Materials and Design 44 (2013) 216222

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Materials and Design

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High performance repairing of reinforced concrete structures

I. Iskhakov a, Y. Ribakov a,, K. Holschemacher b, T. Mueller b
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Ariel University Center of Samaria, Israel
b
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, Germany

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Steel bered high strength concrete (SFHSC) is an effective material that can be used for repairing con-
Received 17 May 2012 crete elements. Design of normal strength concrete (NSC) elements that should be repaired using SFHSC
Accepted 17 July 2012 can be based on general concepts for design of two-layer beams, consisting of SFHSC in the compressed
Available online 3 August 2012
zone and NSC without bers in the tensile zone. It was previously reported that such elements are effec-
tive when their section carries rather large bending moments. Steel bers, added to high strength con-
Keywords: crete, increase its ultimate deformations due to the additional energy dissipation potential contributed
Steel bered high strength concrete
by bers. When changing the bers content, a required ductility level of the repaired element can be
Repairing
Two-layer beams
achieved. Providing proper ductility is important for design of structures to dynamic loadings. The cur-
Energy dissipation potential rent study discusses experimental results that form a basis for nding optimal ber content, yielding
Ductility the highest Poisson coefcient and ductility of the repaired elements sections. Some technological issues
as well as distribution of bers in the cross section of two-layer bending elements are investigated. The
experimental results, obtained in the frame of this study, form a basis for general technological provi-
sions, related to repairing of NSC beams and slabs, using SFHSC.
2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction cement-based composites (SHCC) are suitable materials for cov-

Repair and strengthening of existing reinforced concrete (RC)
structures is of great interest for extending their service life as well
as for their rehabilitation [1]. Repair of concrete structures can be
classied as restoring the original structural shape and strengthen-
ing the damaged members with inadequate load bearing capacity.
There are different techniques available for retrotting and
strengthening of various reinforced concrete structural elements.
The methods were developed due to different causes, such as inad-
equate maintenance, overloading of the RC member, corrosion of
the steel reinforcement and other reasons.
These methods include steel plate bonding, external pre-stress-
ing, section enlargement, covering layers on cracked concrete sur-
faces, reinforced concrete jacketing, etc. Although these techniques
can effectively increase the elements load bearing capacity, they
are often susceptible to corrosion damage which results in failure
of the strengthening system [2]. Strengthening by section enlarge-
ment can be performed by adding a new concrete layer to the
structural element. The most important issue in this case is to en-
sure proper bonding between the concrete of the existing element
and that, applied for its strengthening.
Several experiments were carried out to investigate the ef-
ciency of different repairing techniques. Strain hardening
Corresponding author. Tel.: +972 3 906 63 27.
E-mail address: ribakov@ariel.ac.il (Y. Ribakov).
ering cracked concrete surfaces [3]. High tensile strain capacity
of SHCC repair layers limit crack opening displacements in the
structure. It was shown experimentally that a cement-based
material can have a tensile strain capacity up to 2.5%. SHCC lay-
ers of about 30 mm depth can withstand crack opening dis-
placements of up to 0.6 mm [3]. Discrete crack opening
displacements in the repaired concrete result in numerous ne
cracks in the SHCC layer. The width of these cracks is about
0.05 mm. Therefore the SHCC repair layer signicantly improves
the concrete structures durability, proved by a ve year long
observation [3].
Concrete model elements, strengthened by ultra high perfor-
mance ber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) in the tension zone,
were tested [4]. The aim of the research was to get a new type of
concrete that exhibits improved mechanical and durability proper-
ties in relation to other concrete types. Additionally, behavior of
concrete beams repaired by UHPFRC in the tension zone under
exural stress was evaluated. It was reported that when an existing
concrete is repaired, a new composite structure is formed. In this
case the protective function and the mechanical performance of
the composite system should be guaranteed over the planned ser-
vice life [4]. Both the deformability of the structure and the creep
of new and substrate materials contribute to a signicant decrease
of the induced stresses. Stresses due to restrained movements can
principally be found as a product of stiffness, free strain and degree
of restraint [4].

