Circular Functions: Objectives

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9780521609999c03.xml CUAU063-EVANS July 23, 2009 21:27
C H A P T E R
3
Circular functions
Objectives
To understand the reciprocal circular functions cosec, sec and cot
To understand and apply the identities sec2 = 1 + tan2 and
cosec2 = 1 + cot2
To understand and apply the compound angle formulas
To understand and apply the double angle formulas
To understand the restricted circular functions and their inverses sin1 ,
cos1 and tan1
To understand the graphs of the inverse functions sin1 , cos1 and tan1
To solve equations involving circular functions
The sine, cosine and tangent functions are discussed in some detail in section 1.1. Several new
circular functions are introduced in this chapter.
3.1 The reciprocal circular functions

The cosecant function, y = cosec
The cosecant function is defined as:
1
cosec = provided sin = 0
sin
Since sin = 0 when = n, n Z, the domain of cosec = R \ { : = n, n Z}.
The graph of cosec is derived from the graph of sin .
The range of sin is [1, 1] therefore the range of cosec is R \ (1, 1).

The graph of y = sin has turning points at = + n, n Z as does the graph of
2
y = cosec .
sin = 0 at = n, n Z. These values of will be vertical asymptotes for y = cosec .
A sketch of the graph of f : R \ { : = n, n Z} R, f () = cosec is shown on the
next page. The graph of y = sin is shown on the same set of axes.
105
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106 Essential Specialist Mathematics
y
y = cosec
1
y = sin
0

3 2
2 1 2 2
The secant function, y = sec

The secant function is defined as:
1
sec = provided cos = 0
cos
As the graph of y = cos is a translation of the graph of y = sin , the graph of y = sec must

be a translation of the graph of y = cosec , units in the negative direction of the x axis.

2
The domain of sec = R \ : = + n, n Z .
2

A sketch of the graph of f : R \ : = + n, n Z R, f () = sec is shown.
2
The graph of y = cos is shown on the same set of axes.
y
y = sec
1
y = cos
0

3 2
2 2 2
1
The range of sec is R \ (1, 1).

sec has turning points at = n, n Z, and has asymptotes at = + n, n Z.
2
The cotangent function, y = cot

The cotangent function is defined as:
cos
cot = provided sin = 0
sin

cot = tan (the complementary properties of cot and tan are listed
2
later in this section)

= tan
2

= tan +
2
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Chapter 3 Circular functions 107
The graph of cot is a translation of y

tan , units in the negative direction
2
of the x axis, and a reflection in the
axis. A sketch of the graph of
f : R \ { : = n, n Z} R, 0
3 2
f () = cot is shown opposite.
2 2 2
Example 1
Sketch the graph of each of the following over the interval [0, 2].

a y = cosec(2x) b y = sec x + c y = cot x
3 4
Solution y
a The graph of y = cosec(2x) is y = cosec 2x

obtained from the graph of y = sin 2x
1
y = cosec x by a dilation of 0
x
3 2
factor 12 from the y axis. The
1 2 2
graph of y = sin(2x) is also
shown.
y

b The graph of y = sec x + is
3
2 (2, 2)
a translation of the graph of

y = sec x, units in the negative 1
3
direction of the x axis. The y-axis 0
7 2
x
intercept is sec = 2. The 6 6
3 1
7
asymptotes are at x = and x = .
6 6 2

c The graph of y = cot x is a y
4
translation of the graph of

y = cot x, units in the positive
4
direction of the x axis. The y-axis
1
intercept is cot = 1. 0
4 x
5 3 5 7 2
The asymptotes are at x = and x = . 1
4 4 4 4 4 4 (2, 1)
3 7
The x-axis intercepts are at and .
4 4
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For right-angled triangles, the reciprocal functions can be defined through ratios. C
hyp
cosec x =
opp hyp
hyp opp
sec x =
adj
adj x
and cot x =
opp A B
adj
Example 2 C
In triangle ABC, ABC = 90 and CAB = x .

AB = 6 cm and BC = 5 cm. Find:
a AC b the trigonometric ratios related to x 5
Solution
x
a By Pythagoras theorem, AC2 = 52 + 62 = 61 A B
6
AC = 61 cm
5 6 5
b sin x = cos x = tan x =
61 61 6

61 61 6
cosec x = sec x = cot x =
5 6 5
Useful properties
The symmetry properties established for sine, cosine and tangent can be used to establish the
following results:
sec( x) = sec x sec( + x) = sec x

cosec( x) = cosec x cosec( + x) = cosec x
cot( x) = cot x cot( + x) = cot x
sec(2 x) = sec x sec(x) = sec x
cosec(2 x) = cosec x cosec(x) = cosec x
cot(2 x) = cot x cot(x) = cot x
The complementary properties are also useful.

cot x = tan x sec x = cosec x
2 2

cosec x = sec x tan x = cot x
2 2
Example 3
Find the exact value of each of the following:

11 23 11
a sec b cosec c cot
4 4 3
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Solution

11 3 23
a sec = sec 2 + b cosec = cosec 6 +
4 4 4 4

= sec
3 = cosec
4 4
1
1 = 1
=
3
2
cos
4 = 2
1
=
12

= 2
11
c cot = cot 4
3 3

= cot
3
= cot
3
1
=
tan
3
1
=
3
Two new identities

It was shown earlier that, for all values of x, sin2 x + cos2 x = 1. From this identity the
following identities can be derived:
1 + cot2 x = cosec2 x provided sin x = 0

1 + tan2 x = sec2 x provided cos x = 0
The first of these identities is obtained by dividing each term of the original identity
by sin2 x:
sin2 x cos2 x 1
i.e. 2
+ 2
=
sin x sin x sin2 x
which implies 1 + cot x = cosec2 x
2
The derivation of the second identity is left as an exercise for the reader.
Example 4
cos x cos3 x
Simplify the expression .
cot x
Solution
cos x cos3 x cos x(1 cos2 x)
=
cot x cot x
sin x
= cos x sin2 x
cos x
= sin3 x
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Using a TI-Nspire calculator

