCABULARY.
alrxvv {alffxy), ol<rxv, ^ffxvva, great, how many, as.
Q<r\vv9r\v {cf. aiffxpi^), shame; aiffx^- ir(is, adv., in any way, at all (enclitic).
Zito, 8^0-w, cSr^o-a, S^ScKa, 8c8|iai, kSi- XT]Ka and rtrcvxa, Ai^, attain, get,
KaTOL-<r\Llm, split open, burst open. (^XvSp^w, 4>\vap^(rci), to^A: nonsense, talk
Give the original forms of all the indirect quotations and questions in
the following exercise (665).
LESSON LXXII.
Second Passive System.
670. The stem of the second aorist passive is formed by adding the
tense suffix t to the verb stem, as crreAAo) (crTeA), send, second aorist
passive stem o-raAe (672). This is lengthened to tj in the indicative, and
in the other moods before a single consonant in the ending. As a second-
ary tense the second aorist passive has augment in the indicative. It
follows the inflection of the first aorist passive (770).
671. The second future passive adds ar/e to the stem of the second
aorist passive, with the tense suffix lengthened to r\. It follows the inflec-
673. VOCABULARY.
PiaCws (c/. /3tdfo/xai), adv., violerUlij. vKp<is, ov, 6, corpse; ol veKpol, the
Xevkos, 17, 6v, white. Tpoirrj, ijs, ij {cf. Tp^irw), rout, defeat.
i^e/c/aoi.
later by much, i.e. much later ^ jj^ consequence of what, i.e. why. Dative
of the time when (870). * Cyrus's bodyguard of 600 horse. * in pursuit.
The infinitive with the article may, like a noun, depend on a preposition.
* Use the aorist passive participle. ''
Use the aorist passive.
Notes. For the disposition of the forces, see No. 56. 5. lx.<ip,cvos
LESSON LXXIII.
Verbal Adjectives.
677. Verbal adjectives are derived from verb stems, and are
generally equivalent to passive participles in meaning. They
are formed by adding tos and tOS to the verb stem, which
generally has the same form as in the first aorist passive (with
the change of and x^ to ir and k before t).
<|)
685. VOCABULARY.
diro-iropvo|iai, go off., depart. p.avOdv(>> (fiaO), (ia0^<ro|iai., c|ia6ov,
rb liririKbv, the cavalry, the horse. m>0S} ov^, t6, sivord. No. 40.
XavOdvo) {\ad), X^o-w, cXaOov, XeXT]6a, <|>Odv(i> {<t>6a), ^Q'fia-ofikai and 4>6darw,
X^T)o-noi, escape <Ae notice o/; mid., e<|>eiiv and <<|>Oaira, anticipate, out-
forget: strip.
there before they knew it. 'With ap)(0)v, as commander of the horse. * an
object of envy to his (friends^ at home. For the two accusatives after ttoico),
eVt TToXv.
LESSON LXXIV.
Regular Verbs in MI, Tie-qjii.
689. Some verbs form the present and second aorist systems
by adding the personal endings directly to the verb stem,
omitting the tense suffix % (135, 606), except in the subjunctive.
In these verbs, therefore, the present and second aorist stems
are the simple verb stem, which is, however, often reduplicated
with I in the present system.
3. The subjunctive has the long vowel or r\, as in verbs in <d (315,
332), but this contracts with the final vowel of the verb stem (340).
4. The optative has the mood suffix (362, 379), i or vi\, but the latter
only before active endings. The mood suffix is added directly to the verb
stem and contracts with it. In these forms the accent cannot pass beyond
the mood suffix.
5. The singular of the second aorist indicative active does not occur.
It is supplied by the first aorist forms Ot]Ka, cOi^Kas, cOt^kc, formed with the
tense suffix Ka for o-a (148).
6. In the second aorist imperative active, fife is irregular, and the infini-
tive Otivau (for Oe-evaC) is formed with the ending cvai (for simple vai).
7. The active paiticiples riOcts and Otis are declined like X.vdf.i<i (754).
695. VOCABULARY.
alxK'<^^(''''0S) o") captured ; as noun, 8ia-TC0i)|i,i, set out in order, arrange,
oi aixiJ^df^uToi, prisoners of war, cap- dispose.
avTov (c/. oyT6s), adv., in the very iri-T0Tj|xi, impose on, inflict; mid.,
place, here, there. put oneself on, attack.
paKTT]p(a, as. i), staff, cane, walking- a-uv-Tldr\)i.i, put or place together ; mid.,
stick. Nos. 1, 30, 36. contract, agree on, make an agree-
iip\i.a, oTos, t6, hide, skin. I*.ai, It^Otjv, put, set, place.
698. Thd Enemy's Array. Cyrus wishes to attack the Persian Centre.
Notes. 1. xo^'^'^s ns fio-Tpairre : here and there (tis) their bronze armor
began to flash. 5. Kara eOvii : nation by nation. v ir\ai<r{) ir\i\pti dvOpw-
irv : in a solid square. 7. KaXov|iva : so called. 10. kov : i.e. Kai iav.
11. irirotT]Tai : although a perfect in form, this refers vividly to the future,
our whole work is (jjoill have been) done. Cf. 317.
No. 51 . ffri^pot.
REGULAR VERBS IN MI, BiSwfll. 197
LESSON LXXV.
Regular Verbs In MI, 6i8cd|xi.
3. For the formation of the subjunctive and optative, see 694, 3 and 4,
4. The singular of the second aorist indicative active does not occur.
It is supplied by the first aorist forms ?8Ka, eSwKas, cSwkc, formed with
the tense suffix Ka for <ra (148).
5. In the second aorist imperative active, 86s is irregular, and the infini-
tive 80VV01 (for So-cvat) is formed with the ending voi.
6. The active participles 8i8ovs and 8o{ls are declined like Xvtov (754),
except in the nominative singular masculine.
701. VOCABULARY.
dXC<rKO|jkai (a\, dXo), aXw(ro|jiai, cdXuv yvyv&trKu (jvo), Yvw<ro}i.ai, c'yvuv,
dva--yi.7vw(rKu, know again, recognize, 8(8w(ii (do), 8<6aru, S8wKa, 8<8i>Ka, 88o-
KdvSvs, vos, 6, caftan, a long outer irpo-8(8w|ii, give over, betray, abandon.
garment. No. 11. o-T^4avos, ov, 6, crown, wreaih, chaplet,
irapa-SlSa\u., pass along, give up, sur- garland. No. 51.
render, hand over. \pv<ro-\6.\ivos, ov {xpvff6s, gold + x<^^'-
LESSON LXXVI.
Regular Verbs in MI, io-tt||jli.
7. The active participles wrrjis and trrds are declined like Auo-ds (754).
707. VOCABULARY.
dv-t<rTn|xi, make rise, rouse; mid., <^-C<rTT))i,i, bring to a stand, make halt;
with perf. and second aor. act., mid., with perf. and second aor. act.,
intrans. , stand up, rise. intrans., halt, stop.
PaCvu (/3a), P^o-0(i,ai., cpT)v, P^^TiKa, set, make stand, make halt; mid.
P^Pa|i,ai, 4pd&i]v, go, walk. (except first aor.), with perf. and
Sia-^aCvw, go over, cross. second aor. act., intrans., stand,
8i8pa<rK(i> (Spa), 8pa<ro|tai, cSpav, stop, halt.
a. Although not /ii-verbs, /SouVoi, 8iBpda-K(D, and <f>6dv<a (685) have second
aorists of the /u,t-fonn.
REGULAR VERBS IN MI, laTrj/xt. 201
who had been wounded^ rise. 5. You must cross the river,
enemy may not escape by stealth.
that the
whether he had any commands. For the optative in the indirect question,
see 569 3. lirio-Hjo-os : first aorist, transitive, pulling up {his horse).
4. Oopv^ov : for the genitive following okovw, see 846. 5. KX^apxos dietv :
LESSON LXXVII.
Regular Verbs in MI, 6iKviJ|ii.
712. 1. In the present system of 8(kvv(i.i, the personal endings are not
added directly to the verb stem StiK (689), but to the verb stem increased
by w.
2. In the singular of the present and imperfect indicative active, 8<ikvw
is lengthened to StiKvii, and the third person plural of the present ends in a<ri.
713. VOCABULARY.
diro-8c(Kvv|ii, set forth, make known, 8<(Kvv|ii (SeiK), 8{(|(o, cSci^a, 8^8cix<>'i
with second perf. act., perish, die, 8vw, Svo-od, cSvo-a and eSvv, ScSvKa,
l>e lost. ScSv^ai, cSvO-qv, make enter ; intrans.,
tK-hipa, strip off the skin, flay. MapiTvas, ov, 6, Marsyas, a satyr.
cv-Sv(i>, put on, clothe oneself in. No. 53.
7ri-8i(Kvv|jit., show to, exhibit, disclose. 6XXv|ii, (6X), o\&, uXcora and uX6|ir]v,
ivpLcTKa (evp), tvpi\a-w, rfvpov, T)vpT]Ka, oXtoXcKa and SXuXa, destroy, lose
raid. , find for oneself, procure. 6\i.vv\i.\. {6fx, Ofio), 6|xov|jiai, w|iO(ra, 6|iwp,o-
716. The Greeks charge on the Run, and the Enemy take to Flight.
Notes. 1. Kal ovk^ti . . . dXX'/)\(i>v : i.e. the two lines (dual) tvere less
than three or four stades (accusative of extent of space, 836) apart. This
was less than half a mile. 2. l-iroiovi^ov : began to sing the paean, as an
omen of victory. 3. Uvat
avrtoi : to go to meet, to go against. For the
following dative, see 863. s 8c . . . (jxiXa^'yos : ivhen, as the Greeks pro-
ceeded (genitive absolute, 516) a part of the phalanx surged forward (see
iKKv fjuiiv<a),\iterally billowed out. 4. to viroX.iw6(uvov equivalent to 01 aXXoi.
:
before an arrow reached them (536), i.e. before the Greeks ivere within bowshot.
206 seconh perfect system without tense suffix,
LESSON LXXVIII.
Second Perfect System without Tense Suflix.
719. 1. The indicative singular does not occur. rTs (for i-ara-m)
is declined co-tws, iarStaa, coros, genitive co-raiTos, eaTwarjs, co-raiTos, etc.
2. Other verbs have forms in the second perfect without suffix. Thus,
pa(v(i> (/3a), ^, /SepaaL, they have gone, participle ySe/Sois ; OvxjVkw (^av), die,
TcOvaaL, they are dead, participle tc^vcws ;
8^8ia (Be), fear (cf. ScSoixa),
720. Here belongs also the irregular verb in fti, otSa (tS,
722. VOCABULARY.
'ApKoLs, dSoj, 6, an Arcadian. irpo-8iaPa(v(i>, cross first.
KaliTtp, conj., although, used with the irpo-cXavvw, ride forward, push on.
(ii(r6o-()>opa, aj, 17 {cf. fiiado-<f>6poi), pay. (rv\ni.a\Ldi, as, i) (cf. fftjfi-fxaxos), al-
crjxevos^ airrov.
Notes.
^ Dative of cause (866).
^ those who have promised (487, 3
and 4). ^ some (815). Here in the second member we have a fuller
expression 01 Xonroi, the rest, for 01 8c, others * Participle in indirect dis-
course (628). The original thought was Kvpos reOvrjKe (^rs< perfect).
* Infinitive in indirect discourse (469). Their thought was ^ Slwkwv
OL)(TaL rj KaraXr/i/'O/ievos tl
irpoeX-qXaKe. ^ Dative following Trcto-o/xai,
p,evo<; 17817 cJ? /Sao'tXeu? vtto roii^ d/>i^' avrov, ovS* (Sq
15 Xev9. /cat yet/) ^8et avrov ort fxecrov ^ot rou Ilepo'tKoC
crr/aarev/aaro?.
opened a gap, whenever they saw them coming on, optative in general supposi-
tion (533, 5). KaT\^4>0T) tis ^K-irXaYcCs : one Greek was caught in his con-
sternation. He was " rattled " and failed to get out of the way ! 4. Kal
. . . and yet, in fact (xai fievToi), they said that not even he suffered
c^a<rav :
man. 11. 6pv : when he sate (495, 1). viK&vTas, 8n6KovTas : participles in
indirect discourse (628). 12. 'f|8<S|uvos, irpoo-Kvvov|ivos : concessive parti-
ciples (495,6). 13. ov8* ws : 7iot even then (thus, under these circumstances^
15. 'n8i ainov 8ti exoi : knew him that he had, i.e. knew that he had.
IRBEGULAB VERBS IN MI, <\>'q^ii, el fit, el/xi. 209
LESSON LXXIX.
Irregular Verbs in MI, ^r\\d, l|ii, t|ii.
728. VOCABULARY.
air-ci|i.i, (eT^it), go off or away, depart. vir-OTrTtvw, o-ir-oirrc'iio-w, uir-ciirTCiKra,
KpCo-is, ews, T) (cf. Kptvw), decision, trial. 4*^)''' (0a)) <t*^*'"*'> <t>'n<'"a,
say, declare,
pita (pi;), p<v(ro|xai, lppvt)Ka, ippvr\v, {>Xvapia, ds, r) (cf. <}>\vap^u>), nonsense;
flow. plur. , bosh.
TovTov e/e/ca avrov Xeyetz/, cJ? ju,^ Tre^i? to^es t^p t(ov /3ap-
/Sdpcjv Tt )(^copdv KaKov efyydtfiLVTO.^
the trumpeter ^ for going. Construe with ovk cyiyvero, were not favor-
able. The infinitive expresses /urpose (461, 7). * Dative of cause (866).
* It would be more natural to say iv tois /Sao-tXtibis, but the speaker
has in mind the flow of the living water y*roi the palace. ' Imperative
^ say they will not go. They said, ovk i/ncv. ^ For two accusatives after
verbs of doing, see 839. Use the genitive (846).
Notes. 1. (irov . . . tj^ovvtoi : i.e. they always command their own cen-
tres. 2. owTs : thus, repeats the thought of fxlaov I;(ovts to avrdv. v
LESSON LXXX.
Irregular Verbs in MI (continued), i-nfii, Ki(iai, rijiai.
733. VOCABULARY.
'Aetivalos, a, ov,from Athens, Athenian. \r\y.\. (i),r[ira, tfKa, cIko, lp,ai, ctOTjv, send,
d|i,apTdvw {dfiapr), oiiap-Hja-oiiai, TiH'<''^p- throw, hurl at; mid., rush, charge.
Tov, TjjidpTHKa, T)|idpTi]|i,ai, r\ii.apr-fi- KdO-Tifiai (170-), sit down, be seated, sit.
6r]v, 7niss the mark, miss, err, do Kcifiai, KiUro^ai, lie, be laid, lie dead,
wrong. be situated.
hi.-<\avv(j>, drive OT ride through. irpo-tfijii, send forth; mid., give one-
cir(-Ki|(,ai, lie upon, attack. self up, entrust, surrender, abandon.
Notes. 2. els to Sicixciv : in pursuit. Cf. 674, 8. xX^v : here a conjunc-
tion, except. 4. cttwJm)? : the king's immediate attendants, who now rallied
round him in a compact body ((ttic^os) for his protection 6. airdv
Cyrus.
i.e. 12. Htpa-wv . . . -ycvofUvuv : the Persians meant are those of
the royal line born (ytvofjLcvwv) after the time of Cyrus the Great.
y
214 PLAN OF THE BATTLE.
1 2
m I M I
8
I I I I I I 1
1
M
9
I I I I I I I 1
10
m l I I I I I IT I I I I I
IV
The dotted lines indicate the scythe-bearing chariots, posted in front of the Persian
Contraction of Vowels.
Thus, fxvdd, nva (742) ; woUrjTe, iroir^t (782) ; 8r)\6o}, ^\& (783).
Exception : Kpiaxi, Kpio. (747).
Thus, TLfidd), ri\k&, TLfJidofiev, TifiiS|v (781); Kpeaos, Kp^s, Kpidutv, Kpcuv
(747); BrjXoTjTc, 8ri\T (783); irouw, iroiw (782); TpiT^pewv, rpirjpwv (747);
dXrjOewv, akifi&v (752).
216 CONTRACTION OF VOWELS.
Thus, hyjkotTe., StjXovtc (783); voc, vov (742); iroUoiitv, iroiov|v (782);
)(pv<Tio^, yijpiwTov^ (JoV)\ evpios, ciipovs (747); aXijOios, iXtiOovs (752).
Thus, TTOiUi, iroii (782) ; hrjkoovai, 8T)\ov<ri, St^Xooi, 8T|\oi (783) ; ttoUol,
(752).
