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Resistor

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements


electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and,
at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits. Resistors may have
fixed resistances or variable resistances, such as those found in thermistors,
varistors, trimmers, photoresistors and potentiometers.
The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the
resistor's terminals. This relationship is represented by Ohm's law:

Capacitor
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical
component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. The forms of
practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors
(plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e., insulator). The conductors can be thin films
of metal, aluminum foil or disks, etc. The 'nonconducting' dielectric acts to increase
the capacitor's charge capacity. A dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic film, air,
paper, mica, etc. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many
common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, a capacitor does not dissipate energy.
Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its
plates.
When there is a potential difference across the conductors (e.g., when a capacitor is
attached across a battery), an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing
positive charge (+Q) to collect on one plate and negative charge (-Q) to collect on
the other plate. If a battery has been attached to a capacitor for a sufficient
amount of time, no current can flow through the capacitor. However, if an
accelerating or alternating voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, a
displacement current can flow.

Inductor
An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical
component which resists changes in electric current passing through it. It consists
of a conductor such as a wire, usually wound into a coil. When a current flows
through it, energy is stored temporarily in a magnetic field in the coil. When the
current flowing through an inductor changes, the time-varying magnetic field
induces a voltage in the conductor, according to Faradays law of electromagnetic
induction, which opposes the change in current that created it.

Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals
and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three
terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one
pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through another pair of
terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the
controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some
transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in
integrated circuits.

Integrated circuit
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a
chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate ("chip") of
semiconductor material, normally silicon. This can be made much smaller than a
discrete circuit made from independent components.

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