The expression can be entered either by
using fraction templates or as
(cos(x) (cos(x)) 3)/(cos(x)/ sin(x)).
Then press Enter to simplify it.
Using a Casio ClassPad calculator

From the Interactive menu choose
Transformation and then tCollect.
Note that an equivalent form is obtained.
Substitute cos(2x) = 1 2sin2(x) to
obtain the given result.
Example 5

If tan x = 2, x 0, , find:
2
a sec x b cos x c sin x d cosec x
Solution
1 5
a sec x = tan x + 1
2 2
b cos x = =
sec x 5
=4+1

sec x = 5

As x 0, , sec x = 5
2
2 5 1 5
c sin x = tan x cos x = d cosec x = =
5 sin x 2
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Choose solve from
the Algebra menu
and complete as
shown.
Store the value to
a.
Obtain the results
as shown.

Enter tan(x) = 2 | 0 x
2
and shade tan(x) = 2. Then
choose Interactive, then
Equation/Inequality and
then solve. Store the value
to a.
Obtain the results as shown.
Exercise 3A
1 Sketch the graph of each of the following, over the interval [0, 2]:

a y = cosec x + b y = sec x c y = cot x +
4 6 3
2 3
d y = sec x + e y = cosec x f y = cot x
3 2 4
2 Sketch the graph of each of the following, over the interval [0, ]:
a y = sec 2x b y = cosec(3x) c y = cot(4x)

d y = cosec 2x + e y = sec(2x + ) f y = cot 2x
2 3
3 Sketch the graph of each of the following, over the interval [, ]:
2
a y = sec 2x b y = cosec 2x + c y = cot 2x
2 3 3
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4 Find the trigonometric ratios cot x , sec x and cosec x for each of the following
triangles:
a b c
x 5
5 9
x
7
x
8
7
5 Find the exact value of each of the following:
2 3
a sin b cos c tan d cosec
3 4 4 6
5 5
e sec f cot g sin h tan
4 6 4 6
3 9 7
i sec j cosec k cot l cos
3 4 4 3
6 Simplify each of the following expressions:
tan2 x + 1
a sec2 x tan2 x b cot2 x cosec2 x c
tan2 x
sin2 x
d + cos x e sin4 x cos4 x f tan3 x + tan x
cos x

7 If tan x = 4, x , 0 , find:
2
a sec x b cos x c cosec x

3
8 If cot x = 3, x , , find:
2
a cosec x b sin x c sec x

9 If sec x = 10, x , 0 , find:
2
a tan x b sin x

3
10 If cosec x = 6, x , 2 , find:
2
a cot x b cos x
11 sin x = 0.5, 90 < x < 180. Find:

a cos x b cot x c cosec x
12 cosec x = 3, 180 < x < 270. Find:
a sin x b cos x c sec x
13 cos x = 0.7, 0 < x < 180. Find:
a sin x b tan x c cot x
14 sec x = 5, 180 < x < 360. Find:
a cos x b sin x c cot x
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15 Simplify each of the following expressions:

a sec2 + cosec2 sec2 cosec2 b (sec cos ) (cosec sin )
sec2 cosec2
c (1 cos2 ) (1 + cot2 ) d
tan2 cot2
1
16 If x = sec tan , prove that x + = 2 sec and also find a simple expression for
x
1
x in terms of .
x
3.2 Compound and double angle formulas

Compound angle formulas
The following identities are called the compound angle formulas.
cos(x y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y

cos(x + y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y
sin(x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y
sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
tan x tan y
tan(x y) =
1 + tan x tan y
tan x + tan y
tan(x + y) =
1 tan x tan y
A proof of the first identity is given below and the other identities can be derived from that
result.
Proof y
1
Consider angles x and y, x > y, measured Q(cos y, sin y)
counter-clockwise, and the corresponding points
P (cos x, sin x) and Q (cos y, sin y) respectively. O
x
Let be the angle measured anticlockwise 1 1
from OQ to OP. Then x y = + 2k for
some integer constant k. 1 P(cos x, sin x)
Two cases need to be considered.
Case 1
0<
Using vectors,

OP = cos xi + sin xj and |OP| = 1

OQ = cos yi + sin yj and |OQ| = 1
We apply a.b = |a| |b| cos

to obtain OP.OQ = cos
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Case 2 y
< 2
1
In the diagram opposite: Q

OP.OQ = cos(2 )
O
= cos() x
1 1
= cos P
in all cases:

1
OP.OQ = cos

Now OP.OQ = cos x cos y + sin x sin y (using dot product)
and cos(x y) = cos( + 2k) where k is an integer

= cos
The derivation of other identities

cos(x + y) = cos[x (y)]
= cos x cos(y) + sin x sin(y)
= cos x cos y sin x sin y

sin(x y) = cos x+y
2
= cos x cos y sin x sin y
2 2
= sin x cos y cos x sin y
sin(x y)
tan(x y) =
cos(x y)
sin x cos y cos x sin y
=
cos x cos y + sin x sin y
Dividing top and bottom by cos x cos y we have:
sin x cos y cos x sin y

cos x cos y cos x cos y
tan(x y) =
sin x sin y
1+
cos x cos y
tan x tan y
=
1 + tan x tan y
The derivation of the remaining two identities is left as an exercise for the reader.
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Example 6
5 5
a Use = + to evaluate sin . b Use = to evaluate cos .
12 6 4 12 12 3 4 12
Solution

5
a sin = sin +
12 6 4

= sin cos + cos sin
6 4 6 4

1 2 3 2
= +
2 2 2 2

2
= (1 + 3)
4

b cos = cos
12 3 4

= cos cos + sin sin
3 4 3 4

1 2 3 2
= +
2 2 2 2

2
= (1 + 3)
4
Example 7

3
sin x = 0.2, x 0, and cos y = 0.4, y , . Find sin(x + y).
2 2
Solution
sin x = 0.2

cos x = 1 0.22 = 0.96

2 6
As x 0, , cos x = 0.96 =
2 5

cos y = 0.4 sin y = 1 (0.4)2 = 0.84

3 21
As y , , sin y = 0.84 =
2 5

2 6 21
= 0.2 0.4 +
5 5
2
= 0.08 3 14
25
2
= [1 + 3 14]
25
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First solve the equation

sin(x) = 0.2 | 0 x
2
and store the result to a.
Then solve the equation
3
cos(y) = 0.4 | y
2
and store the result to b.
From the Algebra menu choose
Trigonometry and then Expand
(b 9 1).