Thus, Tiftaei, Ti|i$, Tlfidovai, Tifi<ri, Tifmij, rl^, TifidoL, Tl\uf (781);
iroLov(ri, iroiowri, ttoUjj, iroi^ (782).
Changes of Consonants.
X^iirrai (209,1); ayw, riKrai (217,1); iruOw, irt'ircio-Tai (220, 1). See
also 677.
Mutes before S.
Mutes before M.
6. Before (l a ir-mute becomes |i ; a K-mute becomes y ;
Thus, XciTTOD, \^ci|i,|iai (209, 1); ayw, rj-yiiat (217, 1); ttciOw, rr^ircio-p.ai
(220, 1).
218 CHANGES OF CONSONANTS.
Thus, \l(XS.% (for /xcAav-s); ls (for cv-s); Xvovo-i (for Xvovo-l); ^yefj.utv,
T|-y(ji6<ri (.346).
Thus, yipojv, yipowri (251); x-P'<i'S (for x^^^ptevr-s), irds (for ttovt-s);
irc((ro|i,ai (for Trcv^-tro/iai). See 262.
Changes of S.
Thus, XtiTTw, Xait>ei (209, 2); ayw, tJx^* (217, 2); 7rei6w, iriirna-Qt
(220, 2) ; cvpovs (for cvptcr-os) ; Kpitos (for K/3cao--os), dXtjOovs (for aXrjdea-o^).
Changes in Aspirates.
PARADIGMS.
NOUNS.
741. Declension.
222 NOUNS. [743
Consonant Declension.
^ao-iXcv's, 6,
226 ADJECTIVES. [760
ADJECTIVES. \-
v.
dYoOds, GOOD.
M. F. N.
8. N.
751] ADJECTIVES. 227
S. N.
228 ADJECTIVES. [762
8. y.
230 ADJECTIVES. PARTICIPLES. [763
XcXvKws (XeXi/Kor),
N. V.
232
757]
234 ARTICLE. FUONOUNS. [753
No. 61 Ztvj.
M. N.
8. N. O T) t6 iyi
O. TOV Tf)S TOV
D. t rg T
X. TOV TTJV t6
^ D. N. A. tA rat Tw
G. D. TOtv TOIV TOiv
P. N. ol al rd
O. TMV TWV TWV
D. TOis Tats Tots
. Tovs Tas Td
7611 PRONOUNS. 236
G.
236 PRONOUNS. [762
8. K.
764J PRONOUNS. 237
8. N,
238 INFLECTION OF VERBS. [766
present.
Xv<i>
Xvijs
XVTJ
XvT]-TOV
XvT]-TOV
\voi-\uv
XwTJ-T
XvoMTl
XvOl-|Xl
Xwoi-s
Xvoi
XvOl-TOV
X\io(-TT]V
XvOl-|XV
XvOl-T
Xvou-v
Xv
Xv-TW
Xv-TOV
Xv6-TWV
Xv-T
Xv6-VTV
INFIN. Xv<iv
2 XfXvKOl-S XcXv-)i^vos
3 XcXvKot XcXv-(i^vos ttt,
s. 2 X^v-oro
g 3 XXv-o"0<i
H D. 2 X^Xv-<r6ov
g 3 XcXv-o-Gwv
P. 2 Xt'Xv-<r6
s
3 XtXv-<r9v
H D. 2 XX<r-cr9ov
XXv<r-o-6ov
5 P. 1 XeXvo-o-fuOa
2 XXv<r-(r6
3 XiXv<ro-vT(ii
s. 1
t 3
g D. 2
p. 1
* 2
3
s. 1 XcXv(roC-|i,T]v
2 XcXvo-oi-o
XtXw<roi-TO
t D.2 XXv<roi-r6ov
XXv<roC-a"OT]v.
p. 1 XcXvo-oC-fjMOa
2 XfXvo'Oi-flrOc
3 XcXv<roi-VTO
8. 2
^ 3
H D. 2
g 3
S P. 2
3
INFIN. X(Xv(rc-(r6ai
PARTic. XfXv(r6-}uvos,
242 INFLECTION OF VERBS. [771
Active. Middle,
second aorist.
244 INFLECTION OF VERBS. [775
>
H
<
O
s
777] INFLECTION OF VERBS. 245
(7re7rei^-<rat) ir^irfi-o-ai
2 (^7-<rai) rjlai
(TTiireiO-ffdov) irt-irci-o-Gov
i
3 {riy-ff$ov) rix-Oov
p. 1 {^y-tJxOa) rj-y-iicOa {irerreiO-fuBa) iriro--(it9a
I
PLUPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
{i-irirei.d-ii7iv) k-ttvtnLv-^iyv
8. 1 (^y-fiv) t]-y-|iv
{i-wevid-(To) t-irt'irti-o-o
2 (^-<ro) TJ^o
' 3 (^7-To) tiK-ro (i-ireirei6-To) l-fr^ircKT-TO
'
D. 2 {iiy-<r6ov) rix-Sov {i-imriid-ffdov) i-iriiti\,-a9ov
2 {i-ireireid-<Tde) i-ir^irci-crOt
(^7-<^^e) ^x-e*
3 (^-juei'ot) T|Y-|t4voi TJ<rav {i-ireireid-tJievoi) ircirwr-(4^voi Tjcrav
PERFECT. perfect.
<rTaX-<rai <rTaX-<ro
<rTaX-Tai <rTa\-TO 'Trt(|>ttv-Tai
8. 2
780] INFLECTION OF VERBS. 247
Passive
248 INFLECTION OF VERBS. [781
s. 1 {Tl/JMolpilJv) Tip.(U|l,T]V
2 {rifidoio) TlfXUO
3 (rlfidoi) (rifidoiTo) TlJi^TO
8. 1 {Tifiaoir]v) Ti|ll[)'T|V
2 (rt/wtotTjs)
3 (rifjMolr]) Ti|iblT)
D. 2 {Tifj.aolr]Tov) [tiuco'titov
3 {rifiaoi-qTr]!')
p. 1 {TtfjLaolijuev) [Tl|Jl(l>t)^CV
2 (rl/iaoiijTe) Tl(H>TJT
3 (rl/jMoirjaav) Ti(ia)Tj<rav]
8. 1 iroUu) iroiw
2 iroicts
3 iroUei) iroiti
D. 2 woiierov) WOlflTOV
3 iroiierov) iroitiTov
p. 1 vroUoftev) iroiov)i.v
2 irot^ere) iroitiTt
3 noUovcri) iroiov(ri
IMPERFECT.
(iiroUov) ciroCovv
(iiroleei) ciroUis
(iiroUe) CTTOUl
(dTToUerov) ciroitiTOv
{iTTOiedTTjv) tirouCrqv
{iiroi^onev) liroiov|uv
(iiroUere) cirokciTC
(iiroieov) ciroCovv
FRESBKT.
782] INFLECTION OF VERBS. 251
or or
8. 1 iroiofrjv
2 iroieoitjs) irotoCiis
3 TTOieolrj) iroioiTi
D. 2 iroieoirjTov) [itoioCtjtov
3 iroieoiriTr])') iroioi^TTjv]
p. 1 iroieolTj/iev) [iroio(T))uv
2 iroieoiTjre)
3 TTOLeoirjaav) 7roio(ii<rav]
Verbs in MI.
785] INFLECTION OF VERBS. 255
Verbs in ML
256 INFLECTION OF VERBS. [786
Verbs in MI.
PRESENT. PRESENT.
8. 1 l-<rT l-<rTcl)-)t,ai
2 i-<rr%s
3 i-c-rfi l-<rTf)-TOW
D. 2 i-o-rfi-TOv I-OTTJ-O-GOV
3 l-O-TTl-TOV i-<rTfi-<r8ov
p. 1 i-CTw-fifv i-(rr(!>-\u9a
2 l-CTi\-Tl i-<rTTJ-<r6
3 l-rT<ri IHTTW-VTai
s. 1 l-OToCtl-V i-<rTa-n,T]v
2 l-<rTaCT)-s l-OTOt-O
3 ir-irrali\ l-o-Tai-TO
D. 2 i-<j-Tai-Tov or i-<rTaT]-Tov i-<rTai-<r0ov
3'
l-<rTOt-TTlV l-<rTaiVj-TT]V i-<rra-r6Tiv
8. 2 I'-o-ra-o-o
3 i-crrd-Tw i-o-rd-<r6
D. 2 i-<rTa-TOv i-<rTa-<r0ov
3 l-O-Td-TWV l-<rTd-<r0wv
s p. 2 ^-Ta-<r8
3 l-O-Td-VTWV l-oTa-trBtav
Verbs in MI.
787. Present System of 8cCKvvp,i (5/c), show.
258 INFLECTION OF VERBS. [788
Verbs in MI.
788. Second Aorist System
of T(8ri|il {$e), PLACE, PUT.
792] INFLECTION OF VERBS. 259
2 t-o-rq-s l-8v-s
w 3 t-O-TT) -8v
SECOND PERFECT.
8. 1 <rra 8v(i> c-<rT
g p. 1 <rT(l)-|tV 8vw|i<v
" 2 <rTti-T 8vr]T -rTj-T
S. 1 a-Tair]-v i-<rra.li\-v
2 o-raCTi-s k-(rTali\-s
a 3 o-raCii -<rTatT|
PARTic. orr^s, oTaca, orrd-v 8vs, 8v<ra, 8v-v l-<rTs, c-<rT<ra, c-<rT6s
260 INFLECTION OF VERBS. [783
Active,
present. imperfect.
s. 1 ct|iC I] or T^v
2 cl 'n(r6a
3 cotC TJV .
p. 1 eo-|i^v
3 eUrl qo-av
PRESENT.
s. 1
2
3
D. 2 1\TOV
3 qrov
p. 1 w|jicv
2
3 wcri.
8. 1 lnv
2
3
D. 2 tlrov or ettjTOv
3
p. 1 cI|UV tT])UV
2 ilri ettjTC
3 ctcv {{t^o-av
8. 2 ta-di
3 tOTTW
D. 2 <rTOV
3 <rTV
p. 2 <rT
3 (irruv
INFIN. tlvai
Irregular verbs in ML
Active. Middle.
799] INFLECTION OF VERBS. 263
generally omitted when it is the same as the subject or the object (direct
or indirect) of the leading verb. See 461, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7.
802. A verb agrees with its subject nominative in number and person ;
but a nominative in the neuter plural regularly takes a singular verb. Thus,
TO. irXoia fUKpa ^v, the boats were small.
Adjectives.
805. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.
This applies also to the article and to adjective pronouns and participles.
Thus, Tj 6809 (TTtvrj r]v, the road was narrow, iiropevovro oi 'EXAt/vc? t^v
rffitripav ^wpdv apTrd^ovTe<i, the Greeks advanced ravaging our land.
800. An adjective or participle, generally with the article, may be
used as a noun. Thus, 01 iroXifiioi, the enemy, ro KuiXvov, the hindrance,
KaKov, evil.
266 RULES OF SYNTAX.
The Article.
807. Proper names may take the article. Thus, ai rov Kvpov KWfiai,
the villages of Cyrus.
808. Abstract nouns often take the article. Thus, 17 aXijOua, truth.
809. Nouns with a possessive pronoun take the article when they refer
to definite individuals, but not otherwise. Thus, o /ao5 irar-qp, my father,
but c/xos <^iAos, a friend of mine.
brother.
\6poi, his enemies at home, ol irapa ^aortXews ayycAAoi, the messengers from
the king, oi olkol, those at home, 01 dp-ffyl Kvpov, Cyrus and his followers.
sometimes means, and he, etc., even when no o fiev precedes. Thus, tous
p.v aireKTeive, tovs 8 i^i^aXev, some he sleic, others he banished, oi Sk ravra
tXe$av Tots o-T/aaTiwTats, and they (the generals) told it to the soldiers.
RULES OF SYNTAX. 267
Pronouns.
823. Tt's may be used both in direct and in indirect questions. Thus,
Tt^ 6 Oopvfios 1<TTL ; what is the disturbance f ipwra tis 6 66pv^6^ iari.
he asks what the disturbance is.
826. A relative agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, but
its case depends on the construction of the clause in which it stands. Thus,
^A.awovo-iv Tov ^v<f>paTrjv iroTapov, ov ^v to evpos TtTTapa (TtoZm,
CTTi
they marched on to the Euphrates, the breadth of which teas four stades.
268 RULES OF SYNTAX.
829. The antecedent is often attracted into the relative clause, and
agrees with the relative. Thus, aTreireixij/ev o t;(c aTpdrevfUL, he despatched
what forces he had.
Nominative and Vocative Cases.
Accusative Case.
832. The direct object of the action of a transitive verb is put in the
accusative. Thus, (r<^ev8ovr;v c;(ei, he has a sling.
836. The accusative may denote extent of time or space. Thus, ivravOa
fiVi qfiepd'i tTTTci, he remained there a week, iiropevovTo o-ra^/jtovs Trei/re,
837. The accusative follows the adverbs of swearing v^ and |iA, by.
hiSaxTKOvai, they teach the lads self-control, avafivrjcrw yap vp.a<; toiis klvSv-
vov<i, I will remind you of the dangers, to. ^rjpxiTa Kvpov ovk eKpyirre, he
did not conceal his possessions from Cyrus, tovs avS/aas dneaTepi/JKaficv t^v
vavv, ice have robbed the men of their ship.
Thus, TTUTtpa Hcvo^wvTa iKoXovv, they called Xenophon ^father,' (f>i\ov ttoi-
T^awfiiv TOVTOV, Ict US mokc him our friend, tov aaTpaim^v fjiCkov ov vop.LU,
he will not regard the satrap as a friend. ,
Genitive Case.
841. A noun in the genitive may limit the meaning of another noun.
This is called the attributive genitive and expresses various relations, most
of which are denoted by of or by the possessive case in English. Thus
1. Possession or other close relation, as Ta /JacrtAews /Sacri'Xeta, the
King's palace. The Possessive Genitive.
2. The Subject of an action or feeling, as 6 twv ^apfidpoiv <f>6^os, the
fear of the barbarians, i.e. the fear which they felt. The Subjective Genitive.
3. The Object of an action or feeling, as 6 Ttiiv 'EAAi^vwv <f>6fio^, the fear
of the Greeks, i.e. the fear which they inspired. The Objective Genitive.
4. Material or Contents, including that of which anything consists, as
TTcvTc /xvaT dpyvpiov, five minas of silver. Genitive of Material,
270 RULES OF SYNTAX.
.
5. Measure, of space, time, or value, as rpiwv -^fiepdv 6805, a journey of
three days, ttcvtc /irjviav fii(r66<i, Jive months' pay. Genitive 0/ Measure.
6. Cause or Origin, as /tcyoiAcov dSiKTy/xarwv opyy, anger at great offenses.
The Causal Genitive.
7. The Whole, after nouns denoting a part, as 8ia fiicrov t^s iroXcws,
through the middle of the city. The Partitive Genitive.
842. The Partitive. genitive (841, 7) may follow all nouns, pronouns,
adjectives (especially superlatives), participles with the article, and adverbs,
which denote a part. Thus, tis twv 'EAAt/vwv; icho of the Greeks? Trdvriav
iravra KpaTia-To^, best of all in everything, vjxw b ySouAd/uiei'os, whoever of you
loishes, Ti/Aarai fidXiara tS>v 'EAAt/vwv, he is honored mx)re than any other
Greek.
844. Any verb may take a genitive if its action affects the object only
in part. This principle applies especially to verbs signifying to share (give
or take a parf) or to enjoy. Thus, Xafi^dvovcn tov ^apfSapLKov arparevp-a-
Tos, they take a part of the barbarian force, tu>v cTriTiySciwv /oitTco^cTc, you
had your share of provisions.
845. The genitive foUows verbs signifying to take hold of, touch, claim,
aim at, hit, attain, miss, make trial of, begin. Thus, cAa/3ov t^s ^wn;^, they
took hold of his girdle, ov^ aTrrcTai t^s Kdp(f>-q<i to v8wp, the water does not
touch the hay, outos avTov ij/otapre, this one missed him, rjp-^t. toS Xoyou wSc,
he began his speech as follows.
846. The genitive follows verbs signifying to taste, smell, hear, perceive,
comprehend, remember, forget, desire, care for, spare, neglect, wonder at,
admire, despise. Thus, ouTrore lyStovos olvov yiytvpai., I have never tasted
finer wine, Oopvfiov rjKovae, he heard a noise, tovtodv p-ep-vqaOe ; do you
remember this t tS)v orpaTitoTaiv cTrcficXciTo, he looked out for his men, fi^
Thus, T(ov ottXItwv apX'' ^^ commands the hoplites, KAcap^^os 'tov Se^iov
K(.pios rjytiTox, Clearchus leads the right wing.
