..

VERSUS 1
1.

1993 . ..
. [Gabbay, 1993].
.
.
, , ,
2.
,
., . ,
,
.
, , ,
, ,

.
-
( CL, QCL)
, (
),

. - , ,
.

2. CL

() CL
. 1879 . (. , 2000).
CL
Principia Mathematica . . [Whitehead and Russell, 1910-
1913]. CL . [Post, 1921],
CL.
L () L
Fm,
modus ponens (MP) (Subst). L
, L () .

1
04-03-00266
05-06-80083.
2
,
? [Gabbay (ed.), 1994].
 CL,
(I), (II).
I (a). CL ,
:
- , , .
(b). CL ,
, .. , (
), .
, CL .
,
(. [Monk (ed.),
1989]).
(c). CL
[Post, 1941].
II (a). CL-
, [Prior, 1955a, c. 250].
(b). CL - [, 2000, .
405].
,
CL.

3. QCL

1928 . .
( ,
. 1928 .)
()
.
. : QCL
.
, ,
,
,

. ,
. , , ,
.
QCL
- .
:
( ).
, .
,
.
QCL.
.

2
 - . -
, .
- .
, .
- ,
. [Lindstrm, 1969] ,
QCL :
. -
, , , $
-3.

XX .
, QCL ,
.
.


. ,
, , -
.. . ,
. ,
- ,

. ,
,
QCL (. [Muskens, 1995], [Lnning, 1996]).
, QCL
.
CL
QCL. . (. [Zucker, 1978]),
.. ,
QCL. , ,

. ,
QCL - 4.
( ) QCl,
. 60-
(. [, 2003, . 69]).
, ?
, , . .

3
,
, 1973 . .
.. , .
[Chang and Keisler, 1990] ,
.
4
, 60- ..
. , .

3
[Feferman, 1999] , QCL
.
[Keenan and Westersthl, 1997],

.
QCL,
.. [2000, c. 198] :
,
,
, ;
, ,
.
,


(. [,
1995]).

4.

, QCL,
.
.
,
, , ,

( );
- ,
, . .;
, ; [Van Benthem and
Doets, 1983],
.
, ,
.
,

. ,
, ( )
- , -
,
(. [Manzano, 1996]). ,
.
,
, ..
,
- ,
-, ,
. . [Boolos, 1975],

4
 , :
? , 1994
The New Encyclopedia Britannica ,
- ?
(Vol. 23, p. 250).
QCL,
,
, , , .

- [Barwise and Feferman (eds.), 1985],
. :
, .
[Shapiro, 1991] [Sher, 1991].

.
.
. , ,
,
.

. ,
, Handbook

[Shapiro, 2001].
( S11 P 11 ),
..
. ,

. ,
.
,
. [Hintikka, 1994],
? [Hintikka and Sandu 1996],
, IF- (Inde-
pendence Friendly - ).
,
. ,
x y, , R(x,y),
y , x-,
, x y .
IF- ,
, IF-
.
- (
IF-, . [Eklund and
Kolak, 2002]).
, . . [Van
Benthem and Doets, 1983, p. 326],

5
 .
. ? [Tharp, 1975].
QCL, . (.
), (
[Manzano, 1996])
,
-
. ,
- .
. , . , ,
, , ,
. [Feferman,
1974].
.
QCL.

5.

CL
. ,
. .
Principia Mathematica,
CL .
. (. [Zach, 1999])
. 1921 . (,
, , ).
, ... 1908 . (. [Brouwer,
1975] A A
(
A A) (A A),
. 1910 . (. [ukasiewicz, 1971])
.. (. [,1989]). ,
,
, .
,

. -
. 1930 .
. H (.
[Mancosu (ed.), 1998]).
,
. 1848 . (. [Jakowski, 1969]) . 1963 . (.
[da Costa, 1974]) ,
, .
..
tertium non datur [, 1925]
,

6
, ,
A (A B). , modus ponens
,
B. ,

. ,
(-) 1925 .,
1948 .
(. [Priest, Routley and Norman
(eds.), 1989] [Batens et al. (eds.), 2000]).
1912 . .. [Lewis, 1912]
() ,
Principia Mathematica.
.