Solve the equation

sin(x) = 0.2 | 0 x
2
and then solve the equation
3
cos(y) = 0.4 | y .
2
Paste
the results
to form the expression

1 1 1 2
sin sin + cos cos + .
5 5
Transformation and then tExpand.
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Double angle formulas

The double angle formulas are:
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x

cos 2x = cos2 x sin2 x
= 1 2 sin2 x
= 2 cos2 x 1
2 tan x
tan 2x =
1 tan2 x
These formulas can be derived from the compound angle formulas by substituting y for x:
cos(x + x) = cos x cos x sin x sin x
The two other equivalent forms of cos 2x can be obtained by applying the Pythagorean identity
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
e.g. cos2 x sin2 x = (1 sin2 x) sin2 x

= 1 2 sin2 x
also = cos2 x (1 cos2 x)
= 2 cos2 x 1
Example 8

If sin = 0.6, , , find sin 2.
2
Solution

sin = 0.6 cos = 1 0.62
= 0.8

As , , cos = 0.8
2
sin 2 = 2 sin cos
= 2 0.6 0.8
= 0.96
Example 9

3
If cos = 0.7, , 2 , find sin .
2 2
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Solution
cos 2x = 1 2 sin2 x
2
cos = 1 2 sin
2
2 sin 2
= 1 0.7
2
= 0.3

sin = 0.15
2

3 3
, 2 , ,
2 2 4

sin is positive
2
15
sin = 0.15 =
2 10
Exercise 3B
1 Use the compound angle formulas to expand each of the following:
a sin(2x 5y) b cos(x2 + y) c tan(x + (y + z))
2 Simplify each of the following:

a sin x cos 2y cos x sin 2y b cos 3x cos 2x + sin 3x sin 2x
tan A tan(A B)
c d sin(A + B) cos(A B) + cos(A + B) sin(A B)
1 + tan A tan(A B)
e cos y cos(2y) sin y sin(2y)
3 a Expand sin(x + 2x). b Hence, express sin 3x in terms of sin x.
4 a Expand cos(x + 2x). b Hence, express cos 3x in terms of cos x.
5 Use the compound angle formulas and appropriate angles to find the exact value of each
of the following:
5 7
a sin b tan c cos d tan
12 12 12 12

6 Let sin x = 0.6, x , and tan y = 2.4, y 0, . Find the exact value of each
2 2
of the following:
a cos x b sec y c cos y
d sin y e tan x f cos(x y)
g sin(x y) h tan(x + y) i tan(x + 2y)

3
7 Let cos x = 0.7, x , and sin y = 0.4, y 0, . Find the value of each
2 2
of the following, correct to two decimal places:
a sin x b cos y c tan(x y) d cos(x + y)
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8 Simplify each of the following:

tan x
a 1
sin x cos x b sin2 x cos2 x c
2
1 tan2 x
sin4 x cos4 x 4 sin3 x 2 sin x 4 sin2 x 4 sin4 x
d e f
cos 2x cos x cos 2x sin 2x

3
9 Let sin x = 0.8, x , . Find:
2
a sin 2x b cos 2x c tan 2x

10 Let tan x = 3, x 0, . Find:
2
a tan 2x b tan 3x

11 Use the double angle formula for tan 2x, and the fact that tan = 1, to find the exact
4

value of tan .
8

3
12 Let sin x = 0.75, x , . Find correct to two decimal places:
2
a cos x b sin 12 x

13 If cos x = 0.9, x 0, , find cos 12 x correct to two decimal places.
2
14 In a right-angled triangle GAP, AP = 12 m and GA = 5 m. P
T is a point on AP, such that AGT = TGP = xc . Without
using a calculator, find the exact values of the following:
a tan 2x
b tan x, by using the double angle formula
c AT
12 m
T
G 5m A
3.3 Inverses of circular functions

All six circular functions discussed earlier are periodic and are, therefore, many-to-one
functions. The inverse of these functions cannot, therefore, be functions. However, by
restricting the domain so that the circular functions are one-to-one functions, the inverse
circular functions can be defined.
The inverse sine function, y = sin-- 1 x

When the domain for the function sin is restricted to the interval , , it is a one-to-one
2 2
function and an inverse function exists. Other intervals defined through consecutive turning
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3 3 5
points of the graph (e.g. , or , ) could have been used for the domain, but
2 2 2 2
, is the standard convention.
2 2
The inverse of the restricted sine function is denoted by sin1 and is defined by:

sin1 : [1, 1] R, sin1 x = y where sin y = x, y ,
2 2
Note: The domain of sin1 = range of the restricted sine function = [1, 1].

The range of sin1 = domain of the restricted sine function = , .
2 2
By the property of inverse functions, sin(sin1 x) = x and, for x , ,
2 2
1
sin (sin x) = x.