848. Verbs signifying fulness and tcant take the genitive of material
(841, 4). Those signifying to Jill take the accusative of the thing filled
849. The genitive (as ablative) may denote that from which anything
is separated or distinguished. On this principle the genitive follows verbs
denoting to remove, restrain, release, cease, fail, differ, give up, and the like.
Thus, Siea^ov oAAt^Awv tos rptaKovra oraSia, they were about thirty furlongs
distant from one another, iiria^ov t^s Tropuas, they desisted from marching,
TToXc/xov ^Se'ws TrawTtrai, he will be glad to stop fighting.
851. The genitive often denotes a cause, especially with verbs express-
ing emotions, such as admiration, wonder, affection, hatred, pity, anger, envy,
or revenge. Sometimes it denotes the source. Thus, t^s iXevOepid's v/ias
v8aifiovL^w, I count you happy because of your freedom, rots ^eots X'^P'-^
l)(ov(TL T^s viKT/s, they are grateful to the gods for victory, tovtwv ifiol )(aX-
TraiVcTC, you are angry with me for this, rJKOva-e ravra tov dyy^XXov, he heard
this from the messenger.
853. The genitive may denote the price or value of a thing. Thus,
TToa-ov SiSacTKcis; how much do you charge for your lessons f (literally, /or
what price do you teach?), <^taA.7/ XP^aij d$id 8zKa /xvwv, a gold drinking-cup
worth ten minas, ^t'Aos ttoXXoG o^^ios, a friend worth much (i.e. of great
value)
272 RULES OF SYNTAX.
854. The genitive may denote the time within which anything takes
place. Thus, wp/xaro t^s wktos, he set out in the night, rarra t^s ^fitpd^
cyeVcTO, this happened during the day.
rest, doLTTOv twv iTnrwv irpexov, they ran more swiftly than the horses.
Dative Case.
862. The dative with ci/xi, ytyvofuw, and similar verbs may denote the
possessor. Thus, o-TpartoiTai K.vp(o -^(rav ayaOoi, Cyrus had brave soldiers.
Dative of the Possessor.
863. The dative follows many adjectives and adverbs, and some
verbal nouns of kindred meaning with the verbs of 860 and 861. Thus,
Tw ifjLw dSeA^<d TToAc/Atos, ifiol 8c cf>tXo^ Koi TrtcTTOs, hostile to my brother, but
friendly and faithful to me, trrjXos Tais afxdiais Svairopcvros, m,ire hard for
the wagons to get through.
864. The dative is used with all words implying likeness or unlikeness,
agreement or disagreement, union, or approach. This includes verbs, adjectives,
adverbs, and nouns. Thus, tj Tropeid 6p.oid <t>vyr] iycyveTo, their march
ccime to be like flight, Mapo-vas 'AttoAAwvi TJpLcre, Marsyas contended with
Apollo, cTToAc/nei Tois paii, he carried on war with the Thracians, hj/ovTai
Kvpo), they will follow Cyrus, a/xa rg ^fipa, at daybreak, TrAiyo-io^et rots
TToXefiioLs, he approaches the enemy.
866. The dative follows many verbs compounded with iv, avv, or ctti ;
and some compounded with Trpos, rrapd, irepi, and v-rro. Thus, rot? a-rpa-
TiwTats <f>6ftov /A7roit, he inspires his soldiers with fear, o-v/XTrc/ATret tw
cTTpaTr/yw oAAou? o-TpaTiwras, he sends other soldiers with the general,
Kvpo) iTrijSovXevei, he plots against Cyrus.
866. The dative is used to denote cause, manner, and means or instru-
ment. Thus, <^tA6a Kai evvota i/Sorjdovv avTw, they helped him because of
their friendship and good will, iropevovTaL kvkAw, they advance in a circle,
avTov<! <f}o^ova-i t^ Kpavyy, they frighten them by their uproar, SiafiaLvova-t
7rXo6oi?, they cross in boats, ^SovAerai ^fxtv
xpw^^^h ^ wishes to use (i.e. serve
himself by) us, yivu irpoa-rJKei ^acriXei, in family he is related to the king.
868. The dative sometimes denotes the agent with the perfect and
pluperfect passive, rarely with other passive tenses. See 203.
869. The dative is used to denote "that by which any person or thing
is accompanied. Thus, ^A^e (tt paTtvfjuciTi, ttoAAo), he came with a mighty
army.
870. The dative without a preposition often denotes the time when an
action takes place. This is confined chiefly to nouns denoting day, night,
month, or year, and to names ol festivals. Thus, ry airy rifxipa, on the same
day, Tyj varepaLo., on the following (day), fiia wktI Travres airWavoVf all
perished in a single night.
without augment.
2. Some verbs beginning with a single consonant have ci in the first
perfect and perfect middle systems instead of the reduplication. See 106.
3. Most verbs beginning with a mute and a liquid have the full
reduplication.
two letters of the stem, and lengthening the following vowel as in the
temporal augment. This is called Attic reduplication.
5. Some verbs whose stem begins with a vowel take the syllabic augment,
as if the stem began with a consonant. These verbs also have a simple e
for the reduplication. Some of them have the temporal in addition to the
syllabic augment. When another c follows, ec is contracted into cu
6. Some verbs derived from nouns or adjectives compounded with
prepositions are augmented and reduplicated after the preposition, like
compound verbs.
9. Some vowel verbs retain the short vowel only in some of the tense
systems.
10. Vowel stems which retain the short vowel (see 8, 9, above) and
some others may add <r to the final vowel before all endings not beginning
with <r in the perfect and pluperfect middle. Some verbs may have <r also
before 0< or 8tj in the first passive system.
276 PRINCIPAL PARTS OF IMPORTANT VERBS.
11. Some verbs with short verb stems ending in a mute or v lengthen
the short vowel in some of the tenses, a to i), i to i or oi, v to cv. The
shorter verb stem generally appears in the second aorist active or passive.
17. In many verbs the future active does not occur, and the future
middle is used in its stead.
alv^w, praise,
alp^u (oipe, ^X), take, seize, mid. take for oneself, choose,
dKoiw, hear,
dKoWonai (17) tJKovff'a dK^Koa* (4) TjKoWenv(lO)
&v-olyo>, open,
YV(o(ro|i.ai c-yvuv ^
cyvuKa CYV(i>o-|xai (10) iyvma-9j\v (10) '
Ypdt^M, write,
Ypdt|ri> cYpax{ra ^^-ypa^ta (3) Yfypa|i|JiaL (3) lYpd<|>T]v
1 Second aorist of the /*t form (789). 2 Second aorist of the fii form
(790).
278 PRINCIPAL PARTS OF IMPORTANT VERBS.
Upn,Jlay,
8cpu cScipa 8^ap|jiai jSdpTjv
Stw, bind,
/ 8c^(ro> (13) IS^T|<ra (13) SeS^TjKa (13) 8t8^T](iai (13) iStii9i\v (13)
J
8u(r(i> l8Q>Ka (700, 4) S^wxa 8^|uu (9) ih6dr\v (9)
{du, -permit,
lirurT^<ro|xai TJirwrr^OTjv
<rX^<rw
i
6av\L6i<ro\i.a,i {\1 )
6v, sacrifice,
^ tvofJM.1 for o-eiro/iiot and thpo/Mi for (Te\potuii. (738, 13). In effvbu-qv the rough
breathing is retained irregularly. '^
X few irregular futures drop o- of the stem,
so that the future has the appearance of a present. ^ ^-^^ for o-exw and i^m for
ffe^w (738, 13). * See 738, 17. ^ Ov becomes tv before e-qv.
280 PRINCIPAL PARTS OF IMPORTANT VERBS.
KcXcviw, order,
kXcUa, shut,
K^KXfio-ftai (10)
K^KXcfifiat (KXdn-ifv
X^4o|jioi(ll,17) cXapov i:XTi<|>a (2, 11) ftXufijxai (2, 11) 4XV|.|>env (11)
1 Cf. the first aorist tOriKa (694, 5). ^ t is due to the augment and redupli-
cation. 8 For an irregular (107) treo-TTjKa, the rough breathing representing the
first ff, as in the present. (So tcraixai, for (reo-ra/xat.) Pluperfect darijKi; for
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF IMPORTANT VERBS. 281
X^w, gather,
Xvtt, loose,
\^o\o^o^, fight,
pivu, remain,
(4,8,10) (8,10)
opdd) {opa, IS, dir), see,
iraCtt, strike,
irC}iir\T]|ii {ir\a),ftll,
1 (5</)e/Xw follows the analogy of short steins ending in a mute (11) in lengthen-
ing 6(p\ to d<t>ei.\ in most of its tenses. ^ vO are dropped before <r and the
preceding vowel is lengthened (738, 11). In composition.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF IMPORTANT VERBS. 283
(nrdw, draw,
co-iroo-a (8) ccnraKa (8) ca-ircur|iai (8, 10) <rird<r9T]v (8, 10)
TfX^w, complete,
TcXw (14) lTX<ra (8) tct^ko (8) TcreXto-nai (8, 10) 4TcX<<reT)v (8, 10) /
1 For the reduplication, see 738, 2, 2 jor the augment and reduplication,
see 738, 2.
284 PRINCIPAL PARTS OF IMPORTANT VERBS.
'
e^o-u lOifKa (694, 5) TcOciKai W6i)i.ai ^
W6tjv
i9pi^6r\v
1 The vowel of the verb stem is irregularly (274) lengthened to et in the first
perfect and perfect middle systems.
^ q^ becomes re before diiv. * See 738, 17.
* Cf. ^x"- ^ Formed irregularly without <r on stem ivCfK.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF IMPORTANT VERBS. 285
Xpdofiai, use,
-
Xp^(ro|iai f\pr\<r6ni.r\v K^XPII**^ (3)
1 Second aorist of the m form. Cf. 790. 2 The o of the stem is irregularly
(274) lengthened to ij in all the systems except the present.
In this List, and in the six following Lists, first give the meanings of
the words, and then inspect, in the general vocabulary, the etymological
statements about all the words that are marked with a star or stars. The
double star signifies that the word is related to another Greek word, or to
other Greek words, in the List under consideration or in previous Lists.
Occasionally a related word is given in parenthesis which might other-
wise be overlooked ; but no related word is thus given which would be
suggested by a proper use of the general vocabulary.
T]8^(i>s jpOios
d8lKf**
WORD GROUPING. 289
'yepoiv
290 WORD GROUPING.
dSvvaros opy(^o|iai * *
opos
oi5ir**
irois*
irapaKtXcvo-
irqXos
irX^Opov
rrXTJpris
irpv **
irp66v^os * *
irpoortXavvw * *
irpoo-'^^Kw **
(TcavTov * *
(TK^irropiai **
r6s**
trmvSa
<rTpaT6ir8ov * *
{iredlov)
WORD GROUPING. 291
'AO-ifvaios * tiriTlOtifjii** ir
otcxwo) * * ScCKVVIil ** cvpCo-Ko) O/uai, dfieX^u) irws
alxF''<^^<*>TOS ** ({>l(rTT]^l * * |UTdirc|xirros * * pia*
aXC(rKO|iai * * Sip\i.a ** ^t]\ut6s * o'oXirC^ci) *
oXXus * * Bipta ** 6av|ia(rT6s * * jjL^iroTt * * o-T^<|>avos *
dfiaprdvu St'w* (bind) |xi(r6o({>opa ** o-v^)iaxCa * *
dva'yiYvwo'Kw** Sia^aCvbt * * iiririKos ** vcKpos * o"uvoi8a* *
dvaTiOr^fii * * 8iaTi6T]p.i * * C<rTT)|Xl* * v4>^r] * a-vvTlitwLi * *
dvC(rTT||xi ** SiSpaaKO) * * Kd6T)(iai * o-w()>poo~uvi] **
avolya * {dpdfws, Tpix^) Ka0MrTTj|i.t** olSa * * T8T](il **
airci|Jii * * (ef/xt) 88(.i* * (Swpov) KaCircp * * otxo|j.ai Tirpwo'Kw
diro8c(Kvv|i,i * * SicXatrvci)^ * KdvSvs oXXvfxi * * To^cvfia * *
diroSiSpacTKw * * Svvapiai. * * KaraKaw * * {6\eepos) TOO-OVTOS
dir6XXv|jLi * * {abvvaTos) Karao-x't'' * * ofi.vv|ii Tpoir^ * *
'AiriXAwv Kcifxai. ** 00- OS TVYX**"**
diroiropcvoiJiai* * tljil ** Kovioprds iroXriv vtroirrdo) * *
'ApKds ckS^PW * * Kp<|tdvvv|ii irapaSi8(i>p,i ** vo-Tcpaios * *
ftVTOV * * |iir|iir\'nni** KpCo-is ** irCptirXt^^i * * <Pcp<i) * *
IlsTDEX.
ABBREVIATIONS.
ace. = accusative. inf., infin.= infinitive.
act. = active, -ly. interr. = interrogative, -ly.
adj. = adjective, -ly. intr., intrans. = intransitive, -ly.
adv. = adverb, adverbial, -ly. Lat. = Latin.
antec. = antecedent. lit.= literal, -ly.
aor. = aorist. mase. = masculine.
apod. = apodosis. mid. = middle.
art. = article. neg. = negative, -ly.
= confer^ compare.
(j/l neut. = neuter.
comm. = commonly. No. Nos. = Number, Numbers.
,
. -ly.
dem., demon. = demonstrative. pers. = person, personal, -ly.
dep. = deponent. pf., perf. = perfect.
dim. = diminutive. pi., plur. ^plural.
dir. = direct. plpf plup. = pluperfect.
= discourse. post-posit. = post-positive.
. ,
disc.
Dor. ^= Doric. pred. = predicate.
e.g. =for example. prep. = preposition.
end. =
enclitic. pres. = present.
Eng. = English. pron. ^ pronoun.
esp. = especial, -ly. prop. ^ proper, -ly.
ete.= and so forth. prot. = protasis.
= following.
f., ff. reflex. = reflexive, -ly.
fem. = feminine. rel. = relative, -ly.
fut.= future. sc. = scilicet.
gen. = genitive. sec. = second.
i.e.=that is. sing. = singular.
impers. = impersonal, -ly. subj. = subject.
impf imperf = imperfect.
, . subjv. = subjunctive.
imv. = imperative.
.
indef = indefinite.
. s.v. = sub voce.
indie. = indicative. tr., trans. = transitive, -ly.
indir. = indirect. voc. = vocative.
YOOABULAEIES.
I. GREEK-ENaLISH VOCABULARY.
Ix the following Vocabulary the verb stem of each simple verb is given in
parenthesis directly after the present indicative, unless this stem appears unchanged
in the present indicative. The verb stem and principal parts of a compound verb are
not given if the simple verb occurs elsewhere in the Vocabulary or presents no
difficulties. Arabic numerals refer to the sections of this book or to the illustrations
"No." precedes.
in the latter case the abbreviation
The derivation of most words is indicated within brackets or by means of the
dagger, which points up (j) or down (t) or in both directions (J) to some simpler
related word or words. If no indication of the derivation is given, the etymological
connection of the word is unknown, doubtful, or too difficult to be discussed here.
Greek words within brackets which are printed in black-face letter occur in the body
of the Vocabulary. The parts of compound words are separated by a hyphen.
a.yop&X,<o
d-Ya-ytiv, d-ydyri, etc., see Ayoo. jd-yopa, as, ij, 40, assembly, meeting,
d-yaBos, Vi ^v, 63, 577, 750, good in the place of assembly, Lat. forum, esp.
broadest sense (as opposed to KaK6s), market-place, market; dp.(t>l dyopav
brave, expert, upright, noble, useful, wX-^dova-av, about the time offull market,
excellent; a-yadbv, t6, good, good thing forenoon.
pK, good things, blessings, supplies; |d'yopd|(i> (dyopaS), dyopdcru, etc., 178,
KaX6s Kal dya66i, KoKbi KayaWs, noble frequent the market, buy, purchase;
and good, 'gentleman.' mid., buy for oneself.
a-ypios ciKpdTroXis
a^pios, d, ov, 131 [dyp6s, field, Lat. alp^c* {alpe, i\), cdp'^aw, tlXov, vpr/Ka,
ager, Eng. acre], ranging the fields, VPVf^f^h VP^^V^ 610, 871 [di-aeresis,
wild. heresy], take, seize, capture; mid.,
take for oneself, choose, prefer, elect.
