BRITISH CULTURE MID-TERM EXAM GUIDE
GUILLERMO ROSSANO
1. INTRODUCTION
Culture of Mexico
Facts and Statistics
Location: Middle America, bordering the
Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico,
between
Belize and the US and bordering the North
Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the
US
Capital: Mexico City
Climate: varies from tropical to desert
Population: 104,959,594 (July 2004 est.)
Ethnic Make-up: mestizo (Amerindian-
Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly
Amerindian 30%,
white 9%, other 1%
Religions: nominally Roman Catholic 89%,
Protestant 6%, other 5%
Government: federal republic
President: Enrique Pea Nieto
Language in Mexico
Spanish control of Mexico led to the
dominance of Spanish, the official language.
As many as 100 Native American languages
are still spoken in Mexico, but no single
alternative language prevails. Eighty
percent of those Mexicans who speak an
indigenous language also speak Spanish.
The most important of the Native American
languages is Nahuatl. It is the primary
language of more than a million Mexicans
and is spoken by nearly one-fourth of all
Native Americans in the country. This is
followed by Maya, used by 14 percent of
Native Americans, and Mixteco and
Zapoteco, each spoken by about seven
percent of Native Americans. No other
indigenous language is spoken by more
than five percent of Mexico's Native
Americans.
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Mexican Society & Culture
Mexican Family Values
. The family is at the centre of the social
structure.
. Outside of the major cosmopolitan cities,
families are still generally large.
. The extended family is as important as the
nuclear family since it provides a sense of
stability.
. Mexicans consider it their duty and
responsibility to help family members. For
example, the will help find employment or
finance a house or other large purchase.
. Most Mexican families are extremely
traditional, with the father as the head, the
authority figure and the decision-maker.
. Mothers are greatly revered, but their role
may be seen as secondary to that of their
husband.
Hierarchical Society
. Mexican society and business are highly
stratified and vertically structured.
. Mexicans emphasize hierarchical
relationships.
. People respect authority and look to those
above them for guidance and decision-
making.
. Rank is important, and those above you in
rank must always be treated with respect.
. This makes it important to know which
person is in charge, and leads to an
authoritarian approach to decision-making
and problem- solving.
. Mexicans are very aware of how each
BRITISH CULTURE MID-TERM EXAM GUIDE PROFESSOR : M.B.A. GUILLERMO ROSSANO

individual fits into each hierarchy--be it
family, friends or business.
. It would be disrespectful to break the
chain of hierarchy.
Machismo'
. Machismo literally means 'masculinity'.
. There are different outward behaviours to
display machismo.
. For example, making remarks to women is
a stereotypical sign of machismo and should
not be seen as harassment.
. Mexican males generally believe that
nothing must be allowed to tarnish their
image as a man.

Holidays

Day of Holy Kings Jan 6

Is held in many states of Mexico mainly in the south, January 6th children opening their gifts
awaken previously asked the saintly kings. As the tradition indicant children during the month
of December is left a letter in a shoe waiting to get your gift this day. This holiday is taken into
account more that Christmas because Christmas is particularly reflected as tradition of the
northern states.

Flag Day Feb 24

In Mexico during the month of February the 24th, Mexicans honor our national flag as one of
the national symbols of our country. throughout the history of our flag Mexico undergone
major changes up to the current flag with its green colors representing freedom, the red blood
of our heroes and the white purity and the eagle devouring a snake perched on a nopal as a
mark of tradition was so where is Aztec God gave them a sign to found the Aztec city.

Benito Juarez Birthday Memorial Mar 21

In Mexico on March 21, with the arrival of spring Mexicans celebrate the birthday of Benito
Juarez who was president of Mexico and contribute reform laws which are currently important
part of our country, participated also during the French intervention and is taken as a
benchmark of inspiration for children who can become president besides that most Mexicans
agree that Benito Juarez was or is the best president this country has had.

Labor Day May 1

In Mexico the May 1 Labor Day is celebrated, by law not working this day and is considered a
holiday. Many workers rest and other working either part-time or full hour being paid twice for
being festive.