The graph of y = sin1 (x) is obtained from the graph of y = sin (x), x , , through
2 2
a reflection in the line y = x.
y y
y

1
2 y = sin x y = sin1 x
2
y = sin x y=x
1 1
y = sin x
0 0 0
x x x
1
1 1 1
2 2 2 2
1
1

2 2
sin1 is also denoted by arsin, arcsin or asin.
The inverse cosine function, y = cos--1 x

cos1 x is defined in a similar way to the inverse sine function.
The standard domain of the restricted cosine function is [0, ], although other intervals
would also produce an inverse function.
cos1 x, the inverse function of the restricted cosine function, is defined as follows:
cos1 : [1, 1] R, cos1 x = y where cos y = x, y [0, ]

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The graph of the restricted cosine function, its reflection in the line y = x to produce
y = cos1 x, and the graph of y = cos1 x are shown in the three figures below.
y y y
y=x
y = cos1 x

2
y = cos1 x
1 y = cos x 1
y = cos x
0 0 0
x x x
1 1 1
1 2 1 2
Note: The domain of cos1 x is [1, 1] and the range is [0, ].
Also, cos(cos1 x) = x and, for x [0, ], cos1 (cos x) = x.
cos1 is also denoted by arcos or acos.
The inverse tangent function, y = tan--1 x

If the domain of the tangent function is restricted to , , a one-to-one function is formed
2 2
and the inverse function exists.

tan1 : R R, tan1 x = y where tan y = x, y ,
2 2
The graph of the restricted tangent function, its reflection in the line y = x to produce
y = tan1 x, and the graph of y = tan1 x are shown in the three figures below.
y y y
y = tan x y = tan x

y=x
2 2 y=
2
y = tan1 x y = tan1 x
0 0 0
x x x

2 2 2 2 2
y=
2
2

Note: The domain of tan1 x is R and its range is , .
2 2
Also tan(tan1 x) = x and, for x , , tan1 (tan x) = x.
2 2
tan1 is also denoted by artan, arctan or atan.
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Example 10
Sketch the graph of each of the following for their maximal domain:

a y = cos1 (2 3x) b y = tan1 (x + 2) +
2
Solution y
a For the function to be defined (1, )
1 2 3x 1
3 3x 1
1
3
x 1

i.e. the implied domain is 13 , 1 x
0 1 1
Note: y = cos1 3 x 23 3
The graph is obtained from the graph of

y = cos1 (x) by the following sequence of transformations:
a dilation from the y axis of factor 13
a reflection in the y axis
a translation of 23 units in the positive direction of the x axis

b The domain of tan1 is R. The graph of y = tan1 (x + 2) + is obtained from the
2
graph of y = tan1 (x) by a translation of 2 units in the negative direction of the

x axis and units in the positive direction of the y axis.
2
y
y=

2,
2
x
0
Example 11

3
a Evaluate sin1
2
b Simplify:
5
1
i sin1 sin ii sin sin
6 6

2
iii sin1 cos iv sin cos1
3 2
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Solution
1 3 3
a Evaluating sin is equivalent to solving the equation sin x =
2 2

3
sin =
3 2

3
sin =
3 2

1 3
sin =
2 3

b i Since , , by definition sin1 sin =
6 2 2 6 6

5 5
ii sin1 sin = sin1 sin
6 6

1
= sin sin
6

=
6
1
iii sin cos = sin1 sin
3 2 3

1
= sin sin
6

=
6

2
iv sin cos1 = sin
2 4

2
=
2
Example 12
Find the implied domain and range of:

a y = sin1 (2x 1) b y = 3 cos1 (2 2x)
Solution
a For sin1 (2x 1) to be defined b For 3 cos1 (2 2x) to be defined
1 2x 1 1 1 2 2x 1
3 2x 1
0 2x 2 1 3
x
0x 1 2 2

1 3
the implied domain is [0, 1] the implied domain is ,
2 2
The range is , . The range is [0, 3].
2 2
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Example 13
Find the implied domain and range of y = cos(sin1 x), where cos has restricted
domain [0, ].
Solution
Let y = cos u, u [0, ] where u = sin1 x
u
y

2
1
u x
0 1 0 1
1 2

2

From the graphs it can be seen that the range of u = , , but for the composite
2 2
function to exist the values of u must be a subset of [0, ], the domain of cos u. Hence
the values of u for this composite function to exist, and hence the domain of cos,

must lie in the interval 0, .
2

i.e. 0u
2

0 sin1 x since u = sin1 x
2

sin1 x 0
2
1 x 0
Hence, the domain of cos(sin1 x) is [1, 0].

The range of cos(sin1 x) is [0, 1].
Exercise 3C
1 Sketch the graphs of each of the following, stating clearly the implied domain and range
each time:
a y = tan1 (x
1) b y = cos1 (x + 1)
1
c y = 2 sin1 x + d y = 2 tan1 (x) +
2 2

e y = cos1 (2x) f y= 1
2
1
sin (3x) +
4
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2 Evaluate each of the following:

2
a sin1 1 b sin1 c sin1 0.5
2
3
d cos 1 e cos1 0.5 f tan1 1
2
3
g tan1 ( 3) h tan1 i cos1 (1)
3
3 Simplify:
1 1 5 1 2
a sin(cos 0.5) b sin cos c tan sin
6 2

5
d cos(tan1 1) e tan1 sin f tan(cos1 0.5)

2
7 2 11
g cos1 cos h sin1
sin i tan 1
tan
3 3 4

j cos1 sin 1 3
3 k cos1 tan l sin cos
4 4

3
4 Let f : , R, f (x) = sin x.
2 2
a Define f 1 , clearly stating its domain and its range.
b Evaluate:
3 7
i f ii f iii f
2 4 6
1 1 1
iv f (1) v f (0) vi f (0.5)

5 Given that the domain of sin x, cos x and tan x are restricted to , , [0, ] and
2 2
, respectively, define the implied domain and range of each of the following
2 2
where y is equal to:

a sin1 (2 x) b sin x + c sin1 (2x + 4)
4

d sin 3x e cos x f cos1 (x + 1)
3 6
g cos1 (x2 ) 2
h cos 2x + i tan1 (x2 )
3

j tan 2x k tan1 (2x + 1) l tan(x2 )
2
6 Simplify each of the following expressions, in an exact form:

a cos sin1 45 b tan cos1 135
c cos tan1 247

d tan sin1 40 41
e tan cos1 12 f sin cos1 32

g sin(tan1 (2)) h cos sin1 37 i sin(tan1 0.7)