A (B A)5 A (A B),
:

.
.
,
 () ().
[Lewis, 1918] ,
S3.
.
20- ( ) (),
, ,
. ,
, : ,
, .
,
,
, . [] ,
.
,

(. [, 1993, c. 204]).

,
. - 1920 . 3
(. [ukasiewicz, 1970a],
, ..
, ,

: ,

5
.

7
 .
, ,
, .
1960 . ,
(A (A B)) (A B) (.
[ , 1962]). .. 1971 . (.
[, 1972, . 5]).
(. [Ono and Komori, 1985]). , 3
.
, CL
, , ,
. ,
A A, , . ,
.
[da Costa and Krause, 1994].
(A
B) ((B C) (A C)) [Tennant, 1994].
- ( ) ,
, [Dalla
Chiara, 1986].
, -

, .
: -
.
,
. 1929 .
w (. [ukasiewicz
and Tarski, 1970],
, [Cignoli, D'Ottavian
and, Mundici, 2000]. 1955 .
.. [Prior, 1955b]
6. 1959 .
(. 7) - LC
[Dummett, 1959],
H (A B) (B A). [Pearce, 1999]
.
, LC,
[Takeuti and Titani,
1984] ( ).
.
Grz [Grzegorczyk, 1967],
S4,
H
---. 50-

6
,
- . [, 1990].

8
 A (B B), (A A) B
(. . , )

R -
E (1956) (. [Andersen and Belnap, 1975]); R
A (A A) RM
, .
1976 . - GL [Solovay, 1976],
,
. 1981 . . [Visser,
1981] BPL,

. , BPL
modus ponens.

,
(. [Restall, 1994] [Celani and Jansana, 2001]). 1987 .
[Girard, 1987],
BCI-, ..
.

.
[Troelstra, 1992].
-
.

6.

5.1. . ,
CL

, () .
.
H CL, ..
[, 1957, . 77]
(. 94). , ,
J [Johanson, 1936],
. Cw
CL
(A B) ((A B) A) .
, -
CL ,
w.
. [, 1997b],
- ,
,

9
 CL. . [Karpenko, 2000]), ,
E.
, CL
, ,
. ,
.
(.
[Doen and Schroeder-Heister (eds.), 1993] [Restall, 2000]).
CL
.
CL .
7,
.
: , -
, , ,
. 80-
4- [Gabbay and Guenthner, 1983-1989]. ,
2- CL, ,
, , , , 3- -
() CL, , , ,
, . 8

[Gabbay and Guenthner, 2001-?]
.
5.2. .
, ,
,
1936 . (. [Tarski, 1983]).
, .
[Gmez-Torrente, 1996],
- ,
.

: A S?
: A S,
, S
, , A .
.
.
: [Jeffery, 1991],
,
, ,
.
,
, ,

7
. ,
. . [Chagrov and Zakharyaschev, 1997].

10
 ? (. [Bradley
and Swartz, 1978]). ,
. . [Barwise and Perry, 1983].
,
, .
,
, , ,
, , ..
,
.
,
(. [Beall and Restall, 2000])8,
.
, ()

,
.
Fm Fm
, D Fm A, B Fm:
(1) A A (),
(2) A D D A, (),
(3) A; , A B, B ( ).
, ,
? (., , [Bziau, 1994]), ..
(. ). ,
, , , -
, ..,
. [Brewka, Dix
and Konolige, 1995] [Bochman, 2001]9.
. ,
, ,
.
, [Batens, 1994].


. .
. (explosive),
, , -
(: {, } ). ,
,
.
,
.
8
.
(http://pluralism.pitas.com/).
9
1994 . -
(http://www.medg.lcs.mit.edu/nm/).

11
 , A (A B),
J.
,
[Urbas, 1990].
5.3. .
,
CL, - -
,
Fm.
.
. [Rasiowa, 1974], . . [Blok and
Pigozzi, 1989],
-. ,
(, S3, E)
. BPL 10.
.

. (. [Font, Jansana and Pigozzi, 2003, p. 49]),
10 , .
, , CL
H, w,
.

7. .

( ).

.
20- (n- 1921 . n-
1922 .)11 S1 -
S6 [Lewis and Langford, 1932] .
(. [Gdel, 1986a]) ,
H CL,
(..-
). .
. 1955 . (. [Umezawa, 1959])
. , . [Scroggs, 1951]
S5, . .
[Dummet and Lemmon, 1959] S4 S5.
, , ,
.

10
. [Blok and Pigozzi, 1986].
11
1971 . International Simposium on Multiple-Valued
Logic. XX .
. . [, 1997a], [Gottwald, 2000].

12

. , , .
[Hosoi, 1967] (slice) ..-.

..- -
, , .
.. [,
1968] ..-
..- (
) : ,
. ., -
. ,
.. [, 1971]
H .
.
..- ..
. [Chagrov and Zakharyaschev, 1993]. ,
..-, ,
..- ..-
[Skvortsov, 2000]. ..-
, 12 [,
1997].
. [Fine,
1974]
S4.
. ,
L L = K, L = K4, L =
S4, L = Grz, L = GL . GL
.. ,
GL
[, 1989].

, .
, , . [Dziobiak, 1983]
R RM ,
.. ( ), E R
, ..
,
- .
. , .
.. .. [Chagrov and
Zakharyaschev, 1991], H
13 (

12
:
, ,
.
13
A B , A B , ,
, .

13
 . [Wroski, 1973])
, ,
,
. ,



. ,
H, ..-
.

8.

5,

, ..
L.
. (1933),
S4 S5
L
(. [Gdel, 1986c]).
.
[Lemmon, 1957].
-.
. (1929) L
H (. [, 1998]). ,
C2. ,
1933 . (. [Gdel 1986b]), ,
, ,
. ,

, ,
14, ,
. H L
.
, R
L [Meyer 1974] (
).

- (. [ , 1982,
1984]). n- Ln
d1 = <{JiiVn}, , , , >,

14

? [Wang, 1994, p. 273].

14
 Vn {0, 1/n-1, ..., n-2/n-1, 1}
1, x = 1
j i ( x) =
0, x 1.

Vn, :
(1) < Vn; , > , ..
,
(2) , , , {0, 1}
Vn , ,
.
(3) Ji-.
,
, ,

d1 = <{JiiVn}, , , , >,
(1), (2), (3).
,
L ( )
Ji-. n-
: ,
, .
() -
.
,
.
.
( ) [Epstein, 1990, ch.
IX.E.2] B3 [Finn and Grigolia,
1993]. 29 ,
B3 [, 1974] 6
L.
, (deviant) 15
,
(., , [Haack, 1974, 1996]),
, . ,
,
. 29
[Suber, 2000].
, ( L )

- .

15
. [Quine, 1970]
, ,
.

15
 , homo-
(
[ ,
1959],
[, 1968]), , ,
-. ,
L
, L
,
- ,
. .

9.

-
, , ,
,
, .
, H,
.
, H :
.
, (..)
- ,
, .
, .. [Thomason, 1975] ,

,
. , ,
.
. ,
()
, .
,
, , .
,
R =
,
.
. 1976 .
. , ..-
. ,
,
. . (1982),
, ,

16
 ((p p) (p p)) (p p)
(. [Van
Benthem, 1984]).

p
p q, :
p = 1-v(p),
p q = min(1, 1-v(p)+v(q)),
v L
{0,1}.

Vn = {0, 1/n-1, ..., n-2/n-1, 1}
n
. , n
[ , 1972].

, ,
, n-1 ,
(. [, 2000]).

() ,

.
, ,
,
. ,

16.
, 17
. , , ,

, .
QCL.
, 18-
[Gabbay and Guenthner, 2001-
?] ,
,
() l-
.
(),
.