56, 776, 871 [Lat. ago], set going, drive, als, see Ss.
EVER, aye], always, ever, from time to dKlvdKi^s, ov, 6, 292, short sword, a
time. weapon carried by Persians, Medes,
'A9r\vdL, as, i}, Athena, the patron and Scythians, worn on the right side,
goddess of Athens. See Nos. 6, 46, suspended from a belt, over the hip.
59, 60, 63. See No. 11.
j.'A9iivai, Qv, al, Athens. dKOvrl^M {aKovTid), d/cocTtw [4/cwv,
4'A0t]vaios, o, ov, 733, Athenian; javelin, dart, cf. dxpos], hurl the javelin,
'Adrivaios, 6, an Athenian. hit with a javelin, hit.
aKpos, a, oi>, 188 [Lat. acies, sharp e by the friction of the two rough sur-
edge or point, Eng. edgk, acme, acro- faces, and fell into the rill h below.
bat], pointed, at the point, highest, top- ta-XifjOtia, as, ^, 178, truth, sincerity.
most; &Kpov, TO, height, summit; to. td-XT]6cv(D, a\r)dii<Tu, -^Xi^devaa, speak
&Kpa, the heights. the truth, tell the truth.
aXiTt\s, ov, 6 [dX^w, grind], lit. d-XT]OVjs, ^j, 429, 752 [XavOdvc*], un-
grinder, only as adj. in the phrase 6vos concealed, true ; rb dXrjdii, the truth.
dX^rris, upper mill-stone, marked dd in aX((rKO|iai (aX, aXo), dXiIxro/iai, iiXuv
No. 66. At the right of the upper and TjXwv, idXuKa and yjXuKa, 701, 871,
figure, not quite one half of the out- be captured, taken, caught, be convicted
side of the mill used as pass, to alp^u.
(a in the lower figure) passes through the rest, the rest of; dXXoL dXXws, Lat.
the hole at the centre of this plate alii aliter, some one way, others an-
through the others, arranged roiind it, other ; with numerals and in enumerat-
the grain, which was put into the up- ing objects, besides, further ; oibkv dXXo
per half of dd, or the hopper, passed 1], nothing else than, only.
downward. When the upper stone was jdXXws, adv., 664, otherwise, in an-
turned by means of the bar /, the grain other way ; dXXus ttws, in some or any
gradually worked its way downward, other way.
and was ground into flour in the groove dXuo-o(iai, see dXlffKOfiau
&|ia ava'yi'yvaxTKM
&|ia, adv., 212 [Lat. simul, at the money on an army ; of time, about, at
same time, Eng. same, some], at the with numerals preceded by the art.,
same time, together; &na rr) rifi^p(f., at about, Lat. circiter. ol dfi<pl with an
daybreak ; dfia ry iirioinT-ri Tinipq., as ace. of a person may denote either the
day was breaking. 864.
the next followers of that person or that person
7], an Aitiazun.
A)i,a(wv, 6vos, The and his followers, as oi dp.<pl /3ao-i\^d,
Amazons were a mythical, warlike the king^s attendants, but oi dficpl Xeipl-
race of women, the ideal of female ffofpov, ChirisophiiS and his men; rd
bravery and strength. They have a dix<pi rd^eis, tactics.
dvdYKt), T/s, 7], 462, force, necessity, Lat. homo, one of the human race
constraint; dvdyKr) ia-rl (more often as opposed to a higher or lower order
without iffrl), it is necessary, one must, of beings; contemptuously, person,
of physical necessity. fellow ; pi. , men, persons, people.
dva-Yvovs, see dva-yiyvdxTKU). dv-(orTT)|ii, 707, make stand up, rouse
dva-|xi|jivt]o-K(i>, remind of. 838. up, start up, raise up ; mid., with pf.
dva|vpC8s, Idcav, ai, trousers, worn and 2 aor. act., stand up, rise, get up.
by the Orientals, but not by Greeks. dv-o"y, dv-ol^(t}, dv-^ip^a, dv-^ifya and
They were close-fitting and often were dv-^(f)X'>'i dv-4<fyixaL, dv-fipx^Vi 664, 871
highly ornamented in the weaving of [olyu, open], open up, open.
the cloth and by embroidery. See Nos. dvT-a-yopd^u, buy in exchange.
14, 57, 58. dvTi, prep, with gen., 141 [Lat. ante,
dva-o-T^XX, 629, send back, repulse. before, Eng. x-long, xs-swer, antt-dote],
dva-<rx^o-9ai, etc., see dv-^x^- orig. facing, over against, against;
dva-rapaTTo), stir up; pf. pass., be hence, instead of, for, in place of, in
in confusion or disorder. preference to, in return for.
ava-Ttlvw, 629, stretch up, hold up. In composition dvrl signifies against,
dva-T{6i]p,i, 695, put or lay upon. in opposition, in return, in turn, in-
dvSpdiroSov, ov, t6, 638, slave, esp. stead.
captive taken in war. idvrtos, a, ov, set against, opposite;
dvSpcios, a, ov, 598 [dWjp], manly, dvrioi ifvai, go to meet; iK roO dvrlov,
brave, valiant. from the opposite side. 863.
|dv8p(i>s, adv. , 598, bravely, courage- dvTi-irapa<nccvdto|j.ai, prepare one-
ously. self in turn.
dv-iXov, see dv-aipiu). dva, adv., 629 [dvd], above, up, on
dv-<rTTjv, see dv-iffrrifii. higher ground, upwards, into the air, up
dvv, improper prep, [akin to neg. country ; comp. dvuripu, sup. dvuTdrui.
prefix d-], without, followed by the d|tvti, Tjs, 439 [Lat. ascia, axe, Eng.
gen. axe], axe, Lat. bipennis, with double
dv-^(i>, impf. and aor. mid. with head, used for chopping and digging.
double augment, -nveixifj-v and ^ve<rx<i- See Nos. 32 and 67.
fir]v, 578, hold up; mid., control one-
self, tolerate, endure.
dv-fj-ya-yov, see dv-dyw.
dvVjp, dvSpSs, 6, .349, 746 [andr-oid], No. 67.
man, Lat. uir, as opposed to woman,
youth, or child, in contrast with the d|ios, a, ov, 131, 750 [oy, the root of
generic dvOpwwos. which originally meant weigh, as well
dvOpwiros, ov, 6, 7], 78, 741 [anthropo- as lead, drive], weighing as much as,
logy, phil-anthropy] , man, human being. worthy of, deserving, valuable, bqfitting.
a|i6(i> 'AiroXXwv
worth; neut., A^iov (sc. iarl), be worth dir-u'ti, see dir-etfu (eJfu).
more valuable or serviceable; irXdarov dirXdos, iv, 6ov, contr. oCs, ^, oOv,
H^Los, most valuable. 853. 292, 751, simple, frank, sincere, Lat,
|oi|i6<i>, d^idaw, etc. , 678, think Jit, simplex ; rb dirXovi', sincerity.
deem worthy or proper, expect ; hence, with gen., 141 [Lat. ab,
dird, prep,
claim, ask, demand. Eng. OF, off], from, off, off from,
dir-aY-y^XM, 591, bring back word, away from. Of place, from, away
announce, report. from ; of time, from, after, starting
dir-a'yopcvci) [dyopeiju, harangue, say, from; of source, including origin,
d-yopa], say no, forbid; intr., give up from ; of cause, on, upon ; of means,
or out. by, out of, by the aid of, by means of,
air-ixa, 488, keep off or away ; intr. 'Air6XXo>v, WTO J, 6, 713, Apollo, one
be away from or distant, Lat. disto of the greatest of the divinities of tlie
mid., keep oneself from, desist or Greeks, god of music and poetry. See
refrain from. No. 63, where, clad in long under-
oLiroXcoXiKa ap}i,a
a-iropos, ov, 131 [iropos], without dpT'^, ^s, 17, 389, goodness, virtue,
means, impracticable ; of roads, moun- courage, valor, good service.
tains, or rivers, impassable, unford- 'Apiaios, ov, 6, Ariaeus, the lieu-
able; Airopou, t6, obstacle, difficulty. tenant-general of Cyrus, and comman-
dir6-ppT)Tos, OP [ipm], not to be told, der of his barbarian forcfe.
II. , eldest son of Darius II. do-Kos, ov, 65 leathern bag, wine-skin.
'Aprairdrns, ov, 6, Artapates, the See No. 16, where an drK6j rests on
confidential attendant of Cyrus. the top of the pedestal.
"ApTcjiis, tSos, 17, 508, Artemis, sister d<rir(s, '5oj, i), 255, 744, shield, in shape
of Apollo, patroness of hunting. See either oval or round. The large oval
No. 70.
lar No. 34. A peculiar form of the avpiov, adv., to-morrow, Lat. croLs;
oval shield, called Boeotian, had aper- i] avpiov {sc. 7)fUpd), the morrow.
tures at the side. See No. 8. The tavTiKa, adv., 472, at this very moment,
round or Argolic shield (No. 71) was immediately, on the spot.
similar to the oval shield in most tovrdOi, adv., 502, in this or that very
respects except its shape. Since it place, here, there.
was too small to cover in action the ia,vTO-\io\ia, desert,, the regular mili-
lower part of the body, a flap was tary word.
tavTO-ftoXos, ov, 6 [+ ^XdxrKu (yoioX,
PdXXu (/3aX), /SaXw, ?/3aXov, ^ipXrjKa, ptos, ov, 6, 548 [Lat. uluus, alive,
^ip\7)/iai, ipK-fid-nv, 591, 871 [pro-blem. Eng. QUICK, bio-graphy], life, living.
sym-bol'\ throw,
, throw at, hit, hit with pXAirro) (/3\ai3), /SXdfw, ?/3\ai/'a,
pav, Pav, &0W, wow, imitation of a i^ovX-fjOrip, 308, 871, will, wish, desire,
dog's bark. be willing, like.
tp^TWTTos, 1?, OP, 577, TOOS< desired, Povs, )3o6s, 6, ^, 508, 749 [Lat. bos,
best, noblest, most advantageous. ox, cow, Eng. cow, bu-colic], ox, cow,
PcXrtuv, o>', 577 [PovXo|i,ai], more pi. cattle, oxen.
desired, better, nobler, more advanta- Ppaxvs, eta, i/ [Lat. breuis, short],
geous. short; ir^rea6ai ^pa-x^i have a short
pta, as, T], force, violence, Lat, uls. flight.
iPiaCus, adv., 673, violently, hard. Pii>p.tfs, ov, 6, 508, altar. See No. 38.
book, Lat. iifter, existing among the ydp, post-positive causal conj., 116,
Greeks of historical times in the form for; when it expresses specification,
of the roll. See No. 1, where the confirmation, or explanation, because,
central figure holds a roll in his indeed, certainly, then, now, for exam-
hands. ple, namely ; in questions, then, or to
ravXfTT]s 13 Sap<iK6s
be omitted in translation ; Kal ydp, yXav|, k6s, t), owl. The owl was a
Lat. etenim, and {this is so) for, and part of the device on Athenian coins.
to be sure, and really. See Nos. 6, 15, 46, 59.
rawXtTTjs, ov, 6, Gaulltes. YvwfiTj,
Tjj, i], 591 ['Yi^vuo-Kti), Eng.
^i, enclitic and post-positive intens. gnome, gnomic], opinion, plan, under-
particle, 629, even, at least, yet, indeed, standing, judgment; Avev ttjs yvufirjs
but often to be indicated in
certainly, Tiv6$, against one^s will; iiJ.iniJ.Tr\as
[Lat. gusto, taste, Eng. choose], give scribe. See No. 60, where Athena is
a taste; mid., taste. 846. writing on a wax tablet with the
7^<|>vpa, as, i], 63, 739, bridge. stilus.
^fj, 7^y, i), 292, 742 [apo-gee, geo- tyuKvaSa) {yvuvaS), yvfivdcu, etc., train
graphy], earth, ground, country, Lat. naked, exercise.
terra, land as opposed to sea. t7V|ivYjs, rjTos, 0, 629, light-armed foot-
4'yVj-\o<j>os, ov, 6, 409 [\6<t>os], mound soldier.
of earth, hill, hillock. yv}iv6s, -fi, bv [gymnast], naked,
'yC-yvofi.ai (7ej'), yev^qaofj-ai, iyep6fjL7]v, stripped, lightly clad.
yiyova, yeyiv-qixai, 472, 871 [Lat. gigno, yvvii, yvvaiKbs, rj,- 508 [-yC-yvoixai (71'J'^
produce, bear, Eng. kin, kixd, hydro- meant 'mother'),
orig. Eng. miso-
gen, genesis], be born, become, be made, gynist], woman, wife.
happen, take place, occur, and with
many other meanings to be deter-
mined from the context, such as arise,
fall upon, get, dawn, draw on, fall, SaxpvM, daKp6(TU), iSdKpvaa, 8eSdKpvixai
accrue, be favorable, amount to, prove [SdKpv, tear, Lat. lacrima, tear, Eng.
oneself to be. tear], shed tears, weep.
yKyv&iTKa (yvo), yvuxro/xai, eyvwv, Adva, wv, rd, Dana, a city.
iyv(aKa, eyvw(T/xai, eyvilxxdriv, 701, 871 Sairavdw, dairavriau, etc., 439 [dairavrj,
[Lat. nosco, learn, Eng. can, ken, expense], spend, expend.
KNOW, dia-gnosis], perceive, know, AdpSas, aros, 6, the Dardas, a river.
understand, learn, think. 628. fSapciKos, ov, 6, daric, 116, a Persian
Aapcios 14 8i&
gold coin. It contained about 125.5 S<^i6s, A, bv, 102 [Lat. dexter], right;
grains of gold, and would now be worth i] Se^ii {sc. x^^p)^ the right (hand), used
about $5.40 in American gold. The either in indicating direction, or with
daric passed current as the equivalent \apeiv Kal Sovvai as a sign of confirma-
of 20 Attic drachmas. See No. 22. tion ; t6 5e|i6j' (sc. K^paj), the right
Aapcios, ov, 6, 124, Darius, the name (wing).
of many of the Persian kings. t8^p|xa, aroi, t6, 695, hide, skin.
Sao-|i,6s, oO, 6, 150, tax, impost, tribute. 8p(i>, depQ, fdetpa, didap/iai, iddpr/v,
hi, post-positive conj., 83, but, mid- 713, 871 [Lat. dolo, split, Eng. tear,
way in force between dXXd and KaL epi-dermis], flay.
Its adversative force is often slight, so Scvpo, adv., 422, hither, here.
that it may
be rendered by and, to be ScvTcpos, ci, ov [8vo], second; Seirrepov,
sure, further, etc. iiAv is often found as adv. , a second time, Lat. iterum.
in the preceding clause, and yLkv ... 5^ Si\Ofkai, d^^o/j-ai, ide^dfirtv, SiSejftai, 561
then have the force of while . . . yet, [pan-dect, synec-doche], receive what
on the one hand . . . on the other, or is offered, take, accept, admit, await.
both . . . and, but generally these ex- 8^0), Sijcw, (dr]<Ta, 5^5e/ca, S^de/iai,
pressions are too strong to be used in id^6r]v,664, 871 [dia-dem], bind, fasten,
translating into English, and the force tie, fetter, shackle.
of fi^v had better be indicated simply Siia, Seri<ru, id^Tjaa, ded^riKa, Sed^tj/juii,
by stress of the voice (see ii^v). Kal. . idei^drjv, 356, 871, lack, want, need;
d4, and (di) also, but further. comm. mid., lack, need, want, desire,
-8, suffix denoting whither, or with beg, request; M, used impersonally,
demonstrative force. there is need, it is necessary or proper,
ScSiws, S^SoiKa, see Seldto. one must, ought, should. 848.
8^X1 > Stiiflrivoi, 8i, see 5^w, lack. 8'^, post-positive intensive particle,
ScCSw, deicrofjMi, eSeiffa, d^SoiKa and 204, now, indeed, in particular, accord-
S^Sia, 335 (pres. not Attic), fear, be ingly, so, then, but often its force is
afraid, of reasonable fear. best indicated simply by emphasis.
8i(KVV|it (5et/c), dtl^u, eSei^a, d^Seixa, 8f)Xos, t;, ov, 472; plain, clear, evident,
d^Seiyfiai, iMxOTiv, 713, 787, 871 [Lat. manifest.
died, say, Eng. teach, token, para- ;8t|\6(i>, d7]\il)<7u, etc., 282, 783, make
digm^, point out, indicate, show. clear.