7 Let sin = 35 and sin = 13
5
, 0, and 0,
2 2
a Find: i cos ii cos
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b Use a compound angle formula to show that:

i sin1 3
5
sin1 5
13
= sin1 16
65
ii sin1 3
5
+ sin1 13
5
= cos1 33
65

8 Given that the domain of sin x and cos x are restricted to , and [0, ] respectively,
2 2
define the implied domain and range of each of the following where y is equal to:
a sin1 (cos x) b cos(sin1 x) c cos1 (sin 2x)
d sin(cos1 x) e cos(2 sin1 x) f tan1 (cos x)
g cos(tan1 x) h sin(tan1 x)
1
9 a Use a compound angle formula to show that tan1 3 tan1 = .
2 4
1 1 x 1
b Hence, show that tan x tan = , x > 1.
x +1 4

10 Given that the domain of sin x and cos x are restricted to , and [0, ]
2 2
respectively, explain why each of these expressions cannot be evaluated:
a cos[sin1 (0.5)] b sin[cos1 (0.2)] c cos[tan1 (1)]
3.4 Solution of equations

In section 1.1, the solution of equations involving sine, cosine and tangent was discussed. In
this section, equations that involve the reciprocal circular functions and the use of the double
angle formulas are introduced. Equations that are not able to be solved by analytic methods are
also considered.
Example 14
Find x, such that sec x = 2, in the interval [0, 2].

y
Solution
sec x = 2
1
cos x = 1
2
0.5
The values of x which exist in [0, 2] are x

0 2
x = and 2 y = cos x
3 3
1
5
x = and
3 3
Example 15
Find all the values of x for which cot x = 1.

P1: GHM
Solution
y
The period of cot x is . In the interval [0, ]
3
the solution of cot x = 1 is x =
4
the solutions of the equation are
3
x= + n, n Z 3
4
4
x
0
1 2
Example 16

2 3
Find x, such that cosec 2x = , for x [0, 2].
3 3
Solution
2 3
cosec 2x =
3 3

3 3
implies sin 2x = =
3 2 3 2

11
Let = 2x where ,
3 3 3

3
then sin() =
2
4 5 10 11
= , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3
4 5 10 11
2x = , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
5 11
2x = 0, , 2, , 4
3 3
5 11
x = 0, , , , 2
6 6
Example 17
Solve each of the following for x [0, 2].

x
a sin(4x) = sin(2x) b cos x = sin
2
Solution
a sin(4x) = sin(2x)
2 sin(2x) cos(2x) = sin(2x) where 2x [0, 4]
implies sin(2x)(2 cos(2x) 1) = 0
P1: GHM
sin(2x) = 0 or 2 cos(2x) 1 = 0
cos(2x) = 1
2
5 7 11
2x = 0, , 2, 3, 4 or 2x = , , ,
3 3 3 3
3 5 7 11
x = 0, , , , 2 or x = , , ,
2 2 6 6 6 6
5 7 3 11
i.e. x = 0, , , , , , , , 2
6 2 6 6 2 6
x
b cos x = sin
2
2 x x x
1 2 sin = sin where [0, ]
2 2 2
2 x x
2 sin + sin 1 = 0
2 2
x
Let a = sin
2
2a + a 1 = 0
2
(2a 1)(a + 1) = 0
2a 1 = 0 or a + 1 = 0
a= 1
2
or a = 1
a = 12 since a [0, 1]
x
sin = 12
2
x 5
= ,
2 6 6
5
x= ,
3 3
Example 18
Find the maximum and minimum values of:

a sin2 (2x) + 2 sin(2x) + 2
1
b
sin2 (2x) + 2 sin(2x) + 2
Solution
a Let a = sin(2x)
Then sin2 (2x) + 2 sin(2x) + 2 = a 2 + 2a + 2

= (a + 1)2 + 1
= (sin(2x) + 1)2 + 1
P1: GHM
Now 1 sin(2x) 1 and y

y = (sin (2x) + 1)2 + 1
therefore the maximum
5
value is 5 and the
minimum value 1.
2
x
3 0 3
2 2 2 2
1
y=
(sin (2x) + 1)2 + 1

From the Calculus menu choose Function
Maximum (b 4 7).
The restriction is chosen to give particular
solutions.
The maximum value is 5.
Function Minimum (b 4 6) can be
used to find a value of x for which the
minimum occurs.

Calculus and then fMax.
The minimum value can be found by
choosing Calculus and then fMin.
b Note that sin2 (2x) + 2 sin(2x) + 2 0 for all x. Thus its reciprocal also has this
property.
The local maximum for the original function yields a local minimum for the
reciprocal.
The local minimum for the original function yields a local maximum for the
reciprocal.
maximum value is 1 and the minimum value is 15
There are many equations involving circular functions which are not solvable by analytic
techniques. A CAS calculator can be used for the solution of such equations.
P1: GHM
Example 19
Find the solution of the equation 2 sin(3x) = x correct to three decimal places.
Solution y
The graphs of y = 2 sin(3x) and y=x
y = x are plotted with a graphics 2
calculator. The solutions are
(0.8929..., 0.8929...)
x = 0, x 0.893 and x 0.893
x
0
2
y = 2 sin (3x)
(0.8929..., 0.8929...)
Exercise 3D
1 Solve each of the following equations for x [0, 2]:

a cosec x = 2 b cosec x = 2
4
c 3 sec x = 2 3 d cosec(2x) + 1 = 2

e cot x = 3 f cot 2x = 1
3
2 Solve each of the following equations, giving solutions in the interval [0, 2]:

3
a sin x = 0.5 b cos x = c tan x = 3
2
d cot x = 1 e sec x = 2 f cosec x = 2
3 Find all the solutions of each of the following equations:

2
a sin x = b sec x = 1 c cot x = 3
2
4 Solve each of the following, in the interval [, ], giving the answers correct to two
decimal places:
a sec x = 2.5 b cosec x = 5 c cot x = 0.6
5 Solve each of the following equations for x [0, 2]:

a cos2 x cos x sin x = 0 b sin 2x = sin x
c sin 2x = cos x d sin 8x = cos 4x
e cos 2x = cos x f cos 2x = sin x
g sec2 x + tan x = 1 h tan x (1 + cot x) = 0
i cot x + 3 tan x = 5 cosec x j sin x + cos x = 1
P1: GHM
6 Find the maximum and minimum values of each of the following:

1
a 2 + sin b c sin2 + 4
2 + sin
1
d e cos2 + 2 cos f cos2 + 2 cos + 6
sin + 4
2
7 Using a CAS calculator, find the coordinates of the points of intersection for the graphs of
the following pairs of functions. (Give values correct to two decimal places.)
a y = 2x y = 3 sin(2x) b y=x y = 2 sin(2x)
c y=3x y = cos x d y=x y = tan x x [0, 2]
8 Let cos x = a, a = 1, x [0, 2]. If q is one of the solutions, find, in terms of q, the
second solution.

9 Let sin = a where 0, . Find, in terms of , two values of x in the range [0, 2]
2
which satisfy each of the following equations:
a sin x = a b cos x = a

10 Let sec = b where , . Find, in terms of , two values of x in the range
2
[, ] which satisfy each of the following equations:
a sec x = b b cosec x = b

3
11 Let tan = c where , . Find in terms of , two values of x in the range
2
[0, 2] which satisfy each of the following equations:
a tan x = c b cot x = c

12 Solve, correct to two decimal places, the equation sin2 = for [0, ].

13 Find the value of x, correct to two decimal places, such that tan1 x = 4x 5.
14 A curve on a light rail track is an arc of a circle of length 300 m and the straight line
joining the two ends of the curve is 270 m long.
a Show that, if the arc subtends an angle of 2 at the centre of the circle, is a solution

of the equation sin = .
200
b Solve, correct to two decimal places, the equation for .
1
15 Solve, correct to two decimal places, the equation tan x = for x [0, ].
x
16 The area of a segment of a circle is given by the equation A = 12 r 2 ( sin ), where is
the angle subtended at the centre of the circle.
If the radius of the circle is 6 cm and the area of the segment is 18 cm2 , find the value
of correct to two decimal places.
P1: GHM
17 Two tangents are drawn from a A

point so that the area of the shaded
region is equal to the area of the
X
remaining region of the circle. O 2
a Show that satisfies the
equation tan = .
b Solve for , giving the answer B
correct to three decimal places. AOB = 2
18 Two particles A and B move in a straight line. At time t their positions relative to a point O
are given by
xA = 0.5 sin t and xB = 0.25t2 + 0.05t
Find the times at which their positions are the same, and give this position (distances are
measured in cm and time in seconds).
19 A string is wound around a disc and a horizontal length of the string AB is 20 cm long.
The radius of the disc is 10 cm. The string is then moved so that the end of the string, B ,
is moved to a point at the same level as O, the centre of the circle. BP is a tangent to the
circle.
O O B'

10 cm
P
A 20 cm B A B

a Show that satisfies the equation + tan = 2.
2
b Find the value of , correct to two decimal places, which satisfies this equation.
P1: GHM
Review
Chapter summary
The reciprocal circular functions cosec x, sec x and cot x are defined as follows:
1
cosec x = sin x = 0
sin x
1
sec x = cos x = 0
cos x
cos x
cot x = sin x = 0
sin x
Useful symmetry properties for the reciprocal circular functions are:
sec( x) = sec x sec( + x) = sec x

cosec( x) = cosec x cosec( + x) = cosec x
cot( x) = cot x cot( + x) = cot x
sec(2 x) = sec x sec(x) = sec x
cosec(2 x) = cosec x cosec(x) = cosec x
cot(2 x) = cot x cot(x) = cot x
Useful complementary properties for the reciprocal circular functions are:

sec x = cosec x cot x = tan x
2 2

cosec x = sec x tan x = cot x
2 2
The Pythagorean identities derived from Pythagoras theorem are:
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
cot2 x + 1 = cosec2 x
tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x
The compound angle formulas express circular functions of sums and differences of two
angles (variables) in terms of circular functions of each of the angles:

sin(x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y
tan x tan y
tan(x y) =
1 + tan x tan y
tan x + tan y
tan(x + y) =
1 tan x tan y
P1: GHM
Review 134 Essential Specialist Mathematics
The double angle formulas are derived from the compound angle formulas:

= 2 cos2 x 1
= 1 2 sin2 x
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
2 tan x
tan 2x =
1 tan2 x
One-to-one inverse circular functions are defined as follows:

sin1 : [1, 1] R, sin1 x = y cos1 : [1, 1] R, cos1 x = y

where sin y = x, y , where cos y = x, y [0, ]
2 2
y y
y = sin1 x y = cos1 x
2
x
_1 0 1
x
_ _1 0 1
2
tan1 : R R, tan1 x = y

where tan y = x, y ,
2 2
y

y = tan1 x
2
0 x
_
2
P1: GHM
Review
Multiple-choice questions
1 Which of the following is the graph of the function y = cos1 (x)?
A y B y C y
1

x 2
0
2 2
1 x x
1 0 1 1 0 1
D y E y
x
2 0
2
x 1
1 0 1
2
2 If cos x = 3
and 2 < x < 3 then the exact value of sin x is:

5
A 2 + 3
5
B 2 3
5
C 3
5
D 3
E 5
9

3 Given that cos(x) = 1 and x , , the value of cot(x) is:
10
2
A 31011 B 3 11 C 3 11 D 3311 E 3311

4 The graph of the function y = 2 + sec(3x), for x 6 , 7
6
, has stationary points at:
5
A x = 3, B x = 6, 2, 6 C x = 2
D x = 0, 3 , 2
3
, E x = 0, 2 3
5 If sin x = 13 , the possible values of cos x are:

2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 2 1 1
A 3
, 3
B ,
3 3
C ,
9 9
D 3
, 3
2
E ,
2 2
6 The maximum domain of cos1 (1 5x) is given by:
2
A 0, 25 B 1 5
, 15 C [1, 1] D 0, 5 E 15 , 15
7 (1 + tan x)2 + (1 tan x)2 is equal to:
A 2 + tan x + 2 tan(2x) B 2 C 4 tan x D 2 + tan(2x) E 2 sec2 x
8 The number of solutions of cos2 (3x) = 14 , given that 0 x , is:
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 6 E 9
tan(2)
9 equals:
1 + sec(2)
A tan(2) B tan(2) + 1 C tan + 1 D sin(2) E tan

10 For < A < and 0 < B < 2 with sin A = t and cos B = t, cos(B + A) is equal to:
2

A 0 B 1 t2 C 2t 2 1 D 1 2t 2 E 2t 1 t 2
P1: GHM
Short-answer questions (technology-free)

4
1 If is an acute angle and cos = , find:
5
a cos 2 b sin 2
c tan 2 d cosec
e cot
2 Solve each of the following equations for < x 2:
a sin 2x = sin x b cos x 1 = cos 2x
c sin 2x = 2 cos x d sin2 x cos3 x = cos x
e sin2 x 12 sin x 12 = 0 f 2 cos2 x 3 cos x + 1 = 0
3 Solve each of the following equations for , 0 2, giving exact answers:
a 2 sin = cos2 + 7 sin2 b sec 2 = 2
c 2 (5 cos 3 sin ) = sin
1
d sec = 2 cos
4 Find the
exact
value of each of the following:
5 5
a sin b cosec
3 3

7 5
c sec d cosec
3 6

3
e cot f cot
4 6
5 Given that tan = p, where is an acute angle, find each of the following in terms of p:
a tan() b tan( )

3
c tan d tan +
2 2
e tan(2 )
6 Find:

3 1 1
a sin1 b cos cos
2 2

2 4
c cos1 cos d cos1 cos
3 3

1 1
e cos sin f cos[tan1 (1)]
2
7 Sketch the graph of each of the following, stating the maximal domain and range each
time:
a y = 2 tan1 x b y = sin1 (3 x)
c y = 3 cos1 (2x + 1) d y = cos1 (2 x)
1
e y = 2 tan (1 x)
P1: GHM
Review
Extended-response questions
1 A horizontal rod 1 m long is hinged at A at one end and B2

rests on a support B at the other end. The rod can be
rotated about A with the other end taking the two
positions B1 and B2 which are x m and 2x m above AB, B1
2x m
x < 0.5. Let BAB1 = and BAB2 = .
a Find, in terms of x, each of the following:
xm
i sin ii cos
iii tan iv sin
A B
v cos vi tan
b Using the results of a, find:
i sin( ) ii cos( ) iii tan( )
iv tan(2) v sin(2) vi cos(2)
c If x = 0.3, find the magnitude of B2 AB1 and 2, correct to two decimal places.
2 a On the one set of axes sketch the graphs of:
i y = cosec(x) x (0, ) (, 2)
ii y = cot(x) x (0, ) (, 2)
iii y = cosec(x) cot(x) x (0, ) (, 2)
b i Show that cosec x cot x > 0 for all x (0, ) and hence that cosec x > cot x for all
x (0, ).
ii Show that cosec x cot x < 0 for all x (, 2) and hence that cosec x < cot x for
all x (, 2). x
c On separate axes sketch the graph of y = cot for x (0, 2) and
2
y = cosec(x) + cot(x) for x (0, 2).

d i Prove that cosec + cot = cot where sin = 0.
2

ii Use this result to find cot and cot .
8 12

iii Use the result 1 + cot2 = cosec2 to find the exact value of sin .
8 8 8
e Use the result of d to show that cosec() + cosec(2) + cosec(4) can be expressed as
the difference of two cotangents.
3 a ABCD is a rectangle with diagonal AC of B C

length 10 units.
i Find the area of the rectangle in terms of . 10
ii Sketch the graph of R against where R is
the area ofthe rectangle in square

units, 0, .
2
A D
P1: GHM
iii Find the maximum value of R (do not use calculus).

iv Find the value of for which this maximum occurs.
b ABCDEFGH is a cuboid. F G

GAC = , CAD = ,
2
AC = 10 E H
B C

i Show that the volume, V, of the cuboid 2

is given by V = 1000 cos sin tan . A
2 D
ii Find the values of a and b such that

V = a sin2 + b sin4 .
2 2
2
iii Let p = sin , and express V as a quadratic in p.
2

iv Find the possible values of p for 0 < < .
2
v Sketch the graphs of V against and V against p with the help of a CAS calculator.
vi Find the maximum volume of the cuboid and the values of p and for which this
occurs. (Determine the maximum through the quadratic found in b iii.)
c If for the cuboid CAD = and GAC = :
i find V in terms of
ii sketch the graph of V against
iii discuss the relationship between V and using the graph of c ii.
4 ABCDE is a pentagon inscribed in a circle. C

AB = BC = CD = DE = 1 and BOA = 2. D
B
O is the centre of the circle.
Let AE = p
sin 4 2 O E
a Show p = . A
sin
b Express p as a function of cos . Let x = cos .
c i If p = 3 show that 8x 4x 3 = 0.
3
3
ii Show that is a solution to the equation and that it is the only real solution.
2
iii Find the value of for which p = 3.
iv Find the radius of the circle.