16
. . [Hajek, 2002].
.
17
[Turner, 1984] [Dix, Del Cerro and Furbach, 1998]
. .
[, 2001].

17
. 1982 . The Journal of Non-
Classical Logics, 1991 . The Journal of Applied Non-Classical
Logics. 1985 .
: W-Bibliography of Mathematical Logic. Volume II. Non-Classical
Logics. Heiderberg: Springer, 1987.

[ , 1982] .. .. .
// . . 19. . 90-117.
1982.
[ , 1984] .. .. .
//
. . 23. . 78-106. 1984.
[ , 1972] . . . . . ,
. 1 //
,
. . 238-295. .: , 1972.
[, 1989] .. . . . .:
, 1989.
[, 1998] . . // -
.
C. 19-23. .: , 1998.
[, 1974] .. .
// . . II. . 214-218. .:
, 1974.
[, 1990] .. . .
. .: , 1990.
[, 1995] .. . , //
, 5: 72-81. 1995.
[, 1997a] .. . .
. . 4. .: , 1997.
[, 1997b] .. . //
. . 4. C. 107-133. .: , 1997.
[, 2000] .. . . .: ,
2000.
[, 2000a] .. . //
. . 7. . 7-60. .: , 2000.
[, 2003] .. . //
, 9: 54-75. 2003.
[, 1957] . . . . .:
, 1957.
[, 1925] .. . tertium non datur //
, 32, 4: 668-677, 1925. (:
.. . . . ., 1985).
[, 1971] . . .
// XI . C. 225-256.
, 1971.
[, 1993] . . // . . 2.
. 190-205. .: , 1993. (: , 1995, 5: 60-
71; - . .: , 1999. .
179-198).

18
[, 1989] . . .
//
, 30: 122-131. 1989.
[, 1997] . . .
// , 26, 6: 318-357. 1997.
[, 2000] .. . . :
, 2000.
[, 1972] . . . . .:
, 1972. ( : . . .
. . 16-233. .: , 1999).
[, 2001] .. . . .: , 2001.
[, 2000] . . . .: , 2000.
[ , 1962] . //
. . 5. . 114-165. ., 1962.
[, 1968] . . .
//
, 181, 1: 33-34. 1968.
[ , 1959] .. .. . k-
, //
, 127: 44-46.
[Anderson and Belnap, 1975] A.R. Anderson and N.D., Jr. Belnap. Entailment: The logic of
relevance and necessity. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press. 1975.
[Barwise and Feferman (eds.), 1985] J. Barwise and S. Feferman (eds.) Model-Theoretic
Logics. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985.
[Barwise and Perry, 1983] J. Barwise and J. Perry. Situations and Attitudes. Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press, 1983.
[Batens, 1994] D. Batens. Inconsistency-adaptive logics and the foundation of non-
monotonic logic // Logique et Analyse, 145: 57-94. 1994.
[Batens et al. (eds.), 2000] D. Batens, C. Mortensen, G. Priest and J.-P. Van Bendegen.
Frontiers of Paraconsistent Logic. Baldock: Research Studies Press, 2000.
[Beall and Restall, 2000] J. Beall and G. Restall. Logical pluralism // Australian Journal of
Philosophy, 78: 475-493. 2000.
[Bziau, 1994] J.-Y. Bziau. Universal logic // T. Childers and O. Majer (eds.). Logica' 94.
Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium, pp. 73-93. Prague, 1994.
[Blok and Pigozzi, 1986] W.J. Blok and D. Pigozzi. Protoalgebraic logics // Studia Logica,
45: 337-369. 1986.
[Blok and Pigozzi, 1989] W.J. Blok and D. Pigozzi. Algebraizable logics (monograph).
Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society. No. 396. Providence, 1989.
[Bochman, 2001] A. Bochman. Logical Theory of Nonmonotonic Inference and Belief
Change. Berlin: Springer, 2001.
[Boolos, 1975] G. Boolos. On second-order logic // The Journal of Philosophy, 72: 509-
526. 1975.
[Bradley and Swartz, 1978] R. Bradley and N. Swartz. Possible Worlds: An Introduction to
Logic and its Philosophy. Oxford: Blackwell, 1978.
[Brewka, Dix and Konolige, 1995] G. Brewka, J. Dix and K. Konolige. Nonmonotonic
Reasoning: An Overview. Stanford: CSLI Publications, 1995.
[Brouwer, 1975] L.E.J. Brouwer. The unreliability of the logical principles // L. E. J.
Brouwer. The collected works. Vol. 1, pp. 107-111. Dordrecht: North-Holland, 1975.
[Celani and Jansana, 2001] S. Celani and R. Jansana. A closer look at some
subintuitionistic logics // Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 42, No. 4: 225-255.
2001.
[Chang and Keisler, 1990] C.C. Chang and H.J. Keisler. Model Theory. Amsterdam:
Elsevier Science Publ., 1990.