%i\Xi\, t;s, if, afternoon, evening. 8id, prep, with gen. and ace, 116
8iv6s, 17, dv, 124 [8(8], dreadful, [8vo], orig. betxoeen, then through ; with
perilous, terrible, marvellous, skilful, gen., used of place, time, or means,
clever ; deiv6v, t6, peril, danger. through, during, throughout, by means
S^Ka, indecl. [Lat. decem, ten, Eng. of, Lat. per; with ace, through, by
TEN, decade], ten. means or aid of, on account of, for the
S^vSpov, ov, t6, 212, tree, Lat. arbor. sake of, Lat. ob or propter.
ACa 15 Spd|j.oi|ii
<}/3oX6s
cOvos 17 IXolTTWV
cOvos, ovs, t6 [ethnic], nation, tribe, els, fiia, ?v, numeral adj., 618, 757,
Eng. am], be, exist ; with gen. or dat. eKarov, indecl. [Lat. centum, Eng.
of possessor, belong, have, possess; KINDRED, hecatom-b], 100.
fffTi, it is possible, one can. cK-PdXX(o, 501, throvj out, expel.
dm (l), impf. ^a or yeiv, 728, 796 cK-8^p<i>, 713, strip off the skin,
[Lat. eo, ire, go], go (pres. indie, with flay.
fut. sense, shall go), proceed, march. kKil, adv., 327, there, in thai place,
ct-ircp [el + irep], if in fact. thither.
etirov(ei7r, ip, pe), ipQ, etp-r/Ka, etp-rjfiai, I^Keivos, Vi o-i dem. pron., 161, 762,
ippifldrju, 610, 871 [Lat. uoco, call], say, that, that man there, Lat. ille. 159.
speak, tell, relate, propose, order; etprjro, lK-K\tv(i>, bend out, give way.
orders had been given. 609. ^K-Kop,(^w, carry out.
els, prep, with ace., properly of eK-K6irr, cut off or down.
among, for, against,
place, 63, into, to, lK-KV|i,a(v(i) {kvuvlv), iK-KV/JMvQ [KVfia,
into the country of, sometimes with billow], billow out, surge forward.
verbs of rest, but implying previous eK-irX'^TTw, 644, strike out of one's
motion, where Eng. uses in ; of time, senses, amaze, terrify.
up to, during, in, at ; with numerals, iK-iro8v, adv., 527 [irovs], out of the
up to, at most, to the number of; of way.
the end or object, in regard to, for, in cKwv, oCo-o, 6v, 264, 752, loilling, of
respect to. one''s own accord; in pred., willingly.
In composition eU signifies into, to, ^XoLttwv, ov, gen. ovos, 577, smaller,
on, in. less, fewer.
IXavvw 18
cXavvu (Aa), i\w, i^Xaaa, AjJXaica, c|i-iropos, 01^, 6 [iropos], one who
AT^XttAcat, -nXderjv, 327, 871 [e/astic], travels, merchant.
drive, set in motion; iutr.i ride, drive, cpL-irpo<r6v, adv. [irp6<r9tv], before,
UXtvQtpia., ds, i], liberty, freedom. In composition iv signifies in, at, on,
760 [iv-i + avTds], of myself. 446. ivvia, indecl. [Lat. nouem, nine,
4ft-pdXXa>, throw in, inflict; intr., Eng. nine], nine.
empty (of rivers), make an invasion, v6s, ivl, see eh.
I|ji6s, t}, (>v, 449 [Lat. meus, my, Eng. in this place, hereupon, thereupon.
MINE, my], my, mine. lvTv8v, adv., 204 [Iv], thence, from
IfjL-ircipos, ov [Iv + irclpa], acquainted this place, thereupon.
t^|i-ir6piov, ov, t6, 318, place of trade, iK To&rov, after this, hereupon, iK irai-
fail, give out. cpT)|i,os, 7], OV, and oy, ov, 374 [fierm/t],
iin-\Lt\io\t.ai, iTri-fi\i^(TOfiai, iiri-ftefj.^- deserted, empty, uninhabited, destitute
\rjij.ai, iir-fi\i^dr}v, 374 [ji^ti], carefor, or deprived of; aradfj-ol eprjiwi, marches
give attention to. 846. through a desert. 855.
iiri-irtTTTO), fall upon, attack, assail; Ip5 {ipi.8), yipiffa [eptj, strife], strive,
jliri-o-ToX'^j, ^s, ij, 141 [epistle], letter. cpxofjiai {ipXi i^vd, i\6), ^\0ov, iX-^-
im-a-TpaTtia, 629, make an expedi- Xvda, 508, 871 [pros-e/yte], come, go.
tion against. 865. Ipw [Lat. uerbum, Eng. word], see
liriT'/)8ios, o, ov, 131, suitable, fit, sIttov.
allow ; mid., give oneself up for protec- Jcrrai, <roiTo, see elpi.
Ti, adv. of time and degree, 264, i^t], 4>T)o-6a, see (prjfii.
yet, still, further, longer, any more, <j>-io-TTi(jn,, 707, bring to a stand,
again. make halt; intr. in mid., 2 aor., and
Kroifios, rjt oj", and os, ov, 178, ready, pf., stop, halt.
tv, adv. , 222, well, well off, happily ; i\o) {<rex,<rx)j ^fwand <rx')o'w, (<rxov,
e5 TTotetf, do well by, benefit. effx^JKa, ecrxwiH 40, 871 [sail, ep-och,
tcv-8ai|jiov(^a> (ei^datjuond), eudat/toftcD, hectic], have, Lat. habeb, hold, possess,
TjvSaifjLdvia-a, count happy, congratulate. wear; ex^^^ having, with;
receive, keep,
851. with can; with an adv.
inf., be able,
ciu-SaC|jL(i>v, ov, gen. ovos, 429,752 [tv + ?X5 not to know ; mid. , hold on to,
T|, conj., 170, than, Lat. quam. T]v(Ka, rel. adv., when.
fl,
dat. sing. fem. of 5s used adv. Tjv-oxos, ov, 6 [vvia, reins, + x],
{sc. o5<()), in which way, where, as. driver, charioteer. See Nos. 26, 54, 90.
TJ^ciXa, see d77AXw. TJp^Oilv, |jpYj)tT]v, see alpiw.
tT|Y<|xwv, 6vos, 6, 349, 745, leader, r\p6\ir\v, see eponai.
guide. fi<r0T|, see ^dofiai.
T|'Y^O|i.ai, ijy^ao/jMi, rjyriffdiJLriii, TfyrjfjLai, tTjTTdo|iai, r}TT-^ffop.at, etc., pass. dep.
ijyifi0Tlv, 308 [aY], go before, lead, con- 389, be inferior, be worsted or defeated.
duct, command; think, believe, con- f^TT<l>v, OP, gen. ovos, 577, inferior,
sider. 847. weaker.
^Stiv, '[|8c(rav, see olSa.
T|8^us, adv., 188 [t|8vs], gladly; edXaTTtt, 7;s, ij, 63, 739, sea, Lat.
comp. ridiQv, sup. Tidiara. mare.
TJSi], adv., 264, already, by this time, Odvaros, ov, 6, 537 [6vx)<rK], death.
at. length, now, forthwith. Odirrw (to0 for 6a<f>), 0d\j/u, idafa,
t'q8o|iai, rjffd-^ao/jMi, TjffOriv, 366, be glad, T^dafip-at, iTd(prjv, 573, 871, bury.
be pleased. tOapp^oi, dapprjffu, iddppTjffa, reOdppjjKa,
T|8vs, fia, 5, 502, 752 [Lat. suduis, 652, be bold or courageous, take heart
stoeet, Eng. sweet], sweet. dappuv, part, as adv. , confidently, cour-
qKurra, see ijrTuv. ageously.
tJK, i7^w, 204, come, be or have come. Odppos, ovs, t6 [dare, durst], cour-
T|X(urc, see iXaivu. age.
fjXOov, see epxoiiai. jOappvvb), make bold, cheer, encourage.
^|iiai ivs), 799, sit. OttTTwv, see rax^.
T|fuis, etc., see iyd. 6avfj,d^(d (davfjxiS), davfidaoftai, iOai'i-
T||jLcXT|fi.^v(as, adv. [formed from pf. fiaaa, reda.ip.aLKa, idavpudadiiv, 264, 871
pass, partic. of d|ieX^i>] , carelessly. [davpu, wonder, Eng. thaumat-urgy],
r\\Upa, ds, i], 40 [ep-hemerat], day; wonder at, admire, wonder.
rg iiriovari rjfjt^ipg., next day ; fUrrov rifui- jOavixaorrds, i), i", 685, wondrou^s,
pds, mid-day, noon ; Afia ry ij/jjpq,, at wonderful, surprising, remarkable.
daybreak. 8cdop,ai, dedaopai, etc. [theatre], gaze
TifUrfpos, d, ov, 449 [T||i(ts], our ; rd at, behold.
T|pL.i-, only in composition [Lat. semi-, Ocios, d, ov [6(6i], divine; Oeiov, t6,
-9v, suffix denoting whence. the breast and abdomen, the other the
06s, oO, 6, 7], 116 [theo-logy, theism], back. They were hinged on one side
god, goddess. and buckled on the other. They were
tStTToXCa, as, i), Thessaly. further kept in place by leathern
0TTaX6s, ov, 6, 161, a Thessalian. straps passing over the shoulders from
9iu (dv), detjo-ofiai, run, race; of behind and fastened in front, and by
troops, charge.
9-f\p, 6s, 6 [Lat. fetus, wild], wild
beast.
6vpa, as, r>, 40 [Lat. foris, door, Eng. the belt. About the lower part of the
door], door; iirl rals ^affiX^us Mpais, breastplate was a series of flaps of
at court ; so 96pai. of a general's head- leather or felt, covered with metal,
itilii (f), !j<ru, VKa, elKa, elfiai, fWtjv, t(r6i, i(r\uv, etc. , see ol3a.
733, 797, 871, send, throw, hurl at; lo-os, v, ov [iso-seeles], equal.
mid., send oneself, rush, charge. 845. 'I<r<ro, Qv, oi, Issus.
tlKavos, ij, 6c, 150, coming up to, 'icTTTiiJii (crra), arriffw, tffrrjffa and
sufficient, able, capable, competent. effT^v, i<TTt)Ka, iffra/jLai, iffrddrjvi 707,
iKV^Ofiai {Ik), t^ofiai, Mfir/v, lyfjun, 871, 786, 790, 871, 2 pf. iaraTov, etc., 792
come. [Lat. sisto, make stand, sto, stand,
fXTj, 1J9, i], crowd, band ; of cavalry, Eng. STAND, STEAD, STKED, apO-StOte,
troop. ecstasy, system], set, make stand,
i|idTiov, ov, t6, outer garment resem- make halt; intr. in mid. (except 1
bling the mantle, himation, correspond- aor.), in 2 aor., both pfs., and both
ing in use to the Roman toga. See plpfs. act., stand, stop, halt.
Nos. 1, 9, 36, 37, 39, 52, 61, 69, 88. Ixrrlov, ov, t6, sail. See No. 78.
tva, final particle, tMt, in order that, tl<rxvp6s, d, 6v, 124, strong.
326. tla-\'upas, adv., 598, strongly, vehement-
tlirn-cvs, 4u)s, 6, 508, horseman, knight, ly, exceedingly, vigorously, ivith severity.
cavalryman; pi., cavalry. See Nos. Urxvs, vos, i] [Lat. uls, strength],
17, 20, 33. strength ; of an army, force.
tlinriK6s, 1^, 6v, 685, for cavalry, cav- la-US, adv., 548 [to-os], equally, per-
alry-; iiririKbv, t6, cavalry, horse. haps.
tlinr6-8pojios, ov, 6 [+8pd(ios], race- l\9vs, i^os, 6, 478, 748 [ichthyo-logy],
course, hippodrome. fish.
iinros, ov, 6, ij, 78 [Lat. equus, txvos, ovs, t6, trace, track.
horse^, horse, mare; dvb or i<p' ittitov, 'luvCa, as, 17, Ionia.
on horsd)ack.
Ka8-opd(o, look doivn on, observe, Kara, prep, with gen. and ace, 212,
inspect. doivn (as opposed to dvd), Lat. sub.
Kal, conj., 45, and, Lat. et; influenc- With gen., denoting motion from
ing particular words or expressions, above, down, down from, down upon,
also, too, even, further, Lat. etiam; underneath. With ace, of place or
Kal . . . Kal (78), or re . . . Kal (161), position, with verbs of motion, on,
both . . . and, not only . . . but also. over, down, down along, by, opposite,
KaC-ircp, concessive particle, 722 [Ka( against, near, at ; of fitness or relation,
+ TTtp], although, witli tlie participle. according to, concerning ; Kal Kara yijv
Kaip6s, oO, 6, 537, the right or fitting Kal Kara ddXarrav, by land and sea
time, opportunity, occasion. Kara. Kpdros, with might and main
kSkcivos, by crasis for Kal iKetvoi. Kara. fOvTj, by nations ; Kara fii<rov rbv
KaK6s, 77, dv, 45, 577, bad in the aradfibv, about the middle of the day's
broadest sense (as opposed to dyadds), march.
base, cowardly, hurtful; KaKbv, rb, In composition Kard signifies down,
harm, evil. along, or against ; frequently it merely
IKaKws, adv., 282, badly, ill; /caKtSs strengthens the meaning of the simple
iroieiv, do harm or damage to, injure, verb,and often cannot be translated ;
ravage ; KaKws ex""! i>^ badly off. sometimes it gives a transitive force to
KoX^o) (/caXe, K\e), KaXQ, iKdXeaa, an intransitive simple verb (cf. Lat.
K^K\r]Ka, KiK\T)nai, iKXi^OTjv, 282, 871 de-).
[Lat. calo, call, clamb, call out, Eng. Kara-paCvw, go down, descend.
HAUL, HAL-2/ord, cc-c/esiastic], call, Kar-d-yw, 341, lead down or back,
summon, Lat. uoco, call, name; 6 bring back, restore.
KaXoifiepos, the so-called. KaTa-Ocdofiai, look down on.
KoXos, v, bv, 45, 577 \calli-graphy'\, Kara-Kaw, 728, burn down, bum up,
beautiful, fair, propitious, noble ; KaXbs burn.
Kal d-yadbs, KaXbs Kayadbs, noble and Kara-Koirrw, 212, cut to pieces, slay.
good, 'gentleman.' KaTa-\a{iPdvw, 496, seize upon, cap-
|Ka\s,adv., .308, beautifully, bravely, ture, take, surprise, occupy.
well, successfully, honorably; xaXtDs Kara-XcCirw, 212, leave behind, aban-
eX"") be well. don.
Ka|ioi, by crasis for Kal 4fwl. Kara-Xvu, 537, unloose, dissolve,
Kav, by crasis for Kal idv. end, make peace, stop fighting, unyoke
KdvSvs, vos, b, 701, a long outer gar- {sc. rd inro^&Yia), i.e. make a halt,
ment, the caftan. See Nos. 11, 64. halt.
KainraSoKCa, as, rj, Cappadocia. KaTa-in]8d(d, leap down, leap.
Kap(a, as, 17, Carta. KaTa-TTpciTTft), 518, do thoroughly,
Kapifiii, v^i v [Kdp<pw, dry up], dried execute, bring to an end, accomplish.
stalks, hay, straw. KaTa-(rKfirTO|i,ai, 439, view closely.