Mothers Day May 10

In Mexico is celebrated on May 10. This date is to celebrate our moms who have been part of
our lives; that many times have helped us in countless occasions, and that is certainly the most
beloved person on this day.

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Independence Day Sep. 16

In Mexico celebrates the day of our independence. Commemorating another year, people
prepare food with the popular regions of the country; it is also a public holiday so the
advantage for Mexicans went out with the family enjoying the festivities. this day in the evening
both the president of our country as governors and mayors of the federal states come to the
palace to give the cry that Miguel Hidalgo carried out to call people back then to rebel against
the injustices of the Spanish crown.

Columbus Day Oct. 12

In Mexico is celebrated on 12 October, the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus
made a Genoese sailor who with the help of the kings of Spain travel conducted to test his
theory that the planet earth was round, and by another route could reach India. Although
Christopher Columbus died thinking that was where India had arrived not knowing that I get to
a new continent.

Revolution day Nov. 20

In Mexico is celebrated on November 20 another year of the Mexican Revolution. A conflict
between people of the several states which injustice tired by the government of Porfirio Diaz
took up arms. This day also we celebrate Mexican traditional food of the region and is also a
public holiday, no parades military parade among other regional dresses and representations of
that time.

Christmas Day Dic. 25

In Mexico is celebrated on 24 December is good night holiday taken by the country of United
States and held mostly northern states. This day is good night's dinner where families gather to
spend time for Christmas morning and open presents. The food is turkey tradition but
depending on the region's traditional food such as romeritos, tamales, roast beef or roast
chicken, etc.
On the twelfth night, Is when all Christmas Decorations should be removed so as not to bring
bad luck upon the home.

Traditions

Mariachi
Throughout the world, mariachi is a recognized symbol of Mexico. For Mexicans it is the musical
accompaniment to life's most important moments: it forms a vital part of courtship and family
events such as weddings, birthdays, baptisms, and funerals.
Posadas

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Posadas are an important part of Mexican Christmas celebrations. These celebrations recreate
Mary and Joseph's search for a place to stay in Bethlehem. Posadas are held on each of the nine
nights leading up to Christmas, from December 16 to 24th.
Semana Santa
Semana santa is a week in which the catholics celebrate the passion, dead and ressurection of
Jesus. Starts with Domingo de ramos and ends up with Domingo de resureccion, in Mexico is
mainly 2 weeks off for school.

All Souls Day

More than a holiday, this is a tradition, most of the Mexicans remeber and honor their dead
relatives, setting up an altar, decorating it with flowers, candles, ash, salt, dead bread and
things that the relatives liked.
Day of the Virgin of Guadalupe
It is a tradition that the Catholics in Mexico celebrate the Our lady of Guadalupe day, it is
celebrated in December 12, many person go on a pilgrimage to tha Basilica de Guadalupe, in
Distrito Federal and Monterrey.

Science and Technology

The history of science and technology in Mexico has its beginnings in the Royal and Pontifical
University of Mexico, established in 1551, which was a network of intellectual and religious
development in Mexico for a century.
In the late nineteenth century in Mexico began the process of industrialization, which
represented major advances in science and technology
During the twentieth century new research institutes and universities, such as the National
Autonomous University of Mexico was founded

Discoveries

Contraceptive pill. Luis Ernesto Miramontes made norethisterone synthesis, which is an

active compound based on the first synthetic oral contraceptive.
The name Miramontes appeared next to Pasteur, Edison, Bell and the Wright brothers,
being included in the USA Inventors Hall of Fame.
Vanadium. Vanadium was discovered in 1801 by the Mexican, Dr. Andre Manuel Del Ro,
who gave it the name Eritronio. However, he abandoned his studies when a French

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chemist stated that this element was only impure chromium. Vanadium was
rediscovered 30 years later by the Swedish selfstroem, who called him in honor of a
Scandinavian goddess.
Discovery hole of ozone. The discoverer of this threat was the scientist Mario Molina
(Mexico 1943), who was the highlight of his career working and perseverance towards
concern about a problem that affects the entire planet, which arrived on October 11,
1995. Mario Molina received, Rowland along with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for being
the pioneers in establishing the relationship between the ozone hole and compounds of
chlorine and bromine in the stratosphere.