19
[Chagrov and Zakharyascnev, 1991] A. Chagrov and M. Zakharyascnev. The disjunction
property of intermediate propositional logics // Studia Logica, 50: 63-75. 1991.
[Chagrov and Zakharyascnev, 1993] A. Chagrov and M. Zakharyascnev. The
undecidability of the dizjunction property of propositional logics and other related
problems // The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 58, 3: 967-1001. 1993.
[Chagrov and Zakharyaschev, 1997] A. Chagrov and M. Zakharyascnev. Modal Logic.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.
[Cignoli, D'Ottaviano and Mundici, 2000] R. Cignoli, J. D'Ottaviano, D. Mundici.
Algebraic Foundation of Many-Valued Reasoning. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2000.
[da Costa, 1974] N. C. A. da Costa. On the theory of inconsistent formal systems // Notre
Dame Journal of Formal logic, 15: 497-510, 1974.
[da Costa and Krause, 1994] N. C. A. da Costa and D. Krause. Schrdinger logics // Studia
Logica, 53: 533-550. 1994.
[Dalla Chiara, 1986] M.-L. Dalla Chiara. Quantum logic // [Gabbay and Guenthner (eds.),
1983 - 1989]. Vol. III. 1985.
[Dix, Del Cerro and Furbach (eds.), 1998] J. Dix, F. L. Del Cerro and U. Furbach (eds.).
Logics in Artificial Intelligence, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 1489.
Berlin: Springer, 1998.
[Doen and Schroeder-Heister (eds.), 1993] K. Doen and P. Schroeder-Heister (eds.).
Substructural logics. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.
[Dummett, 1959] M. Dummett. A propositional calculus with denumerable matrix // The
Journal of Symboloc Logic, 24: 97-106. 1959.
[Dummett and Lemmon, 1959]. M.A.E. Dummett and E.J. Lemmon. Modal logics between
S4 and S5 // Zeitschrift fr Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik, 5:
250-264. 1959.