KaTaa-\ll<i> 26 ICVT)nfs
KTipvl, vKos, 6, 245, herald, who car- KXtvu (kXiv), kXivQ, ^kXivu, K^KKifiai.
ried messages to the enemy or made iKXldtjv and iKXlvrtv [Lat. incllnd, in-
proclamations and gave all sorts of cline, Eng. LEAN, climate, en-c/ltic],
shoots above. See No. 75. Kvi))its, iSos, i) [Kvi/ifirj, leg], greave.
jKTjpwTTw {ktipvk), KTipt^o), iK-fipxi^a, generally plur., that part of the defen-
KtKripOxo-^ KfK-fipvyp.ai, iKTiptxOijv, 673, sive armor of the Greek hoplite which
KoXd^b 27 KpVTTTW
covered his leg from the knee to the piece, helmet of metal, Lat. cassis, or
instep. Greaves were made of flexible of leather, Lat. galea. The helmet of
metal, and lined with felt, metal, which was developed from the
leather, or cloth, and fas- simpler dogskin cap, consisted of six
tened behind by straps or pieces the cap the metal ridge run-
: ;
buckles. See Nos. 8, 12, 19, ning from the front to the back of the
20, 25, 30, 34, 37, 76, 81. cap, and designed as a support for the
KoXd^ta (fcoXad), KoXdffU), crest ; the crest ; the visor ; the cheek-
K6\a(7a, KiKSXafffiai, iKoXd- pieces ; and the neck-piece. See Nos.
a-dr]i>, 527, check, punish, 8, 12, 14, 20, 30, 33, 34, 37, 46, 55, 60,
KTdo|iai, KT-qao/Jiai, iKT-qaan-qv, KiKTij- get, take or get possession of, enlist,
fjMi, acquire, gain, get, get together; catch, find.
pf. as pres., possess, have. Xav6dv(i> (Xad), Xi}(rw, iXadov, X{Xi)da,
KTCCVO) {kTv), KTeVU, KTLVa, fKTOVa, X^Xr](TiMai, 685, 871 [Lat. lateo, lie hid,
without the knowledge of. tXox-a-yos, ov, 0, 150 [-F &yH) <^om-
AaKcSaii^ovios, a, ov, 422, Lacedae- mander of a X6xos, captain.
monian ; AaKidaLfjubvLos, ov, 6, a Lace- X6xos, 462 [X^x"') couch, Lat.
ov, 6,
tXvir^w, XCttt^o-w, etc., 389, grieve, dis- \U-^as, fieyd\7i, fiiya, 502, 577, 753 [Lat.
tress, vex, annoy, molest. magnus, Eng. much, mega/o-saurus],
\virf\, 7)%, 7], pain, grief, sorrow. great, large, tall, loeighty, powerful;
Xvw, \6<ru, iXvcra, XAnxa, XAujuai, neut. as adv., n^a, greatly.
i\ijdr}v, 56, 765-770, 871 [Lat. luO, loose, Me'ya<}>pvT]s, ov, 6, Megaphemes.
Eng. LOSE, LOOSE, ana-fyze], loose, set li^-YMTTOs, super, of /u^7as.
p.aKp6s, d, 6v, 40, long, high, tall; |i^Xco, fieWijffw, i/x^Wriaa, be about,
greatly, exceedingly, Lat. ualde ; comp. (jiv, post-positive particle, never used
fiaWov, 170, 7nore, raiher ; sup. >(Xt- as a conj. to connect words and sen-
ara, 496, most, especially. tences, but to distinguish the word or
(xavOdvw (fJ-a-6), ixadrjaotiai, e/xadov, clause with which it stands from some-
nefiddTjKa, 685, 871 [mathematics], thing that is to follow, and commonly
learn, find out. answered by 5^ (sometimes by dXXd,
lidvTis, ewj, 6, 644 [maniac, necro- fiivroi)in the corresponding clause,
mancy], one inspired, seer, diviner. on the one hand, indeed, truly, but
Mapo-vas, ov, 6, 713, Marsyas, a often it is not to be translated, and
satyr. See No. 53, where he is fas- its presence is to be shown merely by
tened to the tree, about to be flayed stress of voice ; 6 iikv ... 6 5^, the one
by Apollo. . . .the other, plur. some . . . others, 815;
Mdo-Kcis, d, 6, the Mascas, a river. dXXi fi^p; but certainly.
|jid<rTi|, 470$, 7), whip, lash. See |iivT0i, adv., 561, really, certainly,
Nos. 47, 54. in truth; conj., yet, still, however,
tp,dxaipa, as, rj, 63, knife, sword, nevertheless.
saljve. See No. 5. |jicv(i>, /icj'tD, (fieiva, fiffjidvTjKa, 591, 871
|idxTi, i?s, 71, 45, baitle, engagemeni, [Lat. maneo, stay], remain, stay, wait
fight. See No. 20. for, last, be in force.
4.p.dxo)j,ai, naxovfiai, ifJUXf<T(iii7)v, (UfM- Mivav, wTOj, 6, 356, Menon.
Xij/xat, 537, 871, fight, give battle. 864. p.^pos, ovs, t6, 409, division, part,
|icarT][iPpCa 30 p.i<r6o(^opa
share^ portion., Lat. pars ; nipo% n rrji 4pTj-8^, conj. and adv. [+ 8^J, but not,
fOra^las, an instance of their discipline; and not, nor, Lat. neque, nee ; not even,
iv fiipei, in turn. Lat. ne . . . quidem.
t(U(r-T]|i,pp(a, as, i) [+f||Upa], noon, |pT)8-c(s, fj-la, iv [+ls], not one,
midday ; the south. none, no, nobody, nothing, Lat. nemo,
pio-os, Vi o**) 222 [Lat. medius, middle, nulliis.
Eng. mid], middle; fiiaov, rb, the mid- MT)8(a, as, 7), Media.
dle, centre, midst, space between. P'^jO*, see /t7)Te.
\u<rr6s, -f), 6v, full of, laden. 855. p.T)-K-^Tt, adv., 422 [p^-|-Ti], not
IMTO,, prep, with gen. and ace, 161. again, no longer.
With gen., with, in company ivith, p.'<jv, post-positive intensive particle,
among; with ace, of place or time, in truth, surely, truly, Lat. uerO; Kal
behind, after, next; fiera tovto or ravra, ix-fiv, and in fact, and yet ; dXXd fi-nv, but
after this, hereupon. surely, but still; ^ n^v, in very truth.
In composition fierd signifies sharing, ^ffv, ti.r)vb%, 6, 349, 745 [Lat. mensis,
with, among, or time or quest, after, month, Eng. moox, month], month.
or change, from one place to another. H^-iroT, adv., 685 [p^ + iroW], not
^ura^v, adv., between. 856. ever, never, Lat. nunquam.
tjitTd-'irtp.'irTos, ov, 685, sent for. p,^TT)p, ti.y)Tp6%, rj, 349, 746 [Lat. mater,
p^Ta-x^p,ir<<>, 174, 178, send after; mother, Eng. mother], mother.
mid., send for a person to come to one- y,la, see eh.
self sumtnon. MCSas, ov, 6, Midas, a mythical king
p^T-^X*'* ^^"6 ^ share. 844. of Phrygia.
p,^pi, improper prep, with gen., 673, p.iKp<is, d, 6y, 40, 577 [micro-scope],
of time or place, up to, until; conj., small, little, Lat. paruus, of small
until. account, insignificant; neut. as adv.,
p,^, adv., 308, not, used with the tuKp6v, hardly; comp. fieiwv, smaller,
imv. and subjv. in all constructions; less ; neut. as adv. , fuTov, less.
in all final and object clauses, except MfXtjTOS, ov, i], 490, Miletus.
after /xtJ, which takes
that not, lest, pipiqjo-KCi) (/iva), nvriaii}, epLVTjffa, fiffMin]-
except in indirect discourse ; and with PML as pres. , Lat. memini. 846.
the partic. when it expresses a con- p,i(r66s, oi;, 6, 94 [meed], wages, pay,
dition. All of the compounds of hire, reward.
/ui) follow the usage of the simple 4^p,i.<rdo-^pd, aj, ii, 722 [+ ^pw],
word. voagea received, pay.
|ii<r6o<}>6pos 31 vv|
4.|it<ro-4>6pos, Of, 389 [+ ^ipw], receiv- vcavCas, ov, 6, 162, 740 [v^os], young
ing pay ; /xi<7do(p6poi, oi, mercenaries. man.
|fii(r66w, ixKTddxTu, etc., 389, let for vtKpos, ov, 6, 673 [Lat. nex, death,
hire, let ; mid., have let to oneself, hire. Eng. necro-logy], dead body, corpse;
(ivd, as, 7), 292, 742, mina, the next to oi vKpoL, the dead.
the highest denomination in Attic silver vt'os, a, ov [Lat. nouus, new, Eng.
money, although never actually minted NEW, neo-phyte], young, fresh.
as a coin, one sixtieth of a talent, and v(^(K.i\, ryj, ij, 073 [v^^os, t6, cloud,
worth to-day about $18.00 in U.S. Lat. yiubes, cloud], cloud.
silver money, according to its legal vwv, see 'aCs.
rate of value. See also Spaxt^'h- v^, intensive particle, surely, used
(i.vi](r6'g, see tuiivjaKU). in atfirmative oaths. 837.
|j.6vos, t), ov, 496 [monk, monad, mono-], tviKoLw, viKijffw, etc., 275 conquer,
alone, Lat. solus, only, sole; neut. as prevail over, surpass, oui^do, Lat.
adv., fiivov, alone, only, solely. uinco.
MvpCavSos, ov, rj, Myriandiis. vftcTi, r/s, ri, 255, victory, Lat. uictoria.
tfivpids, ddos, 7] [myriad], the number See No. 52.
ten thousand, myriad. tvo)i.(^(d (vofuS), vofiiQ, etc., 335, 871,
(ivpCos, a, ov, 170, countless ; pi. iMiptoi, regard as a custom, regard, consider,
at, a, 10,000. believe, think, Lat. pulo.
t^vXivos, 7), ov, of wood, wooden. otSa, 2 pf. with pres. force, 722, 793
(vXov, ov, t6, 439, piece or bar of [akin to ctSov], know, understand, have
wood; pi. timbers, beams, wood, fuel. knowledge of.
pressions d fiiv . . . 6 54, the one . . . the tolK(a, aj, 7), 40, house, dwelling.
oIkoi 33 oirXC^oi
totKoi, adv., 573, at home. ofiaX^is, ^s, 420 [6|x6s], even, level.
oIkos, ov, 6 [Lat. ulcus, abode, vil- 6|i,aX6s, 77, 6v [6|i6s], even, level.
otvos, ov, 6, 83, 741 [Lat. ulnum, and uiMdaOriv, 713, 871, swear, take an
wine], loine; ohos (poiviKuv, palm-wine. oath.
ol!o|iat or otfiai, o^crofiai, ifijdyjv, 488, to|xoios, a, ov, like, similar. 864.
871, think, believe, expect. t6(i.o-Xo-y, onoXoy^a-w, etc., 472 [+X6-
otos, o, ov, of which kind, {such) as, yos], agree, confess, admit.
Lat. qualis ; oUs re, able, possible, 6(i.6s, v, ^v [fiji*]' ^'^^ ^^^ ^^
oto-w, see (f>ipu). same.
otxoF^ci''; oix^co/uai, pres. with pf. |6|i<i>s, adv., 382, all the same, never-
force, 722, have gone, be gone. theless, yet, still, however.
oImvos, ov, 6, 652, bird of omen, omen. Sv, ov, see dfj.1, 6s.
hoplite's ordinary dress, when not in opvTTW {6pvx), ipi^u, upv^a, dpiipvxoi'f
action, see s.v. x^aAW'J- See Nos. 12, dpuipvyfuii, wpvx&Vt 644, 871, dig, Lat.
8s, 71, 6, rel. pron., 518, 764, who, o{56', see ovre.
which, Lat. qui; di' S.,ivhy; iv v, dur- ovK-^Ti, adv. , 264 [ov + In] , no
ing which (time), meantime. 826-829. longer.
o<ros, V: OP, rel. pron. , 664, how much ovK-ovv, interr. particle and inferen-
or great, how many, {as much or as tial conj., 508 [oi + ovv], not then ^
8t, rel. adv., 578, lohen, as, when- ov-iroT, adv., 527 [ov+iroT], never.
ever. ov-ir, adv.
J
439 [ov + irco], not yet.
282 [neut. of 8<ms], that,
8ti, conj., ovir<i-iroT, adv., 561 [ovirw + iroT<]
because, since; used also to strengthen never yet.
superlatives, as 6tl dirapaffKevdraros, as ow-Tc, neg. conj., 102 [oi + ri], and
unprepared as possible. not, Lat. neque; oi^e. . .ovre, neither
ov, ovK, ovx, neg. adv., 56, not, Lat. . . . nor.
non, used, to deny a fact, with the ovTos, avrri, tovto, demon, pron., 161,
indie, and opt. in all independent sen- 762, this, pi. these, f req. as pers. pron.
tences; in indirect discourse after 6ti he, she, it, pi. they, Lat. hie. 159, 2; 821.
and w$ ; and in causal sentences j.ovTo<rf, airrrji, rovrt, Strengthened
accented at the end of a clause or form of oiiTo^, this man here.
sentence. All of the compounds of 4ovTs, before a consonant ovtw, adv.,
oil follow the usage of the simple 141, thus, so, in that case.
word. o<|>c(X<i> (dcpeX), 6(pi\ri(7(i}, w(t>ei\rf<Ta
to the side of, unto, to, towards, along at a place, be at hand or present, have
to, alongside, along, near, by, past, come; ri. irapbvra, the present circum-
sometimes even with verbs of rest; stances.
beside, beyond, against, contrary to, irap-cXavvo), march by or past, ride
in violation of; of time, during. past, review.
In composition irapd signifies along, irap-cpx^H^"^*-! P^^ ^V ^^ (dong.
along by or past, alongside, by, beside, irap-t'xw, 318, hold near, afford, fur-
beyond, aside, amiss. nish, render, make, cause, inspire.
irap-ayy^XXw, 652, pass along an irdp-oSos, ov, ij, 170 [686s], way by,
order, give orders, pass the word, give pass, passage, act of passing.
out, order; kutci, to. vapt)yyt\niva, ac- Ilapva-aTis, i5oj, ij, Parysatis, mother
cording to orders. of Cyrus the Younger.
irapa-'yt-yvofi.ai, be by, be present or irds, iraffo, irdv, 264, 752 [dia-pason,
at hand, arrive. pan-oply, panto-mime], all, Lat. omnis,
IlcurCwv 37 ircpC
every, with a noun, comm. in the pre- ir^nj, rjs, 7], 63, shield, target, small
dicate position, all, entire, the ivhole. and light as compared with the shield
IIa<r(wv, wvos, 6, Pcision. of the hoplite (see s.v. a<Tiri%), tliat part
ira<r\a) {irad, vevO), ireiffofiat, (vaOov, of the armor of the peltasts (see s.v.
iriirovda, 610, 871 [Lat. potior, bear, ireXrao-T^j) which distinguished them
suffer, Eng. pathos, sym-pathy], expe- from other light-armed troops. The
rience, suffer, Lat. patior; eC iradeiv, iriXrTj consisted of a wooden frame
vail upon ; mid. and pass., be prevailed ir^wenfiai, inefj.<pdt)v, 56 [pomp], send,
on, yield, obey. 860. despatch, send word.
irtipa, as, rj, experience. tircvra-Koo-ioi, at, a [+ cKarov], 500.
^trupaa, ireipia-u, etc., 308, try, prove, irt'vTt, indecl., 188 [Lat. quinque,
comm. pass, dep., try, test, attempt, Eng. FivK, penta-gon], five.
endeavor. 845. jircvTc-Kal-ScKa, indecl., 478 [+ Ka(
ireCo-oiiai, see irdo-xw and ireidu. 4- %iKa,], fifteen.
etc.], round, on all sides, about. With tirwTTCvw, TTwrrewrw, 178, put faith in,
gen., chiefly in a derived sense, aboui, trust, rely on. 860.
with respect to, concerning, because of, tirCoTas, ews, ^, faith, good faith,
for, Lat. de; expressing superiority, pledge.
more than, as in the phrases, vepl wav- jirio-Tds, 1^, (Jv, 131 [irctOw], faithful,
t6j voieiadai, consider all-important, trustworthy; viaroi, a title given to
irepl irXelffTov TroieitrOai, consider most Persian royal counsellors; Trurrd, rd,
in one's dealings with, Lat. de. irXcicTTOS, "irXctwv, 577, see woXvs.
about, (remaining) over, or above (su- fvXevffa, TT^irXevKa, TrfirXeviTfJMi, 701, 871
periority). [Lat. pluo, rain, Eng. flow], sail.
irpi-7(Yvo}i,ai, be superior to. 850. tirX'tjOos, oi;s, t6, 629, fulness, extent,
n^poTis, ov, 6, 102 [Persian], a Persian. number, multitude.
^IIcporiKds, Tfi, 6v, 124, Persian. ^.irX^Ow [irC|jnrXTi|u], be full.
iriraxros, ov, 6, petasus, a broad- ir\i\v, conj., 638, ezcept, except that;
brimmed hat, resembling our wide- improper prep, with gen. except. ,
awake. See Nos. 23, 62. irXVjptis, es, 429 [irtfiirXtiiii], full, full
irTjY^, ^j, i), no, fountain, source. 382, approach, draw near. 864.
irT)8d(i>, irr]5'^(Tcv, iin^d7i<ra, ireir-^driKa, irXT)<ros, a, 01-, 638, near; neut. as
leap. adv., irX-qalov, near, at hand, in attrib-
irr|X6s, ov, 6, 409, clay, mire, mud. utive position, neighboring. 856.
irfjxvs, ews, 6, 478, 7 iS, forearm, cubit. irX'/iTTO) (7rX777), TrXi/fw, eirXr/fa,
nU^ot (irieS), wUffw, iirUffa, iirii<TOr)v, TT?)/, 644, 871 [Lat. plango, strike, Eng.