Inventions

Color Television
This invention was invented by engineer Guillermo Gonzales Camarena between 1939 and
1940 invented the sequential tricomatico camp system, which would set the foundation for the
eventual development of color television.
Joel Sosa y Sergio Galvn
They invented translucent concrete can lift almost transparent walls, stronger and lighter than
traditional concrete walls and has the ability to be cast under the water and be 30 percent
lighter than concrete so people now known.
Juan Manuel Lozano
He invented the penta metallic catalyst which is used in rocket motors of hydrogen peroxide,
this is the most important part of generating energy
Filiberto Vzquez Dvila
He invented the indelible ink this is a substance that is impregnated into the cells of the skin
and stays until 24 hours.

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BRITISH CULTURE MID-TERM EXAM GUIDE
Culture of the United Kingdom
Facts and Statistics
Location: Western Europe, islands including
the northern one-sixth of the island of
Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean
and the North Sea, northwest of France
Parts:
U.K, England. capital (London)
Scotland.capital (Edinburgh)
Wales.capital (Cardiff)
Northern Ireland.....capital (Belfast)
Climate: temperate; moderated by
prevailing southwest winds over the North
Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the
days are overcast
Population: 60,776,238 (July 2007 est.)
Ethnic Make-up: white (of which English
83.6%, Scottish 8.6%, Welsh 4.9%, Northern
Irish 2.9%) 92.1%, black 2%, Indian 1.8%,
Pakistani 1.3%, mixed 1.2%, other 1.6%
(2001 census)
Religions: Christian (Anglican, Roman
Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist) 71.6%,
Muslim 2.7%, Hindu 1%, other 1.6%,
unspecified or none 23.1% (2001 census)
Government: constitutional monarchy
Monarch.Queen Elizabeth II
Prime Minister. Theresa May MP
Language in the UK
The United Kingdom does not have a
constitutionally defined official language.
English is the main language (being spoken
monolingually by more than 70% of the UK
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population) and is thus the de facto official
language.
Other native languages to the Isles include
Welsh, Irish, Ulster Scots, Cornish, Gaelic
and British Sign Language.
Immigrants have naturally brought many
foreign languages from across the globe.
British Society, People and Culture
The United Kingdom
The United Kingdom is comprised of four
countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and
Northern Ireland. It is important not only to
be
aware of these geographical distinctions,
but also the strong sense of identity and
nationalism felt by the populations of these
four nations.
The terms 'English' and 'British' do not
mean the same thing. 'British' denotes
someone who is from England, Scotland,
Wales or Northern Ireland. 'English' refers
to people from England. People from
Scotland are 'Scots', from Wales Welsh
and from Northern Ireland Irish. Be sure
not to call someone Welsh, Scots, or
Northern Irish English.
The Class System
Although in the past few decades, people
from varied backgrounds have had greater
access to higher education, wealth
distribution is changing and more
BRITISH CULTURE MID-TERM EXAM GUIDE
upward/downward mobility is occurring,
the British class system is still very much
intact although in a more subconscious
way. The playing field is levelling but the
British still seem to pigeon-hole people
according to class.
Class is no longer simply about wealth or
where one lives; the British are able to suss
out someones class through a number of
complex variables including demeanour,
accent, manners and comportment.
A Multicultural Society
Formerly a very homogenous society, since
World War II, Britain has become
increasingly diverse as it has
accommodated large immigrant
populations, particularly from its former
colonies such as India, Pakistan and the
West Indies. The mixture of ethnic groups
and cultures make it difficult to define
Britishness nowadays and a debate rages
within the nation as to what now really
constitutes being a Briton.
The Stiff Upper Lip
The British have been historically known for
their stiff upper lip and blitz spirit as
demonstrated during the German bombings
of World War II. This grin and bear attitude
in the face of adversity or embarrassment
lives on today.
As a nation, the Brits tend not to use
superlatives and may not appear terribly
animated when they speak. This does not
mean that they do not have strong
emotions; merely that they do not choose
Holidays
New Years Day - January 1
One of the traditions all over the world is New Years Day. The tradition of celebrating New Year
of January 1st according to Georgian calendar officially began in 1752. New Year celebrations
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to put them on public display. They are
generally not very openly demonstrative,
and, unless you know someone well, may
not appreciate it if you put your arm around
their shoulder. Kissing is most often
reserved for family members in the privacy
of home, rather than in public. You'll see
that the British prefer to maintain a few
feet of distance between themselves and
the person to whom they are speaking. If
you have insulted someone, their facial
expression may not change.
The British are very reserved and private
people. Privacy is extremely important. The
British will not necessarily give you a tour of
their home and, in fact, may keep most
doors closed. They expect others to respect
their privacy. This extends to not asking
personal questions. The question, Where
are you from? may be viewed as an
attempt to place the person on the social
or class scale. Even close friends do not ask
pointedly personal questions, particularly
pertaining to ones financial situation or
relationships.
There is a proper way to act in most
situations and the British are sticklers for
adherence to protocol. The British are a bit
more contained in their body language and
hand gestures while speaking. They are
generally more distant and reserved than
North and South Americans and Southern
Europeans, and may not initially appear to
be as open or friendly. Friendships take
longer to build; however, once established
they tend to be deep and may last over
time and distance.
BRITISH CULTURE MID-TERM EXAM GUIDE PROFESSOR : M.B.A. GUILLERMO ROSSANO

made in the United Kingdom are pretty big and famous. All the over the nation they use to
throw parties where the British people sing and dance.
During the New Year in England, there is a tradition according to which people keep the back
door of their houses open to symbolize for their farewell to the old year.

Patrick Day March 17

The national day of Northern Ireland is St Patrick's Day. St. Patrick brought Christianity to
Ireland. St.Patricks Day is celebrated with parades in the large cities, the wearing of the green
and drinking Guinness (traditional drink of Ireland). The national emblem of Ireland is the
Shamrock.

May Day May 1

It is when people celebrate the coming of summer with lots of different customs that are
expressions of joy and hope after a long winter. Traditional English May Day celebrations
include Morris dancing (folkdancing), crowning a May Queen and dancing around a Maypole.
May Day coincides with International Workers' Day

Traditions
Tea
Britain is a drinking-tea nation. Afternoon tea is likely to be just a biscuit or small cake and a
mug of tea
Fish & Chips
Fish and chips are the classic English take-away food and are the traditional national food of
England.
Traditional Food
Candy apples, jacket potatoes (baked potatoes, traditionally cooked in the fire), black peas with
vinegar, or bonfire toffee (caramel Bonfire)
Sports
1. CRICKET (Is a bat and ball sport, in which two teams of eleven players are facing each)
2. FOOTBALL SOCCER
3. RUGBY

Time
One of the most common trait of the english people is the politness and punctuality,. They are
very proud of kepping a promise and expect other people, this trait is so big that they
could easily do appointments in espesifics times li 11:52 or 3:04. this is especially useful in
public transport where trains and buses are commonly scheduled in thesse times.
Morris Dancing

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Morris Dancing has been danced for hundreds of years, and passed down through the
generations in the villages of rural England. The dances are usually performed at festivals such
as Mayday and Christmas. The dancers sometimes painted their faces black, and people
compared this to the dark-skinned Moors
Trooping de Colour
Although The Queen was born on 21 April, it has long been the tradition to celebrate the
Sovereign's birthday publicly on a day in the summer. During the ceremony, The Queen is
greeted by a Royal salute and carries out an inspection of the troops.

Science and Technology

Science and technology in the United Kingdom has a long history, producing many important
figures and developments in the field. Major theorists from the UK include Isaac Newton whose
laws of motion and illumination of gravity have been seen as a keystone of modern science and
Charles Darwin whose theory of evolution by natural selection was fundamental to the
development of modern biology.

Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely regarded as one of
the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution.Major
scientific discoveries include hydrogen by Henry Cavendish, penicillin by Alexander Fleming, and
the structure of DNA, by Francis Crick and others

Major engineering projects and applications pursued by people from the UK include the steam
locomotive developed by Richard Trevithick and Andrew Vivian, the jet engine by Frank Whittle
and the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee.