[Dziobiak, 1983] W. Dziobiak. There are 2 0 logics with the relevance principle between
R and RM // Studia Logica, XLII, No. 1. 1983.
[Eklund and Kolak, 2002] M. Eklund and D. Kolak. Is Hintikkas logic first-order? //
Synthese, 131, No. 3: 371-388, 2002.
[Epstein, 1990] R.L Epstein. The Semantic Foundations of Logic. Vol. 1: Propositional
Logic.Dordrecht: Kluwer (2nd ed., 1995).
[Feferman, 1974] S. Feferman. Application of manysorted interpolation theorems //
Proccedings of the Tarski Symposium, pp. 205-224. Providence, 1974.
[Feferman, 1999] S. Feferman. Logic, logics, and logicism // Notre Dame Journal of
Formal Logic, 40, N 1: 31-54, 1999.
[Finn and Grigolia, 1993] V.K. Finn and R. Grigolia. Nonsense logics and their algebraic
properties // Theoria, LIX, Part 1-3: 207-273. 1993.
[Fine, 1974] K. Fine. An ascending chain of S4 logics // Theoria, 40: 110-116. 1974.
[Font, Jansana and Pigozzi, 2003] J.M. Font, R. Jansana and D. Pigozzi A survey of
abstract logic // Studia Logica, 74, No. 1/2: 13-97. 2003.
[Gabbay, 1993] D. Gabbay. Classical vs Non-Classical Logics. The Universality of
Classical Logic. Saarbrcken: MPI Informatik, 1993.
[Gabbay (ed.) 1994] D. M. Gabbay. What is a logical system? Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1994 (and New York, 1995).
[Gabbay and Guenthner (eds.), 1983 - 1989] D. Gabbay and F. Guenthner (eds.).
Handbook of PhilosophicalLlogic. Vols. I IV. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1983 1989.
[Gabbay and Guenthner (eds.), 2001 - ?] D. Gabbay and F. Guenthner. (eds.). Handbook of
Philosophical logic. Vols. 1 18. 2nd Edition. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2001 - ?
[Girard, 1987] J. Y. Girard. Linear logic // Theoretical Computer Science, 50: 1-102. 1987.
[Gottwald, 2000] S. Gottwald. Treatise on Many-Valued Logics. Baldock: Research Studies
Press, 2000.

20
[Gdel, 1986a] K.Gdel. On the intuitionistic propositional calculus // K. Gdel. Collected
works. Vol. I, pp. 222-225. N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1986.
[Gdel, 1986b] K.Gdel. On intuitionistic arithmetic and number theory // K. Gdel.
Collected works. Vol. I, pp. 287-295. N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1986.
[Gdel, 1986] K.Gdel. An interpretation of the intuitionistic propositional calculus // K.
Gdel. Collected works. Vol. I, pp. 301-303. N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1986.
[Gmez-Torrente, 1996] M. Gmez-Torrente. Tarski on logical consequence // Notre Dame
Journal of Formal Logic, 37, N 1: 125-151. 1996.
[Grzegorczyk, 1967] A. Grzegorczyk. Some relational systems and the associated
topological spaces // Fundamenta Mathematicae, 60: 223-231. 1967.
[Haack, 1974] S. Haack. Deviant Logic: Some Philosophical Issues. L.: Cambridge
University Press, 1974.
[Haack, 1996] S. Haack. Deviant Logic, Fuzzy Logic: Beyond the Formalism. University of
Chicago Press, 1996.
[Hajek, 2002]. P. Hajek. Fuzzy logic // Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-fuzzy/).
[Hintikka, 1994] J. Hintikka. What is true elementary logic? // K. Gavroglu., J. Stachel and
M. Wartofsky. (eds.). Physics, Philosophy and the Scientific Community, pp. 301-326.
Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994.
[Hintikka and Sandu, 1996] J. Hintikka and G. Sandu A revolution in logic? // Nordic
Journal of Philosophical Logic, 1, N 2: 169-183. 1996.
[Hosoi, 1967] T. Hosoi. On intermediate logics I. Journal of the Faculty of Science,
University of Tokyo, 14: 293-312, 1967.
[Jakowski, 1969] S. Jakowski. Propositional calculus for contadictory deductive systems
// Studia Logica, 24: 143-157. 1969.
[Jeffery, 1991] R. Jeffery. Formal Logic: its Scope and its Limits. McGraw Hill. 3d edition,
1991.
[Johansson, 1936] I. Johansson. Der Minimalkalkalkl, ein reduzierter intuitionistischer
Formalismus, Compositio Mathematicae, 4: 119-136. 1936.
[Karpenko, 2000] A.S. Karpenko. The classification of propositional calculi // Studia
Logica, 66, No. 2: 253-271. 2000.
[Keenan and Westersthl, 1997] E. L. Keenan and D. Westersthl. Generralized quantifiers
in linguistics and logic // J. van Benthem and A. ter Meulen (eds.) Handbook of Logic
and Language. P. 837-893. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1997.
[Lemmon, 1957] E.J. Lemmon. New foundations for Lewis modal systems // The Journal
of Symbolic Logic, 22: 176-186. 1957.
[Lewis, 1912] C.I. Lewis. Implication and the algebra of logic // Mind, 21: 522-531. 1912.
[Lewis, 1918] C. I. Lewis. A Survey of symbolic logic. Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1918. [Lewis C. I. & Langford C. H. 1932] Symbolic logic. N. Y.:
The Century Company (2nd ed. with corrections, Dover, 1959).
[Lewis and Langford, 1932] C.I. Lewis & C.H. Langford. Symbolic logic. N. Y.: The
Century Company, 1932 (2nd ed. with corrections, Dover, 1959).
[Lindstrm, 1969] P. Lindstrm. On extensions of elementary logic // Theoria, 35: 1-11,
1969.
[Lnning, 1997] U. Lnning. Plurals and collectivity // J. van Benthem and A. ter Meulen
(eds.). Handbook of Logic and Language. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers,
1997.
[ukasiewicz, 1970] J. ukasiewicz. Selected works. Warszawa: PWN.
[ukasiewicz, 1970a] J. ukasiewicz. On three-valued logic // [ukasiewicz, 1970, pp. 87-
88].
[ukasiewicz and Tarski, 1970] J. ukasiewicz and A. Tarski. Investigations into the
sentential calculus // [ukasiewicz, 1970, 131-152].

21
[ukasiewicz, 1971] J. ukasiewicz. On the principle of contradiction in Aristotle // Review
of Metaphysics, 24: 15-38. 1971.
[Mancosu (ed.), 1998] P. Mancosu. From Brouwer to Hilbert. The debate on the
foundations of mathematics in the 1920s. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
[Manzano, 1996] M. Manzano. Extensions of first order logic. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1996.
[Meyer, 1974] R. K. Meyer. New axiomatics for relevant logics - I // Journal of Phi-
losophical Logic, 3: 53-58. 1974.
[Monk (ed.), 1989] J.D. Monk. Handbook of Boolean Algebras. Vols. I-III. Amsterdam:
North-Holland., 1989.
[Muskens, 1995] R. Muskens. Meaning and Partiality. Studies in Logic, Language and
Information. Stanford: CSLI Publications, 1995.
[Ono and Komori, 1985] H. Ono and Y. Komori. Logics without the contraction rule // The
Journal of Symbolic Logic, 50: 169-201. 1985.
[Pearce, 1999] D. Pearce. Stable inference as intuitionistic validity // Journal of Logic
Programming, 38: 79-91, 1999.
[Post, 1921] E. L. Post. Introduction to a general theory of elementary propositions //
American Journal of Mathematics, 43, No. 3: 163-185. ( : Van J.
Heijenoort (ed.). From Frege to Gdel: A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879-
1931, pp. 264-283. Cambr. (Mass.): Harvard Univ. Press, 1967.
[Post, 1941] E.L. Post. Two-valued iterative systems // Annals of Mathematical Studies.
Vol. 5. 1941.
[Priest, Routley and Norman (eds.), 1989] G. Priest, R. Routley and J. Norman.
Paraconsistent Logic: Essays on the Inconsistent. Mnchen: Philosophia Verlag,
1989.
[Prior, 1955a] A.N. Prior. Formal Logic. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955.
[Prior, 1955b] A.N. Prior. Diodoran modalities // The Philosophical Quarterly, 5, No. 20:
205-213. 1955.
[Quine, 1970] W. V. Quine. Philosophy of Logic. N.Y.: Englewood Cliffs, 1970 (Reprinted
in 1986).
[Rasiowa H. 1974] H. Rasiowa An Algebraic Approach to Non-classical Logics.
Warszawa: PWN, 1974.
[Restall, 1994] G. Restall. Subintuitionistic logics // Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic,
35: 116-129. 1994.
[Restall, 2000] G. Restall. An Introduction to Substructural Logics. L. and N.Y.: Routledge,
2000.
[Scroggs, 1951] S. J. Scroggs. Extensions of the Lewis system S5 // The Journal of
Symbolic Logic, 16: 112-120. 1951.
[Shapiro, 1991] S. Shapiro. Foundations without Foundationalism: A Case for Second-
order Logic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
[Shapiro, 2001] S. Shapiro. Systems between first-order and second-order logics // [Gabbay
and Guenthner (eds.), 2001-?] Vol. 1, pp. 127-179. 2001.
[Sher, 1991] G. Y. Sher. The Bounds of Logic. A Generalized Viewpont. Cambridge: The
MIT Press, 1991.
[Skvortsov, 2000] D. Skvortsov. On the existence of continua of logic between some
intermediate predicate logics // Studia Logica, 64, 2: 257-270. 2000.
[Solovay, 1976] R. M. Solovay. Provability interpretations of modal logic // Israel Journal
of Mathematics, 25: 287-304. 1967.
[Suber, 2000] P. Suber. A Bibliography of non-standard logics (http://www.earlham.edu/).
[Tarski, 1983] A. Tarski. On the concept of logical consequence // A. Tarski. Logic,
Semantics, Metamatematics, second edition, pp. 409-420. Indianapolis: Hacket, 1983.