204, press hard, crowd; pass., be hard apo-plexy], strike, hit, smite.
I
tXijko, TT.iirXrjp.ai and ir^irXijir/xai, ^ttXi}- iroUw, irotifo-w, eic, 282 [/?oef, ^fos/],
aBriv, 101, 871 [Lat. impleo, Jill up, 755, 782, do, make, produce, fashion,
Eng. FILL, T?vi,x., plethora], fill. 848. effect, cause, accomplish, inflict; eC or
irtiTTW, irecroO/ioi, tveffov, iriirTWKa, 610, KaKds troietv, treat well or ill ; iKKXriaiap
871 [Lat. peW, seefc, Eng. find], fall. Koitiv, call or convoke a meeting. 839,
IlurCSai, wv, oJ, ^Ae Pisidians. 840.
irot.K(Xos 39 irpo6vfi.<0S
what sort f Lat. qualis. 822, 823. iroT^, indef. end. adv., 527, at some
tiroXc|i^i>, iroXe/jiijffw, etc., 282, war, time, once on a time, once, ever.
make or carry on war, fight. 864. iroTcpos, a, ov, interr. pron., 591,
tiro\{ft,iK6s, Vi f>v, 548 [po/em/'c], of or ivhich of two ? neut. as adv. , in an
for war, warlike, skilled in war. alternative question, ir&repov ... 17,
tiroX^jtios, a. Of, 94, belonging to war, whether . . . or, Lat. utrum . . . an.
at war with, hostile; to. iro\^fj.ta, mili- irov, interr. adv., 615, where?
tary inatters ; iroXiiuos, 6, an enemy in irovs, 7ro56s, d, 527 [Lat. pes, Eng.
war; oi iroX^/xtot, the enemy. 864. FOOT, tri-pod], foot.
ir6Xfi.os, ov, 0, 78, war, warfare. xpdyiJia, aroj, t6, 318 [irp^TTw], deed,
tiroXi-opK^co, iro\iopKij<ro}, 318 l + etpyu, thing, matter, affair, event, circum-
hem in], hem in a city, besiege. stance, difficulty ; pi., affairs, trouble.
ir6Xis, ewj, ij, 478, 748 [acro-poh's], irpaTTW (Trpdy), irpd^o}, eirpa^a,
city, state. TriTrpdya and iriirpaxoii ir^irpdyp.ai,
tiroXXAKis, adv., 275, many times, iirpdxOvi 308, 871 [practice], do, act,
often, frequently. accomplish; intr., do, fare.
iroXvs, iroWtj, woXv, 502, 577, 753 Trpqiws, adv. [tt/j^os, 7nild, tame],
{poly-, as in poly -syllable, etc.'], much, lightly.
many, Lat. multus, in great numbers, irpCv, conj., 472 [trp6], before, until,
great, large, long, strong; neut. as adv., irpo, prep, with gen., 235 [Lat.
woXi), much, far ; rb iro\i, the greater pro, before, Eng. for, fore], of place,
part ; ivl toXi/, over a great extent. before, in front of, facing, hence, in
4iroXv-TX^s, ^s, 429 [+ Ti\o%, outlay], defence of, for the sake of, for, in pref- 1
salute.
irpoo--\a)i.pdvu, take to oneself.
irpocr-iroXp,^<i>, war against.
irpocr-TdTTCD, 537, assign or appoint
pass, impersonal vpoff-eTix^Vi orders
had been given.
irpo-crrcpvtSiov, ov, rb [oT^pvov], breast-
plate, of horses. See under No. 83.
irp<STpos, a, ov [irp<i], former, pre-
vious; neut. &s,2iAv., formerly.
No. 83. irpo-Ti|jida>, 496, honor more.
irpo-Tp^X*** *^1^ run forward.
IIp6|vosi ov, 6, 212, Proxenus. irpo-<{>a(v(i>, show forth; mid., conie
irpo-opdo), see in front. in sight, appear.
irp6i, prep, with gen., dat., and ace, irpwTos, 17, ov, 235 [irp6], first, fore-
116, confronting, at, by. With gen., most; neut. as adv., wpGn-ov, at first,
with the pass., by, from ; with adjec- irripv^, i;70S, 17 [ir^TO|ioi], wing of a
tives, in the sight of; expressing what bird, flap of a cuirass.
is characteristic, pertaining to, like. IlvOa-yopas, ov, 6, Pythagoras.
With dat., near, at, besides, in addi- HvXai, Qv, al, Pylae.
tion to. With ace, to, towards, against, iriXx], t;s, ij, 56, gate, pi. gate, pass.
before, at, according to, with respect in)v6dvo|jiai (irvff), ireiaonat, iwdbp.yjv,
to, about; wpbs (piktav, in a friendly Tr4irv<7fmi, 010, 871, inquire, ask, learn
manner. by inquiry, learn, ascertain, find out.
In composition irpis signifies to, 628.
towards, against, besides, in addi- irvp, wvpbs, t6, 638 [fire, pyre], fire;
tion to. pi., irvpd, rd, bcacons.
ir(6 41 O-KTJITTOVXOS
ircS, indef. end. adv., 722, yet^ up |(r(]|xa(vci> (ffrjpav), ffrjfiavQ, icqp-qva,
to this tUne. aea-^paapai, effr]pa.vdr]v, 638, show by a
irwX^w, irwXi7<7-a [Jttono-^DO//], Sell. sign, give the signal, make known.
irs, interr. adv., 389, how ? SiXavos, ov, 6, Silanus.
irws, indef. end. adv., 664, in any o-iTos, ov, 6, 365 [para-site], grain,
way, somehow, at all. corn, food, supplies.
o-KCirTOjiav {(r/ceir), CKhpofiaL, iffKeipd-
p.7)v, fffKeppai, 439 [sceptic], spy, spy
out, view, find oui, observe carefully,
pqiSios, a, ov, 577, 578, easy. deliberate, see to it.
i.pq.S((ds, adv., 365, easily, readily. to-Kv<i, Tjs, 7], equipment, dress.
pew (pv), pedffo/xai, ippi-qKa, ippvrjv, 728, (TKfvos, ovs, t6, gear, utensils, pi.
871 [cata-rrh, rheum], flow. baggage.
p'^Tup, opos, 6, 349,745 [lp], speaker, t(rKvo-<{>op^6), <TKevo<t>opif<Tu, 578, carry
orator. baggage.
ptirrci) {pi<p, pi<p), ptipu, eppTtpa, fppl<pa, |(rKcvo-<|>6pos, ov, 548 [+ 4*^p<d],
(pplp.fj.ai, ippt<p6r]v and ippi<pr)v, 578, 871, baggage-carrying ; aKvo<p6pa, to., pack-
throw, hurl, cast aside. animals, the baggage-train, the baggage.
^f^Kr\viia, ff/cTjj'^a-w, icrK-qvr]ffa, 502, be
in camp, aor. go into camp, encamp.
<rKT|v^, rji, 7), 45, 739 [scene], tent.
ordXiri-yl, 770s, ^7, trumpet. See No. 3.
o-ti}ji-Pov\os, ou, 6 [PovX^], adviser. <rj)v86vtj, t;s, i], 45, sling, 1.3,1. funda.
t<rv(i-|iaxid, as, rj, 722, alliance. j<r<}>v8ovTJ"r]s, ov, 6, 356, slinger. See
<rv|Ji-|j.ax.os, ov, 78 [fiaxtj], in alliance No. 24.
with; a6iJ.fj.axoi, ov, 6, ally. fr^i<r\,, see ov.
help or aid of, by the favor of. t<rxoXas, adv., 449, slowly ; neut.
In composition a-tjv signiiies with, comp. as adv., axoy^o-l-repov, more
along with, together, jointly, at the slowly.
same time, entirely, at once. crxoX'^, ^s, r], 335 [ex"], a holding
crvv-d-yw, 262, bring or get together, up, leisure; o-xoX^, slowly.
call, collect. (Tip'^M (ffw, ffdjS), <ru)<T(i), ecrwcra, aiffUKa,
(rvv-avTOwo, (Tvv-rjVTijffa [dvrC], meet <T^<T<j}/j.ai and <Ti<TU(T/j.ai, iawd-qv, 382, 871
with, meet. 864. [o-wos], save, rescue, preserve, keep
<rvv-dirT<i>, join with. safe; mid. and pass., save oneself, be
(Tuv-cK-Pipd^co, help extricate. saved alive, escape, return or arrive
ruv-iri-o-irv8, help hurry on. safely.
orvv-8T]|i,a, aroj, t6 [o-vv-t9t)(xi], thing DwKpdrris, ov$, 6, 396, Socrates.
agreed on, watchword. (ru|ia, aros, t6, 382, body, life, person.
orvv-oiSa, 722, share in knowledge, (Tuos, a, ov or tras, ad, <xQv [Lat.
be conscious. 628. sanus, sound], safe and sound, alive,
<rvv-TdTT(i), 222, set in order together, saved from danger.
draw up in battle array; mid., fall la-<i>Ti]p, T7pos, 6, 518, savior.
into battle-line, take one'' s position. |ora)ripia, as, i], 652, safety, deliver-
(rvv-T(0r]ni, 695, put together; mid., ance, rescue from danger.
make an agreement, contract. to-o-(f>po(rvvT),i;s, i], 664, self-control.
fSvpCa, as, 7), Syria. <ru-<|>p<i)v, ov, gen. ovos [<ros + <pp'^v,
celer ; Bid. rax^uv, with speed ; neut. t(Ot)p,i {de), Qi\au), iQi)Ka, rideiKa,
as adv., rax^, swiftly, soon; comp. Hdei/jLai, iridttv, 695, 784, 788, 871 [Lat.
dcLTTOv, more quickly ; sup. rdxio-ra, facio, make, do, fid, be done, become,
with 6ti or &5s, as quickly as possible, -do in compounds such as credo, put
with all possible speed. faith in, Eng. do, deem, doom, king-
ri, end. copulative conj., 161, and, noM, thesis, theme, treasure], put, set,
corresponding to Kal much as Lat. -que place, institute; Biadai t4 SttXo, order
to et; re . . . Kal or re kuI, both . . . arms, ground arms, get under arms;
and. Kurd xwpa" tOevro rd dirXa, VflOVed back
TfOvdvai, Ti6vr\Ka, see dv^cKw. to quarters.
T(vci> {rev), Tevd, treiva, rircLKa, tTifxda), r'ip.-fiffo}, etc., 275, 755, 781,
riraiMi, iriB-nv, 629 [Lat. tendo, stretch, value, esteem, honor.
Eng. THIN, DANCE, /o/?e], stretch, exert TinVj, ^s, r), 374 [timo-cracy'], value,
oneself, hasten, push on. worth, price, honor, esteem.
Tixos, ovs, t6, 396 [dike, ditch, irtfuos, o, ov, 374, precious, valued,
dig], wall, rampart, fort. honored, in honor, worthy.
trcXcvratos, a, ov, 573, last, at the \.Tl\L-tpi<ii, TlpMp-fiaot, etc., 389 {tIp.-
rear ; ol reXevToioi, the rear guard. wp6s, watching over honor, from tiji^
trfXcvrdw, TeXeuTTj<rw, 548, end, finish, 4- the root which appears in opdu],
end one^s life, die. avenge; mid., avenge oneself on, take
^T(KtvTf^, ^s, 17, 548, end, death. vengeance on, punish; pass., be pun-
treX^w, T^w, ^rAe^a, reriXeKa, Ttri' ished, tortured.
ts 45 TpiaKOO-lOl
ts, ri, gen. rivos, interr. pron., 356, TOcovTOs, Toaai/TT;, tocoCtoj', dem.
763, who f which ? what ? Lat. quis pron., 664, so much, so many; with
neut. ace. as adv., ri, why? 822. comparatives, roaourcfi, by so much,
tIs, tI, gen. Tiv6i, end. indef. pron., the; neut. ace. as adv., too-oOtov, so
356, 763, a, an, any, some, a sort of, a tnuch, so far.
certain, Lat. quis; subst., somebody, t6t, adv., 94, at that time, then.
anybody, something, anything, pi. some. Tpd-ircja, 7JS, r), 63 [r^Trapts + "irovs,
Turca^tcpvTfs, ovs, 6, ace. T uraacp^p- cf. ireSos], table, prop, with four legs.
vt)v, 396, Tissaphernes. See Xo. 4.
No. 85.
t6|ov, ov, ,t(!!,.83 [in-toxic-ate, toxico- IMv, 5e8pd/ir)Ka, deSpd/xr^pui, 610, 871
logy], bow. See Nos. 13, 14, 35, 45, 48, [cf. 8i8p^(rK<i>] , run.
57,69:.. . - TpioKovra, indecl., 212 [rptis,], thirty.
|To|6Tqs, ov, 6, 102, bowman. Tpia-Koo-ioi, at, a, 102 [Tpis+KaT6v],
Toiros, ov, 6, 429 [topic] place, region.
, 300.
Tptp* 46 v-ir6|j.vT]|i,a
viewed with suspicioii, cf. d|/o|iai], ecpvyov, iri<f)evya, 327, 871 [Lat. fugio,
suspect, apprehend, surmise. flee, Eng. bow {bend), bow (the weap-
\iir-o>|/(a, ds, 17 [c/. vir-oirreva)], suspi- on), BOLT, BLx-oni],^ee, take flight, run
cion, apprehension; \jTro\pla. iarri, with away, retreat, fly, Lat. fugio, flee from,
dat. of person, be apprehensive. run away from flee from one's country,
,
afterwards.
*
<{>a(vu {<t>a.v), (pavQ, f<f>riva, ^^(payKa
and irifpTjva., ir^0aff/tai, i(pdvd7]v and
fcpavqv, 591, 771, 772, 779, 871 [p/e-
nomenon, dia-phanous, phantastic],
bring to light, make appear, show ; mid.
and pass, and 2 pf., show oneself, be No. 87
shown, he seen, appear, turn out.
<)>d\aY|, 770s, 17, 245, 743 \^phalanx'], <t>i])i(, (prjffu), etprjffa, 472, 794 [Lat.
line of battle, phalanx ; Kara <pd\ayya, fdri, say, fdma, report, Eng. ban, pro-
in line of battle. phet, phase], say, declare, state; e^rj,
4>avcp6s, d, 6v, 83 [4aiv], in plain said yes; ovk e<pr], said no, in answers
sight, visible, manifest, open; eV t^j ov (f>-nfu, say no, refuse, deny.
(paveptf, openly, publicly. <{>Oa.v<i) (<pOa), (pOrjaofiai and <l>Od(ru,
<]>ap^Tpa, as, i), quiver. See Nos. 11, ^(pOrfv and f<f)daffa, 685, 871, get the
14, 87. start of, anticipate, outstrip.
({>cpu {<t>ep, ol, iveK), otffw, ^yeyxa and 4>07-yo(xai, (pdey^o/iai, etc., mid. dep.,
TjvsyKov, ivf)vox<i; ivqveyiMi, -fiDdx^V^ ynake a sound, shout, sound.
729, 871 [LaX. fero, hear, fors, chance, <}>9cip<i> {<pdp), (pOepQ, ((pdeipa, f<p6apKa,
far, thief, Eng. bear, burdex, <t>6apnai, i<pddpriv, 629, 871, destroy, lay
BIER, BIRTH, metu-phor, phos-phorus], waste, corrupt.
bear, bring, carry, produce, receive, ({>i.d\T|, 1/5, 7) [phia/, K/'a/], drinking
endure; pass., be home, carry, rush; cup ; it was round and shallow like a
XaXeTTwj (f>ipeLv, take it ill, be troubled. large saucer, but deeper, made of
^OJm 48 XaXiv6s
phi/tre], friendly, dear, dear to, loved mid., be on one''s guard, watch out
by, attached to, kindly disposed, comp. against, Lat. caued; ^i;Xa*cas tpuXdr-
fear, dread, terror, fright. bit, head-stall, and reins. The bit
XoXkovs 49 Xttptov
was generally a snaffle, the two ends XiMV, 6vos, rj, 573 [c/. x^^F^'^^Ji
of which were joined under the jaw by snow.
a strap or chain, to which a leading xXa^Lvs, i/5os, ij, cloak, mantle, worn
rein was sometimes attached. See esp. by horsemen, but also by the foot
Nos. 33, 83. soldier on the march and by travellers
IxoXkovs, rj, ovv, 292, of bronze, in general. It was an oblong piece of
In-onze. cloth thrown over the left shoulder,
\aXK6s, ov, 6, copper, bronze, bronze the open ends of which were fastened
armor. over the right shoulder by a brooch.