0261-3069/$ - see front matter 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.07.041
 I. Iskhakov et al. / Materials and Design 44 (2013) 216222
1 b
h1
Fig. 1. A general view of a roof beam and slab: 1 uncovered part of the beam and 2 roof slab.
Three 4.55 m long beams with a rectangular 500  300 mm sec-
tion were tested up to failure in four-point bending [4]. The rst
beam was the reference case (without jacketing), the second
one had a 40-mm-thick high performance bered RC jacket, and
the third was damaged by increasing the load up to the tensile
reinforcement yielding. In the last case the specimen was unloaded
and repaired using a jacket. The jacket was made of ultra high
strength concrete (180 MPa) reinforced by short thin steel bers.
It was reported that jacketing is an effective method for repairing
and strengthening of existing RC elements in ultimate and service-
ability limit states [5].
Structural behavior of a cracked RC one-way slab, repaired
using different techniques, was studied [5,6]. Five techniques were
used for the purpose of repair: cement grout, epoxy injection, fer-
ro-cement layer, carbon ber strip and section enlargement. The
slabs were loaded up to failure. The efciency of different repair
and strengthening techniques and their effects on the structural
behavior had been analyzed. All repair techniques were found to
be able to enhance the structural capacity of cracked concrete
slabs.
UHPFRC has low permeability, making it suitable for rehabilita-
tion of existing concrete structures [7]. It was shown that casting a
thin layer of UHPFRC on existing normal strength concrete (NSC)
element, increases its load bearing capacity and serviceability.
Comprehensive experimental studies on behavior of UHPFRC with
additional bar reinforcement were also performed.
Development of this idea for rehabilitation of concrete struc-
tures has been presented and validated by means of further appli-
cations [8]. It combines protection and resistance functions of
UHPFRC with NSC. It was demonstrated that the rehabilitated
structures have signicantly improved durability. Full scale reali-
zation of the concept in realistic site conditions demonstrated its
potential for wide applications [8].
A similar problem appears in roof beams, in which a part of
their section comes above the slab, as shown in Fig. 1. This
uncovered part of the beam is subjected to aggressive surround-
ing environment. As a result, the compressed zone of the beams
section is usually locally damaged. For repairing of such beams a
recently developed idea of two-layer bending elements can be
successfully applied [9]. In such beams the damaged part (see po-
sition 1 in Fig. 1) is proposed to be replaced by a steel bered
high strength concrete (SFHSC). Combining the protective and
load bearing properties with the mechanical performance of rein-
forcement bars provides a simple and efcient way of increasing
the stiffness and load bearing capacity with compact cross sec-
tions [8].
It was shown that the optimal ber weight ratio (FWR) can be
selected based on the ductility level requirements [10]. As it fol-
lows from the previous research, steel bers have little effect on
beams elastic deformations, but increase the ultimate ones, due
to the additional energy dissipation potential of bers. Providing
proper ductility is important for design of structures to seismic,
wind and other dynamic loadings. Therefore, the calculation of -
ber content for such elements is important, like that of reinforcing
steel bars for usual RC beams.
217
2
h
HSC
NSC
x HSC HSC
d
NSC
Fig. 2. Two layer RC beam.
In the current study a method for obtaining the class of SFHSC
and the load bearing capacity of the beam after retrotting are pro-
posed. With this aim experimental investigations were carried out.
SFHSC cubic and cylindrical specimens as well as short two-layer
beams, made of NSC in the tensile zone and SFHSC in the com-
pressed one, were tested. These experimental results together with
[7] and [8] show a promising way for using SFHSC for repairing
damaged beams and slabs.
2. Aims and scope
The current research is aimed at studying the load bearing and
deformation behavior of SFHSC. Dependence of fresh SFHSC prop-
erties on addition of bers is investigated. The effect of steel bers
on hardened concrete properties, like compressive, splitting tensile
and exural tensile strength, is also studied as well as the inuence
of different ber types and contents on stiffness and deformation
characteristics of SFHSC. Technological aspects related to casting
the SFHSC layer of two-layer beams were studied, using small scale
beams. Aspects such as bers distribution in the SFHSC layer, and
interaction between the SFHSC layer and the NSC one were
investigated.
The main difference between this study and previous investiga-
tions [9,11] is that based on results, obtained for new two-layer
bending elements, it is possible to apply optimal bers ratio to re-
paired substrate concrete. Additionally, the SFHSC layer thickness
is selected to be equal to the compressed zone depth of the re-
paired bending element. It yields more effective application of
SFHSC and decreasing the cost of repairing.
The obtained experimental results allow proper selection of the
most efcient ber type and content. It enables more economical
expenditure of steel and, as a result, the cost of ber reinforced ele-
ments will decrease, making them more attractive for practical
applications.
218 I. Iskhakov et al. / Materials and Design 44 (2013) 216222