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The UK plays a leading part in the aerospace industry, with companies including Rolls-Royce
playing a leading role in the aero-engine market; BAE Systems acting as Britain's largest and the
Pentagon's sixth largest defence supplier, and large companies including GKN acting as major
suppliers to the Airbus project
Two British-based companies, GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca, ranked in the top five
pharmaceutical companies in the world by sales in 2009 and UK companies have
discovered and developed more leading medicines than any other country apart from
the US.

The UK remains a leading centre of automotive design and production, particularly of engines,
and has around 2,600 component manufacturers.

Between 2004 and 2012 the UK produced 6% of the world's scientific research papers and had
an 8% share of scientific citations, the third- and second-highest in the world.

Discoveries

Alexander Flemming discovered the penicillin in 1928.

Penicillin antibiotics were among the first drugs to be effective against many previously serious
diseases, such as syphilis and infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci.

Francis Crick discovered the structure of the DNA in 1869.

Ernest Rutherford discovered the nuclear model of atom in 1911 and the proton in
1918.
Inventions

Tin Can by Peter Durand

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Made an impact on food preservation with his 1810 patenting of the tin can. The
canning concept, based on experimental food preservation work in glass containers by
the French inventor Nicholas Appert the year before. Use of aluminium in cans began in
1957.
Electric Motor by Michael Faraday
Is an electric machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Operate through the interaction between an electric motor's magnetic field and winding
currents to generate force within the motor.
The first practical telephone, by Alexander Graham Bell
First patented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell and further developed by many others,
the telephone was the first device in history that enabled people to talk directly with
each other across large distances.

Culture of the USA

Language in the USA
Facts and Statistics
Location: North America, bordering both
the North Atlantic Ocean and the North
Pacific Ocean, between Canada and Mexico
Capital: Washington, DC
Climate: mostly temperate, but tropical in
Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska,
semiarid in the great plains west of the
Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin
of the southwest.
Population: 301,139,947 (July 2007 est.)
Ethnic Make-up: white 81.7%, black 12.9%,
Asian 4.2%, Amerindian and Alaska native
1%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific
islander 0.2% (2003 est.)
Religions: Protestant 52%, Roman Catholic
24%, Mormon 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim 1%,
other 10%, none 10% (2002 est.)
Government: Constitution-based federal
republic
President.. Donald Trump
The United States does not have an official
language, but English is spoken by about
82% of the population as a native language.
The variety of English spoken in the United
States is known as American English;
together with Canadian English it makes up
the group of dialects known as North
American English. Spanish is the second-
most common language in the country,
spoken by almost 30 million people (or 12%
of the population).
American Society and Culture
Diversity
America is ultimately a nation of immigrants
and as a result is a cultural mish-mash in
every sense of the word. Not only is the
country populated by people from foreign
countries but all Americans in one way or
another trace their ancestry back to
another culture, whether Irish, German,
Italian or Scottish. Looking around any

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major city one will notice the melting-pot

that it is.

Informal and Friendly

Most people who come to the United States

may already know a few things about the
people through TV. Although this is of
course a skewed reality some of the
stereotypes are true, especially American
friendliness and informality. People tend to
not wait to be introduced, will begin to
speak with strangers as they stand in a
queue, sit next to each other at an event,
etc. Visitors can often be surprised when
people are so informal to the point of being
very direct or even rude.

Time is Money

The country that coined the phrase

obviously lives the phrase. In America, time
is a very important commodity. People
'save' time and 'spend' time as if it were
money in the bank. Americans ascribe
personality characteristics and values based
on how people use time. For example,
people who are on-time are considered to
be good people, reliable people who others
can count on.

The Family

The family unit is generally considered the

nuclear family, and is typically small (with
exceptions among certain ethnic groups).
Extended family relatives live in their own
homes, often at great distances from their
children.

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Holidays

1st January New Year Days

The celebration of this holiday begins the night before, when Americans gather to wish
each other a happy and prosperous coming year. Many Americans make New Year's
resolutions. See the New Year's resolutions that are popular every year.

4th July - Independence

This holiday honors the nation's birthday - the adoption of the Declaration of
Independence on July 4, 1776. It is a day of picnics and patriotic parades, a night of
concerts, and fireworks.