XdXos, ov, 6, the Chalus. See Nos. 23, 62.
txapCci'Si ea-a-a, ev, 264, 752, graceful, X^pros, ov, 6, fodder, grass.
pleasing. Xpao|iai,xpi)<roMtt'?e^c., mid. dep.,308,
Xdpis, tToj, ^, 255 [eu-charisf], 871, serve oneself by, make use of, use,
grace, favor, gratitude, thanks; xapf employ, treat, Lat. utor. 866.
eidivai, x'^P"' ^X*'"! ^ o^ feel grateful XP'^i, XpV"? impers., 561, it is need-
X<i-piv diro5i86vai, return the favor. ful, one must or ought.
XapfjtdvSi], Tjy, i], Charmande. XPBS" (xP!?5), 416, want, need, desire.
Xi|i(&v, Qvoi, 6 [Lat. hiems, winter], Xptj|J.a, oTos, t6, 264 [xpdop,ai], a
bad weather, winter. thing that one uses; pi., things, property,
Xtlp, x^P^S) Vi 416 [Lat. herctum, in- wealth, money.
heritance, 'Eng.chiro-graphy, s-urgeon], Xprivai, see xp^-
hand, Lat. manus. Xp'^o-ip.os, 17, OP, and os, ov [xp4o|iai],
Xcip(<ro4>os, ov, 6, Chirisophus. useful, serviceable.
X'piorTos, see xe'pw- XP^vos, ov, 6, 548 [chrono-logy], time,
X(p<Av, oy, gen. ovos, 577, worse, season, period, Lat. tempus.
inferior. i\pv<rovs, ^, ovv, 292, 751, of gold,
Xepp6vT](ros, ov, rj, 496, the Cherso- golden, gold, gilded.
nese. txpi5<'''ov, ov, t6, 644, piece of gold,
XtXioi, ai, a, 212, 1000. gold coin, gold.
Xtk6s, ov, 6, 537, fodder, forage. Xpv<r6s, ov, 6 [cfiryso-lite'], gold.
XiTciv, uvos, 6, 416, undergarment, jXPvo-o-xoXivos, ov, 701 [ + xaXiv6s],
worn next the person by
Lat. tunica, with gold-mounted bridle.
both men and women. In its simplest txpa, as, i], 40, 739, place, assigned
form it was a double piece of cloth, place, position, post, station; land,
oblong in shape, one half of which tract of land, territory, region, coun-
covered the front of the body, the try.
other the back. The x'T'^*' was fas- tXp^>, x'^pM'^, etc., give place, with-
tened on each shoulder by brooches, draw, move, march; of measures, hold.
and was confined over the hips by the txpov, ov, t6, 78 [xupos, place},
girdle, fii^/ij. See Nos. 51, 60, 69. space, place, spot, stronghold.
t|>^iov 50 it>4>^l|XOS
\|>iX6s, 17, 6v, hare, unprotected; ol since, because, for, Lat. ut; final, that,
scope], time, period, season, hour, Lat. advantage, use], help, succor, assist,
hora, the proper time, opportunity. benefit, be of service to, give assistance
s, orig. a relative adv. of manner to, of voluntary service.
[os], but developed into a variety of 4.w<f>tXi|ios, ov, useful, serviceable.
No. 90.
II. English-Greek Vocabulary.
Consult the Greek-English Vocabulary for fuller meanings of the Greek words
here given, especially in cases where a choice of words is offered. The Greek-English
Vocabulary is necessarily brief, but it gives the etymological meanings of the words
and indicates the lines on which these meanings have been developed. If in doubt,
choose the word that is familiar. The aim has been to introduce no word into the
English-Greek exercises that has not previously been given. Frequently the choice
will be determined by the appropriateness of the word to the lesson in which it occurs.
Abandon Attempt
Abandon, irpo-iefiai (e), irpo- Allow, ilTL-Tp^irU), ilTL-Tpi- Aristippus, AplffTiinros,
Advance, Trope^ofiai, wopeij- yeK), dyyeXu), etc. As, (Js; follows, rdde;
aopMi, etc. Another, dXXos, 77, ; one to, (J}<TT.
present, irdp-ei/M. ;
sea, Kara yrjv Kal /card Conduct, dytii, &^u, etc.
Beat, Tratw, iralffw, etc. KaXQ, etc.; out, /Sodw, (TKd^ofiai, etc. ; povXevo-
Beautiful, Ka\6s, ij, 6v. Po'fiaofjM.i, etc. ; to- fiai, PovXfVffo/jMi, etc.
Bind, 5^w, StJo-w, etc. Cattle, /SoOs, /3o6s, o, t}. Court, at , irapd PaffiXeT,
Bird, 6pvls, 6pvWos, 6, ?}. Cause, wap-ixu, irap-i^u ivl Tttij ^a<7i\^ws OOpaii.
Black, /xActs, ix^Xaiva, and TTopa-o'x'Jo'w, etc. Cowardly, KaK6s, -fj, 6v.
Boat, v\oTov, ov, t6. Cease, TraiJo/iai, iravaonai, Cry out, use eJirov.
Bow, r6^ov, ov, t6. City, v6Xis, ewi, ij. Cyrus, KOpoj, ov, 6.
Break, Xito, X()<rw, etc. etc.; supplies, ivi- Day, 7}p.4pd, os, rj; on the
Breastplate, Owpa^, ukos, 6. fflrl^onai ((xItiS), iiri- following , ry i/ffre-
Bridge, y4<pvpa, as, t;. ffiTtovfiai, etc. pai(f; day''s march,
Bring, Ay(o, Afw, etc. Come, fpxofJiai, ^X6ov, etc.; araOp-bs, ov, 6.
Destroy, X(5w, Xdcrw, etc.; Entire, irds, irdiua., irdv. Field, take the , a-rpa-
Dreadful, Seivos, 77, 6v. Fair, Ka\6$, 17, 6v. Force, Svvanis, ews, 77, (rrpd-
Dwell, oIku, oiKT]<T(M), etc. Faithful, irun6s, ij, 6v. rev/jLa, aros, t6 ;
^id^o-
Fall, on, ifi-TriiTTO}, t/x- lia.1 (pi.a.5) ,
^idffoiJLai, etc.
E ireffovfiai, etc. Fort, xwpioj', ov, t6.
Each, ^KaffTos, 17, ov. Father, irar'^p, warpbs, 6. Forty, TTTapdKovTa.
Easily, pq.Slus. Fear, 06j3os, 01;, d ; (po^io- Four, rirrapes, a.
Easy, p^'Sios, d, ov. Hai, <i>o^-fi<Topja.i, etc., of Frequently, iroXXdActs.
Friend 54 Journey
Friendly, tpiXios, d, ov. Guard, (pvXaKrj, ijs, rj, Him, oblique cases of
Friendship, 0tXtd, ds, 17. (fivXa^, aKos, 6. aOrbs; ov, reflex.
Frightened, be , <t>o^io- Guest, ^ivoi, ov, 6. Hindrance, rb kwXvov.
fjLai, <f>opTJironai, etc. Guide, ijyefiiiv, bvos, b. His, often by the article ;
Tlpu^au), etc.; in , iv
Halt, IffTriiu {(TTo), <Tr-fi<T<i}, ri/jLy or Tiyiiios, d, ov.
Garrison, <f>v\aKr}, rjs, 17. Hand, over, vapa-bibwfu Hoplite, ottXittjj, ov, b.
Gate, TTiJXi;, 17s, -q. (bo), vapa-5J)(r<i), etc. Horse, tinro^, ov, b ; on
General, ffrpaTTjySs, ov, 6. Bard, be pressed, wU^o- horseback, dvb ittttov.
Get, iropl^ofiai (iropid), tto- fiai {irteS), irieffdr^ffopMi, Horseman, linre&%, iu%, b.
Gift, dCbpov, ov, rb. irovid}, Tfovriaw, etc. How, many, vbaoi, ai, a.
Give, didwfii {do), dJxru, Harm, do , KaKus iroiiu, Hunt, OripeOd), dripeiau, etc.
Go, ei/xi (l), impf. ya or ffofiai, etc. I, iyu, i/xov and /mov, etc.
jjeiv, epxo/JMi, aor. ^\0ov; Hasten, aire^bw, aireixrw, If, el, idv, T]v.
/jMi (dXXa7), dTT-aWd^o- Have, x<' (<''x) ^^'^ ^^^ Impassable, diropos, ov.
fMi, etc. o'X'^cw, etc., elptl {iff), In, iv ; order that, tva.
God, 0e6s, ov, 6, i}. effopui with dat. Inflict, iiri-Tldyjfu {de), iiri-
Xttp'" x'^ ("^ex)) ^fw and Heavy-armed, men, birXi- Intend, iv vf ex*^ ("^x)?
<rX'J<'w, etc. rai, Qv, ol. ?^w and (Txifffw, etc.
Great, iJ.iya%, /xeydXr), /x^a, Height, d.Kpov, ov, rb. Interpreter, ipfiriveis, ius, b.
of size ; iroXi;j, ttoXXi;, Helmet, Kpdvos, ov%, rb. Into, ei's ; the presence
xoXi5, of amount or Help, u(f>e\i<>), w<pe\-fiau), of, irpbs.
number. etc.; with the of, avv.
eifu impf.
(t), iir-ya or Need, there is , bet.
Lead, dyu, d^w, etc. , i)y^o- eXayvw (^Xa), ciTr-eXw, Obey, ireiffo/xai (iriO), neiffo-
TToXl/. ayyeXSi.
M Must, del, dvdyKr) iarl ;
Orontas,*Op6rrds, dorov, 6.
Make, iroUw, voi-qau, etc.; often the verbal in Other, dXXos, -q, 0.
Our, often by the article. aKvd^op.ai, -jrapa-crKevd- Remain, fjiivu {pxv), puevw,
Out, of the way, tKiro- ffofxai, etc. etc.
Park, trapdSeiffos, ov, 6. Proceed, iropeioixai, iropei- Right, d^Los, a, ov, morally;
Pay, fxicrOds, oO, 6. ffofxai, etc.; with, de^ids, d, 6v, of direction
Peltast, ireXra<rT77S, oO, 6. <TVfjL-iropevop.ai. on the (wing), i-n-l tQ
Perish, dir-6\\vfj.ai, dir- Promise, \nr-i<Txviofj.aL, uiro-
Persuade, ireiOu {iri6), irel- Province, dpx"^, ^s, V- make , dv-lffrrffu {(rra),
ffu), etc. Provisions, iiririjSeta, uv, dva-<rT7J(Tu, etc.
Phrygia, ^pvyld, as, rj. Td. River, TrorafiSs, ov, 6.
Place, x'^P^'^'i o"? ''^i Punish, KoXdfw (koXoS), Road, 656s, ov, ij.
Plain, Tceblov, ov, t6 ; S^Xos, SIktjv i-iri-Tldrjixi (de), iiri- Tpi\j/<j}, etc.
17, ov; in sight, Kara- Oijcru, etc. Rush, te/xat {i), ^crojuai, etc.
Plot, ^irt/SonXif, yjs, ij; Put, to death, diro- Sabre, /juixaipa, as, ij.
Sea, ddXarra, ijs, 17. Sling, ffcpevdSvri, tjs, ij. alTiovfjMi, etc.
fiai; away, dno- Somebody, tIs, tiv6s. Table, rpdire^a, ris, i).
Set, forth or out, 6pp.do- Split, (Tx^fw (crxtS), ax^<Tw, fxai, etc.; the field
pMi, oppLTJaopLai, etc. etc. with, ffv-aTpareiofiai ;
Seven, eirrd ; hundred, Stade, arddiov, ov, t6. care, iTri-fieXiofiat, iiri-
Severity, with , Iffx^pus. Stand, IVra/xoi {(rra), <jT-q- Targeteer, ireXTaar-ijs, ov,6.
She, generally omitted, (jop.a.1, etc. Ten, d^Ku.
sometimes avTTj, iKelvij. Start, dpixdofiai, op/xTJ^ofMi, Tent, (TKrjvri, ijs, ij.
This, ovTos, airr?;, rovro. XP'7<ro/iat, etc. Willingly, eKwv, ovffa, bv.
Thus, ovTws.
Victory, vtKrj, tjs,
left , iirl Tifi evwvifuf.
ij.
Wish, pd/Xofiai, /SouXifffo-
&iia.
^7j(piovfiai, etc.
With, ffiv, ^x''"' ;
tf^
Tissaphemes, Tiffa-a<p^pv7is, help of, ffiv; in com-
pany aiv.
ovs, 6.
Tribute, 5o<r/a6y, ov, 6. War, 7r6Xe/M)s, 01;, 6 carry ; Wonder, Oavfid^w (OavpjuS)f
t6; ffTpaTMTai., Qv, ol. TToXe/i^w, 7roXe/n7;<rw, etc. Wood, ^vXa, wv, rd.
and adjs. 35 f., 39, 129, 244; of Attic reduplication 871, 4 ; future
verbs 53, 457, 484, 493, 605 a, 634 a. 871, 14, 15.
Accusative case 29. Syntax of 832 ff. Augment 66, 67, 93, 871.
Acute accent 18 f., 21 f., 24 f.
Borrowed words 876.
Adjectives vowel decl. 126 ff. cons, ;
Breathings 14.
decl. 259 ff., 426 ff. contr. of vowel ;
Aorist first indie, act. 86 ff., mid. Comparison of adjs. 541 f. irregular ;
183 f., pass. 194 ff. ; first aor. system 577 of ad vs. 597.
;
565 ff., 582 ff.; second aor. 91, 602 Complex sent. 660; dependent verbs of
ff . , in fit verbs 689 ; first pass, sys- in indir. quot. 663.
tem 656 ff. second pass, system
; Compound verbs 93 w. gen. 852 ; ; w.
668 ff. Syntax of indie. 87, de- dat. 865 compound words 874.
;
Consonants 3, 5 ff. changes of 738. ; Fear vbs. exp. w. obj. clause 334, 381.
Consonant Declension, see Declen- Final clauses 326, 371.
sion. First Aorist system, see Aorist.
Contraction 268; rules of 737; in vowel First Passive system 656 ff.
decl. 286 ff. ; in cons. decl. 395, 428, First Perfect system 619 ff.
476 f., 500 f., 506 f. ; in verbs in -aw, Future indie, act. 86 ff., mid. 174 jf.,
-w, -ow, indie. 268 ff., 279 ff., subjv. pass. 194 system 565 ff.,
ff.; fut.
339 f., opt. 386 ff., imv. 420 f., inf. 582 ff. first pass, system 656 ff.
;
459f.,part. 486, 494, 755. second pass, system 668 ff. Attic ;
Endings personal 136, 145, 175, 401, Indirect discourse, see Quotations and
413 ; of inf. 455 f. ; of part. 484, 493 Questions.
in -fjii verbs 689 ; case endings of Infinitive 453 ff. Uses of 461, 468 ff.,
Unguals 7; euphonic changes 250 f. 633 ff.; pf. mid. system 642 ff.,
Liquid verbs 582 ff., 623 ff., 637, Possessive prons. ,448.
648 ff., 658 ff., 668 ff. Post-positives 82 b.
334, 381 ; w. dl7ra,s and fut. ind. 373. Protasis 301; neg. of ^^ 303.
Optative 360 ff., 369 ff., 378 ff., 386 ff. Punctuation marks of 28.
Uses of 363 f., 370 ff., 380 f., 569, Purpose clauses 326, 371.
590, 663.
Oxytone 25. Quotations and Questions dir. and
indir. 557 ff., 567 ff., 589 f., 007 ff.,
Palatals 7; euphonic changes 243. 627 f., 660 ff. questions of appeal
;
pf. mid. system, 642 ff., 648 ff. Rough breathing 14 ; mutes 7.
62 INDEX.
Second aor., pf., etc. 554, G03; second Tense Systems 552 f. ;
pres. system
tense systems, see Aorist, Passive, 553,1; fut. 553,2, 565 f., 583 f.;
Perfect. first aor. 553, 3, 665 f., 585 f. ; second
Secondary tenses 50. aor. 602 ff.; first pf. 553, 4, 619 ff.;
Stem 54. See Tense stems. Tenses 50. See Present, Imperfect, etc.
Suffix of opt. mood 302, 379, 387. See Verbs principal parts 199 ff., 298 ff.