3. Design aspects of high performance RC elements repairing Table 1

Steel bre types (following [11]).

Design of RC bending elements that should be repaired is based Description Fibre type
on main principles, developed for two-layer beams [9]. Usually for F1 F2
RC plates the repaired zone is located in their upper part. As
Shape Straight Corrugated
known, for simple supported elements this part is under compres- Surface Plane
sion (Fig. 2). The compressed zone depth in RC plates is rather Cross-section Circular
small and their repairing by NSC has relatively low efciency. Fol- Anchorage Hooked ends Continuous
lowing [9], it was proposed to obtain high performance RC beams, Parameters Units Values
using SFHSC in their compressed zone, which in turn leads to two lf mm 50
layer bending elements (with NSC in the tensile zone). In the cur- df mm 1
rent study this idea is applied for repairing the upper part of beams ft MPa 1100
and plates. As a result, the repaired elements are high performance nf kg1 3150 2850

ones.
For design of repaired RC bending elements the following ap-
proach is used. As known, for plates no links are required to with-
stand shear forces. Additionally, bonding between the SFHSC and
NSC layers is provided by denition, as the contact area between
the layers is big enough for transferring the horizontal shear forces.
Moreover, as the compressed zone depth in plates is rather small
and approximately equal to that of the SFHSC layer, the neutral
axis of the section after repairing is located on the border between
the old (NSC) and new (SFHSC) concretes.
It is clear that height of the repaired section will increase by the
SFHSC layer depth. Therefore, in this case the existing reinforce-
ment in the compressed zone of the bending element before
repairing becomes nonefcient, because in the repaired section it
will be located close to the neutral axis.
According to modern design codes for RC structures, it is possi-
ble to avoid shear reinforcement (links) in plates, but in beams at
least minimum shear reinforcement is required. Steel bers may
be used instead of links with minimum section as they increase
the shear strength increases with increasing ber volume [12]. It
was previously demonstrated that the depth of the compression
zone in bending elements should be constant and equal to its max-
imum value [9]. Hence, it is not recommended to decrease the rein-
forcement section with a reduction of bending moments along the
element.
The shear capacity in the repaired (two layer) element is:
V Rd1 V HSC NSC
Rd1 V Rd1
V Rd2 V HSC NSC
Rd2 V Rd2
pressive and splitting tensile strengths of HSC were analyzed, using
available experimental data [11] obtained for cubic specimens
with ber contents of 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg/m3. Additionally, typical
development of Poisson deformations in steel bered cylindrical
specimens was studied, because namely steel bers dene the en-
ergy dissipation ability of the repaired SFHSC + NSC element in the
transverse direction.
Straight bers with end hooks (F1) and corrugated bers (F2)
were used. The bers properties are shown in Table 1 [11]. All -
bers had the same aspect ratio k = lf/df = 50, where lf, and df are
the ber length and diameter, respectively. The bers tensile
strength was 1100 MPa. The value nf represents the number of -
bers per kg. In all cases the modulus of elasticity was 200,000 MPa.
Following [11], the plane concrete mixture included the follow-
ing components:
Composite Portland cement with portions of granulated slag
and limestone between 6% and 20% with a density of 3.05 kg/
dm3 and a neness of 4660 cm2/g.
Fly ash with specic gravity of 2.3 kg/dm3 and grain sizes
between 2 and 290 lm.
Polycarboxylic ether-based superplasticizer with a density of
1.07 kg/dm3.
Long-term retarder, based on phosphonic acid with a density of
1.17 kg/dm3.
1 Natural sand with a fraction size of 02 mm.
Two different types of gravel with a fraction size of 28 mm and
816 mm.
2