d Using a CAS calculator sketch the graph of p against for 0, .
4
e If A = E, find the value of .
f i If AE = 1, show that 8x3 4x 1
= 0.
1
ii Hence show ( 5 + 1) = cos .
4 5
P1: GHM
Review
5 a i Prove that tan x + cot x = 2 cosec(2x) for sin 2x = 0.
ii Solve the equation tan x = cot x for x.
iii On the one set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = tan x, y = cot x and
y = 2 cosec(2x) for x (0, 2).
b i Prove that cot(2x) + tan x = cosec(2x) for sin(2x) = 0.
ii Solve the equation cot(2x) = tan x.
iii On the one set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = cot(2x), y = tan x and
y = cosec(2x) for x [0, 2].
cos[(m n)x]
c i Prove that cot(mx) + tan(nx) = m, n Z .
sin(mx) cos(nx)
ii Hence show that cot(6x) + tan(3x) = cosec(6x).
6 Triangle ABE is isosceles with AB = BE and triangle ACE is B
isosceles with AC = AE.
AE = 1 36
a i Find the magnitude of BAE, AEC and ACE.
ii Hence find the magnitude of BAC. C
b Show that BD = 1 + sin 18 .
1 + sin 18
c Use triangle ABD to prove that cos 36 = . D
1 + 2 sin 18
d Hence show that 4 sin2 18 + 2 sin 18 1 = 0.
e Find sin 18 in exact form. A E
7 VABCD is a right pyramid with diagonal length V

AC = 10. ABCD is a rectangle.
a i If CAD = and VAX = show that
the volume, V, of the pyramid is given by
500 2
V = sin B C
3
X
ii Sketch the graph of V against

for (0, 90). A D
iii Comment on the graph.

b If the magnitude of angle CAD is and the magnitude of angle VAX is :
2
i show that the volume, V, of the pyramid is given by

1000 2 2
V = sin 1 2 sin
3 2 2
ii state the maximal
domain of the function V().

iii Let a = sin2 and write V as a quadratic function with variable a.
2
iv Hence find the maximum value of V and the value of for which this occurs.
v Sketch the graph of V against for the domain established in ii.
P1: GHM
8 VABCD is a right pyramid with diagonal length AC = 10. ABCD is a rectangle.

CAD = AY = BY V
a If VYX = find:
i an expression for the volume of
the pyramid in terms of
ii the maximum volume and B
C
the value of for which this occurs. Y X

b If VYX = :
2
500 A
i show that V = cos2 (1 cos ) D
3
ii state the implied domain for the function.
500 2
c Let a = cos . Then V = a (1 a). Use a CAS calculator to find the maximum
3
value of V and the values of a and for which this maximum occurs.
9 A camera is in a position x m from a point A. A am
body a metres in length is projected vertically
upwards from A. When the body has moved b
metres vertically up:
a+b b bm
a show = tan1 tan1
x x
b use the result of a to show
ax A
tan = 2 xm
x + ba + b2

c If = find: i x in terms of a and b ii x if a = 2(1 + 2) and b = 1
4
d If a = 2(1 + 2), b = 1 and x = 1, find an approximate value of .
e Using a CAS calculator, plot the graphs of against b and tan against b for constant
values of a and x as indicated below:
i a = 1, x = 5 ii a = 1, x = 10 iii a = 1, x = 20
f Comment on these graphs.
10 Points A, B and C lie on a circle with centre O and radius 1 as shown.
a Give reasons why triangle ACD is similar to triangle ABC. y
b Give the coordinates of C in terms of circular functions
applied to 2.
c i Find CA in terms of from triangle ABC. C
ii Find CB in terms of from triangle ABC. x2 + y2 = 1
d Use the results of b and c to show
sin(2) = 2 sin cos . 2
x
e Use the results of b and c to show A O D B
cos(2) = 2 cos 1.
2

Circular Functions: Objectives

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9780521609999c03.xml CUAU063-EVANS July 23, 2009 21:27

3.1 The reciprocal circular functions

106 Essential Specialist Mathematics

The secant function, y = sec

The range of sec is R \ (1, 1).

The cotangent function, y = cot

Chapter 3 Circular functions 107

The graph of cot is a translation of y

a The graph of y = cosec(2x) is y = cosec 2x

108 Essential Specialist Mathematics

In triangle ABC, ABC = 90 and CAB = x .

sec( x) = sec x sec( + x) = sec x

The complementary properties are also useful.

Find the exact value of each of the following:

Chapter 3 Circular functions 109

Two new identities

1 + cot2 x = cosec2 x provided sin x = 0

110 Essential Specialist Mathematics

Using a TI-Nspire calculator

Using a Casio ClassPad calculator

Chapter 3 Circular functions 111

Using a TI-Nspire calculator

Using a Casio ClassPad calculator

112 Essential Specialist Mathematics

11 sin x = 0.5, 90 < x < 180. Find:

Chapter 3 Circular functions 113

15 Simplify each of the following expressions:

3.2 Compound and double angle formulas

cos(x y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y

We apply a.b = |a| |b| cos

114 Essential Specialist Mathematics

and cos(x y) = cos( + 2k) where k is an integer

cos(x y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y

The derivation of other identities

Chapter 3 Circular functions 115

116 Essential Specialist Mathematics

Using a TI-Nspire calculator

Using a Casio ClassPad calculator

Chapter 3 Circular functions 117

Double angle formulas

sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x

e.g. cos2 x sin2 x = (1 sin2 x) sin2 x

118 Essential Specialist Mathematics

2 Simplify each of the following:

3 a Expand sin(x + 2x). b Hence, express sin 3x in terms of sin x.

4 a Expand cos(x + 2x). b Hence, express cos 3x in terms of cos x.

Chapter 3 Circular functions 119

8 Simplify each of the following:

3.3 Inverses of circular functions

The inverse sine function, y = sin-- 1 x

120 Essential Specialist Mathematics

sin1 is also denoted by arsin, arcsin or asin.

The inverse cosine function, y = cos--1 x

cos1 : [1, 1] R, cos1 x = y where cos y = x, y [0, ]

Chapter 3 Circular functions 121

The inverse tangent function, y = tan--1 x

122 Essential Specialist Mathematics

The graph is obtained from the graph of

Chapter 3 Circular functions 123

Find the implied domain and range of:

124 Essential Specialist Mathematics

Hence, the domain of cos(sin1 x) is [1, 0].

The inverse sine function, y = sin-- 1 x

2 Evaluate each of the following: