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Lecture 1
Contents: L1
Introduction
Consequences of faults
HV transmission network
Substations
The protective relays are automatic devices which can sense the
fault & send instructions to the associated circuit-breaker to open.
There are several voltage levels & fault levels between the
generating station & final load point.
The fault impedance being low, the fault currents are relatively
high.
Symmetrical faults
Unsymmetrical faults
Types of Faults
Symmetrical faults:
Single-phase to ground
Two-phase to ground
Eg:
Single line to ground fault on one phase & breaking of the
conductor of another phase, both present simultaneously at the
same point.
Overvoltages
Under frequency
Reversal of power
Temperature rise
Power swings
Instability, etc.
Faults & Abnormal conditions
Some of the abnormal conditions are not serious enough to call
for tripping of the circuit-breaker.
This zone is called the transient state & lasts for several
cycles.
During the steady state, the RMS value of the fault current
remains almost constant.
Subsystems may maintain supply for their individual zones but load
shedding would have to be resorted in the sub-system which was
receiving power from the other subsystem before the occurrence of
the fault.
Usually, generating stations are situated far away from the load
centers. This results in:
Chances of faults occurring are greater for overhead lines than for
other parts of the power system due to:
Storms
Falling of external objects on the lines
Flashovers resulting from dirt deposits on insulators.
Fault Statistics
Some defects, other than short circuits, are also called faults.
If a short circuit persists for long, it may cause damage to some important sections
of the system.
The system voltage may reduce to a low level & individual generators in a power
station of groups of generators in different power stations may lose synchronism.
Thus, an uncleared heavy short circuit may cause the total failure of the system.
Need for Protective Systems
Protection is also needed against any other abnormal conditions which
may arise on a power system.
Eg:
Over-speed of generators & motors
Over-voltage
Under-frequency
Loss of excitation
Overheating of stator & rotor of an alternator