where VRd1 and VRd2 are the concrete section shear capacities with-
out and with links, respectively [9]. The shear stresses in the SFHSC
can be obtained based on the equation of shear deformations com-
patibility in the old and new concrete layers. An additional require-
ment for the HSC shear stresses on the border of two concretes is
sSFHSC 6 fRd
NSC
. The second stage of the research is focused on experimental
The above mentioned repairing strategy (new SFHSC + old NSC)
was veried experimentally. As the model of a repaired element
should correspond to real conditions, the SFHSC layer was casted
after hardening of the NSC one. (Note that if the SFHSC layer would
be cast immediately after the NSC one, bonding between the layers
would be better, compared to that when the SFHSC concrete is cast
after hardening of the NSC one.) At the same time, testing full scale
RC elements is the second stage of the experimental program. First
it is required to evaluate the properties of materials, used for pro-
ducing the elements for the second stage. With this aim experi-
mental data obtained in previous research [11] was used.
Sand and gravel had a specic gravity of 2.65 kg/dm3.
According to the German standard DIN EN 123505 [19], one
workability test was carried out for each HSC and SFHSC mixture.
The test was carried out in the lapse of 5 min after nishing mixing.
The target slump should be between 56 and 62 cm [20].
investigation of full scale beams, aimed at studying the interaction
between the old and new concrete layers in repaired beams. Cast-
ing of the specimens, their curing and the experimental set-up
were chosen according to the German regulations [21], which are
similar to those of RILEM [22]. The load was controlled using a dis-
placement method with a rate of 0.2 mm/min.
The dimensions of the tested TLB were 15  32  300 cm. A
constructive scheme of the beams is presented in Fig. 4. For two-
layer beams the lower limit of the HSC class should be selected
so that for TLB with rectangular section the following conditions
are satised [9]:

4. Experimental program
The current investigation includes two stages. During the rst
stage, inuences of geometry and tensile strength of bers on com-
0:2d  x  0:4d 3
It should be mentioned that from the economical viewpoint it is
desired to have a beam with compressed HSC layer depth, obtained
according to the calculated value and not following the construc-
 I. Iskhakov et al. / Materials and Design 44 (2013) 216222 219