31st October - Halloween:

Typical festive Halloween activities include trick-or-treating (or the related "guising"),
attending costume parties, decorating, carving pumpkins into jack-o'-lanterns, lighting
bonfires, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions, playing pranks, telling scary stories,
and watching horror films.

4th November -Thanksgiving Day

In the fall of 1621, the Pilgrims held a three-day feast to celebrate a bountiful harvest.
Many regard this event as the nation's first Thanksgiving. The Thanksgiving feast became a
national tradition and almost always includes some of the foods served at the first feast:
roast turkey, cranberry sauce, potatoes, and pumpkin pie.

25 December Christmas

Christmas is a Christian holiday marking the birth of the Christ Child. Decorating houses
and yards with lights, putting up Christmas trees, giving gifts, and sending greeting cards
have become holiday traditions even for many non-Christian Americans.

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Traditions

Arts

The United States is widely known around the world as a leader in mass media production,
including television and movies. The United States also has a vibrant movie industry,
centered in Hollywood, and American movies are popular worldwide. New York is home to
Broadway and Americans have a rich theatrical history.

American music is very diverse with many, many styles, including rhythm and blues, jazz,
gospel, country and western, bluegrass, rock 'n' roll and hip hop.

Sports

The United States is a sports-minded country, with millions of fans who follow football,
baseball, basketball and hockey, among other sports. The game of baseball is known as
Americas favorite pastime. A tradition in USA is to watch the SuperBowl, the NFL
championship, culminating the season that starts in the late summer of the previous
calendar year, having a rating above 100M viewers.

Blue Angels flight

The Blue Angels is the United States Navy's flight demonstration squadron. The Blue
Angels team was formed in 1946,making it the second oldest formal flying aerobatic in the
world, after the French Patrouille de France formed in 1931. The Blue Angels' six
demonstration pilots fly the F/A-18 Hornet, typically in more than 70 shows at 34
locations throughout the United States each year. An estimated 11 million spectators view
the squadron during air shows each full year. The Blue Angels also visit more than 50,000
people in a standard show season (March through November).

Black Friday

Black Friday is the Friday following Thanksgiving Day in the United States (the fourth
Thursday of November), often regarded as the beginning of the Christmas shopping
season. In recent years, most major retailers have opened extremely early and offered
promotional sales to kick off the holiday shopping season, similar to Boxing Day sales in
many Commonwealth Nations. Black Friday is not a holiday, but California and some other
states observe "The Day After Thanksgiving" as a holiday for state government employees.

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Science and Technology

Discoveries

Electromagnetic induction. Joseph Henry was a 19th-century scientist. He

discovered the principle of electromagnetic induction, which underlies the
operation of generators and electric motors.
Universe expansion. Edwin Hubble discovered in 1920 that the Milky Way is just
one of many galaxies. Then, in 1929, Hubble announced that the universe is
expanding, based on observations of starlight from distant galaxies. The finding
formed the basis of inflationary big-bang theory.
Hepatitis B. The Hepatitis B virus was discovered in 1965 by Baruch Blumberg,
while working at the National Institutes of Health.

Inventions
Nickel-zinc battery (1900) Thomas Alva Edison . A nickel-zinc battery is a type of
rechargeable battery that may be used in cordless power tools, cordless
telephone, digital cameras, battery operated lawn and garden tools, professional
photography, flashlights, etc. In 1900, Thomas Alva Edison filed U.S. Patent
#684,204 for the nickel-zinc battery
Airplane (1903) Wilbur and Orville Wright. A fixed-wing aircraft, or airplane, is a
heavier-than-air craft whose lift is generated by air pressure differential between
the upper and lower wing surfaces. The Wright brothers, Wilbur and Orville Wright
of Dayton, Ohio, made the first powered and sustained airplane flights under
control of the pilot in the Wright Flyer I on December 17, 1903
Ford car. Henry Ford was the American who created the ford car in 1885 and
changed the motor industry by introducing new ways of making cars in great
numbers.
E=mc2. Albert Einstein was a physicist who was possibly the greatest scientist of
the 20 century. In 1905 he published his theory of relativity this led to equation
giving the relation between mass and energy.

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