Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
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R einsurance
I nvestment
S hort Termism of Senior Management
K ompetition
D ata
R ates (mortality, claims)
O ptions
W ithdrawals
N ew Business (Vol,Mix)
C ontrols (failure)
A ggregation (Group - non-independent risk)
T ax
S election
Profitability
Risk characteristics
Extent of cross subsidies
Marketability
Characteristics of a professional
Awareness
Competence
Integrity
Diplomacy
Good communication
Relevance
Objectivity
Confidences ability to maintain
Environment sensitivity to changes in
Reliability
Sensitivity
Insurability
Independent risks
Data sufficient
Ultimate limit on claims
Moral hazard minimised
Pooling of risk
Small probability of occurrence
Lifestyle
Internationalism
Social trends
Technological advances
Credit rating
Uncertain/adverse events eg fines, catastrophes
Smooth dividends or bonuses
Helps show financial strength and attract new business
Investment freedom
Opportunities eg Merger/growth
New business strain and cashflow mismatching
Uses of data
Statutory returns
Investment monitoring
Risk management
Management information
Accounts
Pricing
Experience investigations
Marketing
Administration
Provisioning
Sources of data
Detail insufficient
Recording differences
Differences in target market, underwriting, product terms, geographical area, sales channel
Out of date
Not everyone contributes
Errors
Quality depends on that of contributors
Payment commencement
Request
Intervals
Combination
Entry
Why is disclosure important?
Also there is claims underwriting at the claim stage to assess eligibility of claim
Custodian needed
Additional Admin required
Time delays
Expenses incurred
Repatriation of funds
Political problems and poor regulation
Information poorer
Language difficulties
Liquidity poorer
Accounting differences
Restrictions on ownership of assets
The more fundamental problems are mismatching domestic liabilities, tax, volatility of
exchange rate (MTV)
Protect MV
Opportunities
Uncertain cashflow
Recent inflow awaiting investment
Short-term liability match
This is in the notes but doing a full blown SYSTEM T will get you more ideas
Tax
Nature
Term
Currency
Certainty
Tax status
Regulation/solvency requirements
Assets already held (diversification)
Income vs capital gains (consider cashflow situation)
Tastes = preferences = liabilities, education, expertise, tax, fashion
Other investors (competitors) and Other investments (alternatives) and Objective
Risk appetite
Book value
Expected utility
Discounted cashflow
Fair value
Ritten up/down book value
Arbitrage
Market value and smoothed market value
Economic value
Stochastic modelling
Prime property
Comparables
Age/condition/use/flexibility
Location
Lease structure
Size
Tenant quality