Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Page 2 of 7
iron and magnesium: Carbon:50% It does not take off. The
1) Non-toxic and to remove water amount of phosphorus can be
2) They give a royal color decreased to limit eutrophication.
3) Are not major pollutants
Nitrate(NO3) is a necessary mineral
3+ 2+
example of the couples / pollutant to remove it.
cycle of nitrogen:
3+ + 1 2+
1) fixation of N2
Oxidation reaction 2) ammonification:
oxidation (loss e) + reduction (gain e) 4+
The oxidizing power of a
3) Nitrification:
permanganate solution in an acid
4+ 2 3
medium decreases linearly with PH
4) Denitrification: is a microbial facilitated
Oxidation potential effect of process of nitrate reduction that may
oxidation [H+] and PH ultimately produce molecular nitrogen (N2)
through a series of intermediate gaseous
Activity of electrons: nitrogen oxide products.
as = [+ ]
3 2 2
We define "the activity of the electrons" in
a solution = [ ] Mercury:
It is very toxic
For a reducing solution: It is dark
The activity of the electrons is very great. It gives in the water several products
The value of PE is low. Water is very good as methyl of mercury (3 + )
Ex: natural water of rivers. because 99% are in the
microorganisms.
Oxidizing medium:
The activity of the electrons is low the value 3 + ( ) It is the
of PE is large. most toxic because its body elimination is
very small and it has a large half-life.
Case of non-natural water
2 3 Organic materials:
42
Origin and analysis of organic materials:
Eutrophication is a form of water
pollution, occurs when excessive fertilizers 1) Oxidizability of KMnO4 and UV
run into lakes and rivers. absorbance:
Nitrogen especially organic nitrogen Hot chemical oxidation in an alkaline
Phosphor or acid medium
Page 3 of 7
UV absorbance at 254 nm; Simple Toxic organic pollutants:
method, interference of turbidity, pesticides, herbicides, insecticides
iron, depends too much MO (organic solubility of water (ppm)
materials)
Strong(>100ppm) low(<1ppm)
2) Measure DBO (Biological oxygen
demand) Half life time is long
Page 4 of 7
Ozone:
O3 (molecular ozone)
OH (radical action)
Ozonation sub-products
Toxic: bromates
aldehydes
Low toxicity {
Biofilm of the network:
Water distribution
1. Dissolved MO
2. Ammoniacal nitrogen(inorganic)
It has several factors giving:
Residual disinfectant concentration
A content of CODB < 0.3 mg/l is necessary to limit the development of biofilm and to
distribute an unchlorinated water.
Disinfection
Good disinfection depends on the product C & T (C: Residual concentration of oxidant, T:
Contact time)
C decreases Contact time is greater
Total residual chlorine:
free chlorine (Cl2/ HCL/ ClO-)
Combined chlorine(NH2Cl/NHCl2/NCl3)
Some of the chlorine reacts with NH3 to give NH4+, one the NH3 runs out. The residual
chlorine is obtained
2NH3+3Cl2 -> N2 +3HCl
The form of free chlorine is more effective than that of combined chlorine
The point corresponding to this total degradation of the ammonium is called the point of
rupture
Monochloramine (NH2Cl): excess chlorine leads to its formation
Page 5 of 7
Its characteristics is its extreme stability over time, which compensates its weak
disinfecting power, stability;
Appreciable from the tropical countries where the water temperature can
sometimes exceed 30C
Chlorine dioxide:
can replace chlorine
Its conjugate reducer is ClO2-
Disadvantages: toxicity of chloride and chlorate ions has a restriction in the use of chlorine
dioxide for the treatment of drinking water.
Ozone: 3O2->2O3
Very powerful oxidant exhibits great reactivity
2 types of oxidation:
direct molecular oxidation(O3)
Free radical oxidation( )
its low lifetime in water is the major obstacle in the protection of water in the network
Its ability to convert much of the refractory carbon into biodegradable carbon
(Refractory resistant to treatment) (biodegradable capable of being decomposed)
Disadvantages of UV disinfection
Lack of permanence of disinfectant action
Intense absorption of radiation by turbid or colored water
Advantages of UV:
High germicidal power and of the same order as free chlorine
Pesticides are not eliminated by chlorine or ozone, which requires an advanced and
combined oxidation method which favors the formation of radicals. (O3/H2O2 O3/UV)
Page 6 of 7
for surface water generally contains a large variety of pollutants, the simplest processing
unit will include 2 stages:
Clarification treatment: liquid-solution separation step:
o coagulation: destabilization of MES
o Flocculation: Materials transformed into larger flakes
o Decanting
o Filtration with sand.
Final disinfection: inhibition of microorganisms by chlorination
Storage and distribution.
Processes and regulations: The case of surface waters of fairly good quality or in the
presence of certain specific micro pollutants. The drinking water treatment unit
comprises:
Screening: stops the floating body if the water is pumped from a reverse
Peroxidation (O3, ClO2):
o elimination of tastes and odors and of the organic micro pollution
o Degradation of THM and TOX precursors
o Clarification
Coagulation, flocculation, decantation, sand filtration.
Advanced intermediate oxidation Ozonation.
Eliminates almost all organic matter by increasing the biodegradability before the AGC
filter
o Eliminates specific micro pollution (pesticides).
o Final disinfection
o inhibition of micro- organisms.
Page 7 of 7