Table 2
Compressive strength of cubic specimens, MPa (following [11]).
Type of bres Fibre content (%)
0 20
F1 86.1 86.8
F2 86.1
tion or technological requirements. Therefore such elements
should be used in cases of rather large bending moments, when
the compressed zone depth is close to its maximum value.
As in repaired elements the new SFHSC layer is cast on the
existing concrete, casting of tested specimens (TLB) included two
stages. At the rst stage berless NSC layer was casted in real
building site conditions. After casting, the rst layer the beams
were compacted by vibration. The second stage included producing
bered HSC with FWR of 40 kg/m3 in laboratory conditions and
casting the upper layer of the beams. Casting of this layer was after
hardening of the NSC one in natural site conditions. After casting
the HSC layer was also compacted. The TLB specimens with HSC
layer were kept in natural conditions, corresponding to those of
real construction sites, during 4 days. After that the beams were
stored at a temperature of about 20 C and a relative humidity of
40% in the testing hall. The TLB were tested when the SFHSC layer
achieved its design strength.
5. Test setup
The TLB specimens were tested under standard four-point load-
ing. Linear variable differential transformers (LVDT) were used for
measuring longitudinal, transverse and Poisson deformations as
well as deections at the middle and in the quarters of the tested
specimens. CATMAN software [17] was used for data login. The
load was applied in steps, and at each step cracks openings were
measured. Additionally, the interaction between the concrete lay-
40 60 ers was controlled.
It should be mentioned that six LVDTs were used to measure
91.2 88.1
95.3 93.4
deformations between the SFHSC and NSC layers in vertical and
horizontal directions. Two LVDTs were used to measure the Pois-
son deformations in the SFHSC layer that are required to assess
the steel bers contribution to the specimens ductility.
At the rst and second load steps the load corresponded to 50%
and 100% of the calculated cracking moment value. The third load
step corresponded to beginning of crack formation. The next load
steps were gradually increased up to 35 mm deection at the
mid span, corresponding to the specimens ultimate limit state.
After this stage the beams were loaded up to their failure without
LVDT to obtain the ultimate load.
6. Results and discussion
6.1. Cubic specimens
As known from previously carried out research [13], in order to
withstand design loadings, proper ductility of bered concrete ele-
ments is required. To obtain corresponding ductility, appropriate
ber content should be selected. It seems that higher ber content
leads to higher plastic energy dissipation (PED), which is desired.
However, increasing the ber content yields higher cost and lower
concrete mix workability, making the repairing process more com-
plicated and less effective. Therefore, optimal ber content should
be selected and applied.
Compressive strength is one of the most important properties
for repairing existing beams and slabs, because the SFHSC layer

(a) Load - Poisson - Diagram (b) 1750 Load - Poisson - Diagram

1750

1500 1500

1250 1250
Load [kN]
Load [kN]

1000 1000

750 750

500 500
Straingage 1 Straingage 1
250 Straingage 2 250 Straingage 2
Average Average
0 0
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000

Poisson [m/m] Poisson [m/m]

(c) Load - Poisson - Diagram (d) Load - Poisson - Diagram

1750 1750

1500 1500

1250 1250
Load [kN]

Load [kN]

1000 1000

750 750

500 500
Straingage 1 Straingage 1
250 Straingage 2 250 Straingage 2
Average Average
0 0
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000

Poisson [m/m] Poisson [m/m]

Fig. 3. Typical Poisson deformations vs. applied load for specimens with different FWR: (a) FWR = 0 kg/m3, (b) FWR = 20 kg/m3, (c) FWR = 40 kg/m3, and (d) FWR = 60 kg/m3,
(following [14]).
220 I. Iskhakov et al. / Materials and Design 44 (2013) 216222

A-A
A
SFHSC 9
NSC 32

A
103 94 103 15
300

Fig. 4. Constructive scheme of tested TLB.

Table 3 beam are presented in Table 4. The rst cracks appeared when
Energy, dissipated in cylindrical specimens with different FWR (following [14]). the mid span deection was 2 mm. At this stage 0.05 mm width
Fiber content (kg/m3) Dissipated energy (kN m/m)
cracks were detected in the concentrated loads zone. 0.3 mm
width cracks appeared at deection about 1/200 of the span, corre-
0 0
sponding to the service limit state (SLS). At deection equal to 1/80
20 1.075
40 1.632 of the span the maximum cracks width was 2.5 mm.
60 0.310 A typical loaddeection behavior of the tested beams is shown
in Fig. 5a. Following this gure, in spite of the fact that the beams
represent two layer elements, they exhibit classic bending behav-
Table 4 ior. The graph in the gure conrms that rst cracks appeared at
Load steps and deections of a typical tested beam.
2 mm deection (the slope of the loaddeection line changes
Load step 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 at this deection value), elasticplastic behavior of the SFHSC layer
Load F (kN) 7.5 15.0 17.0 28.8 40.5 52.9 62.8 86.2 95.6 99.1 100.5 dowered up to 15 mm, and plastic hinge appeared at about 20 mm
Deection (mm) 0.75 1.68 2 4 6 8 10 15 20 28 35
deection, corresponding to 1/140 of the beam span.
A graph, presenting cracks developing at each of previously se-
lected 28 beam section, is given in Fig. 6. Following the gure, be-
is effective for repairing namely the compressive zone of bending
fore the SLS the cracks widths along the entire length of the beam
elements. Average compressive strengths in cubic specimens with
were of the same order. Between SLS and ULS the cracks width in
different ber types and contents are given in Table 2. According to
middle beam span sections have signicantly increased up to the
this table, for both ber types the SFHSC strength increases up to
maximum values, which correspond to development of rather big
FWR = 40 kg/m3 and decreases for FWR = 60 kg/m3. Hence,
non-linear deformations. At the ultimate limit stage the cracks
FWR = 40 kg/m3 was selected as optimal ber content for the com-
pressed section zone.

6.2. Cylindrical specimens (a) F, kN

100
It was previously demonstrated that steel bers have little ef-
fect on elastic deections. However, if the deections are close to
80
the ultimate one, two layer repaired bending elements exhibit a
more ductile behavior due to additional plastic energy dissipation,
contributed by addition of steel bers [13]. To study this effect lon- 60
gitudinal and transverse (Poisson) deformations were measured
[14].
40
Two strain gages were used for measuring Poisson deforma-
tions. The test results for ber type F1 and weight ratios that were
applied for cubic specimens (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg/m3) are shown in 20
Fig. 3. Up to about half of the ultimate load capacity the specimens
behavior was elastic. After reaching the ultimate load value all
a, mm
specimens exhibited plastic behavior from the Poisson deforma- 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
tions viewpoint. Such behavior yields longitudinal cracks opening
in the specimens. The ultimate deformations in bered specimens
are 1.5, . . ., 2 times higher, compared to those without bers. (b)
Energy, dissipated during loading and unloading of cylindrical
specimens with different FWR is given in Table 3. Maximum en-
ergy dissipation and ductility was obtained for FWR = 40 kg/m3.
Similar results were obtained from the viewpoint of longitudinal
deformations as well. This proves the efciency of previously se-
lected optimal FWR = 40 kg/m3 (see Table 4).

6.3. Two layer beams

The span of each specimen was divided into 28 sections with

equal length in order to document cracks appearing and opening Fig. 5. Typical loaddeection behavior of tested beams: (a) proposed method, and
at each section. The load steps and deections of a typical tested (b) following [5].
 I. Iskhakov et al. / Materials and Design 44 (2013) 216222 221

Fig. 6. Developing of cracks in the beam during loading.

have propagated up to the neutral axis and reached the SFHSC

layer. It proves the previously developed design concept, stating
that the SFHSC layer depth should be equal to that of the beams
section compressed zone [9].
Fig. 7 shows the cracks distribution at the ULS and the begin-
ning of failure in one of the tested specimens. At the nal step, cor-
responding to failure load, a horizontal crack appeared between
the SFHSC and NSC layers. Normal (vertical) cracks reached their
maximum width, but do not appear in the SFHSC layer. Appearing
of the horizontal crack demonstrates that at high deections de-
bonding occurs between the concrete layers. Therefore even if the-
oretically a TLB or its part is under pure bending and the shear Fig. 7. Vertical and horizontal cracks in the beam (failure stage).
forces are equal to zero, at least constructive links should be used
to prevent de-bonding between the SFHSC and NSC layers. tween the layers (see Fig. 7). As it was mentioned previously, addi-
Graphs of forces vs. horizontal and vertical shear deformations tion of at least constructive links along the entire length of the
between the SFHCS and NSC layers are presented in Fig. 8. Follow- specimen is therefore logical.
ing the graphs, it can be shown that the energy of vertical deforma- The fact that no horizontal cracks appeared up to the ULS dem-
tions is about 1.5 times more than that of the horizontal ones onstrates that the SFHSC layer can be successfully cast after hard-
(160 kN and 105 kN , respectively). It corresponds to the ening of the NSC one. Therefore SFHSC is a very effective and
experimental result, showing that a horizontal crack appears be- attractive constructive material for repairing of existing RC

Fig. 8. Shear deformations between the layers.