22
[Takeuti and Titani, 1984] G. Takeuti and S. Titani. Intuitionistic fuzzy logic and
intuitionistic fuzzy set theory // The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 49, No. 3: 851-866.
1984.
[Tennant, 1994] N. Tennant. The transmission of truth and the transitivity of deduction //
[Gabbay (ed.), 1994].
[Tharp, 1975] L. Tharp. Which logic is the right logic? // Synthese, 31: 1-21. 1975.
[Thomason, 1975b] S. K. Thomason. Reduction of second-order logic to modal logic //
Zeitschrift fr mathematische Logic und Grundlagen der Mathematik, 21: 107-114.
1975.
[Troelstra, 1992] A. S. Troelstra Lectures on linear logic. Stanford: CSLI, 1992.
[Turner, 1984] R. Turner. Logics for Artificial Intelligence. Chichester: Ellis-Horwood,
1984. (2nd ed. 1985).
[Umezawa, 1959] T. Umezawa. On intermediate propositional logics // The Journal of
Symboloc Logic, 24: 20-36. 1959.
[Urbas, 1990] I.Urbas. Paraconsistency // Studies in Soviet Thought, 39: 343-354. 1990.
[Van Benthem and Doets, 1983] J.A.F.K. Van Benthem and K. Doets. Higher-order logic //
[Gabbay and Guenthner (eds.), 1983 - 1989]. Vol. I, pp. 275-329. 1983.
[Van Benthem, 1984] J.A.F.K. Van Benthem. Correspondence theory // [Gabbay and
Guenthner (eds.), 1983 - 1989]. Vol. II, pp. 167-247. 1984. ([Gabbay and Guenthner
(eds.), 2001 - ?] . Vol. 3, pp. 325-408. 2001).
[Visser, 1981] A. Visser. A propositional logic with explicit fixed points // Studia Logica,
40: 155-175. 1981.
[Wang, 1994] H. Wang. What is logic? // The Monist, 77, No. 3: 261-277. 1994.
[Whitehead and Russell, 1910-1913] A. Whitehead and B. Russell. Principia Mathematica.
Cambridge (England): Univ. Press. (: Cambridge, 1962).
[Wroski, 1973] A. Wroski. Intermediate logics and the disjunction property // Report on
Mathematical Logic, 1: 39-51. 1973.
[Zach, 1999] R. Zach. Completeness before Post: Bernays, Hilbert, and the development of
propositional logic // The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, 5, No. 3: 331-366. 1999.
[Zucker, 1978] J.I. Zucker. The adequacy problem for classical logic // Journal of
Philosophical Logic, 7: 517-535. 1978.

23