222 I. Iskhakov et al. / Materials and Design 44 (2013) 216222
elements that yields proper interaction of both layers from the
beginning of loading and up to failure. The proposed design meth-
od can be successfully applied for repairing of various types of RC
structures and elements.
6.4. Comparison with available experimental results
To evaluate the efciency of the proposed repairing technique,
results obtained in the present study were compared with an alter-
native repairing method, based on using a jacket made of ber
reinforced concrete with tensile hardening behavior [5]. The main
difference between this method and the proposed one is that in the
rst the jacket is located mainly in the tensile zone of the repaired
beam section (that is neglected in design after appearing of cracks),
whereas in the second one the bered high strength concrete layer
is placed just in the compressed zone and contributes to the load
bearing capacity up to failure.
Comparison of loaddisplacement curves for beams, strength-
ened by the above mentioned two methods, shows that:
The rst strengthening method [5] yields sharp decrease in the
load after reaching the load bearing capacity (Fig. 5b), therefore
the ductility parameter is rather low.
The proposed method yields a more effective ductile behavior
up to failure (see Fig. 5a).
Such difference in repaired beams behavior can be explained by
selecting the repairing layer placement.
In the rst case there is a very little additional concrete layer in
the section compressed zone (see the scheme of the beam sec-
tion under the loaddisplacement diagram in Fig. 5b).
In the beams, repaired according to the proposed method, the
repairing layer is placed just in the section compressed zone
and the bers contribution is reveals indeed after cracking
and at the ultimate limit stage.
7. Conclusions
SFHSC is used for repairing normal strength concrete elements.
Design of such elements is based on concepts, developed for two-
layer beams, consisting of steel bered high strength concrete in
compressed zone and normal strength concrete without bers in
the tensile one.
As high strength concrete is knows as brittle material, addition
of steel bers increases ultimate deformations in post-cracking
elasticplastic range of the repaired elements and provides supple-
mental energy dissipation potential in the structure.
The tests demonstrate that the plastic energy dissipation signif-
icantly grows, as the bers content becomes higher (an optimal
value is about 30 ... 40 kg/m3). Required ductility of the repaired
element depends on the bers content. Experimental results, ob-
tained in this study, provided the optimal ber content and type,
yielding the highest Poisson coefcient that is directly related to
the required ductility level.
The tested specimens represent two layer elements, but they
exhibit classic bending behavior. The experiments have conrmed
the previously developed by the authors design concept, stating
that the SFHSC layer depth should be equal to that of the beams
section compressed zone.
Appearing of the horizontal crack in the tested specimens dem-
onstrates that at high deections de-bonding occurs between the
concrete layers. Therefore vertical links should be used to prevent
de-bonding between the SFHSC and NSC layers.
It was experimentally shown that energy of vertical deforma-
tions is about 1.5 times more than that of the horizontal ones. It
also supports the last conclusion regarding links.
Absence of horizontal cracks up to the ULS demonstrates that
the SFHSC layer can be successfully cast after hardening of the
NSC one. Hence, SFHSC is a very effective and attractive construc-
tive material for repairing of existing RC elements that yields prop-
er interaction of both layers from the beginning of loading and up
to failure.
The proposed design method can be successfully applied for
repairing of various types of RC structures and elements. The ob-
tained results form a basis for design rules on repairing of NSC
beams and slabs using SFHSC.
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