The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

Department of Building Services Engineering

Programme : MEng in Building Services Engineering (33082)

MSc/PgD in Building Services Engineering (88003)/(04001)
MSc/PgD in Facility Management (04001)
MSc/PgD in Fire and Safety Engineering (04001)
MSc/PgD in Environmental Management (04001)
Full-time PhD (88011)

Level : 5

Subject : Lighting Engineering (BSE511)

Session : 2006/2007 Semester 2

Date : 18 May 2007

Time : 6:30 pm 9:30 pm

Time Allowed : 3 hours

This question paper has 10 pages.

Instructions to Candidates:

1. This is an open book examination.

2. Answer any FOUR questions.
3. All questions carry equal marks.

Recommended list of materials allowed to be taken into the examination venue:

1. Electronic calculators, printed books, articles and class notes.

DO NOT TURN OVER THE PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO

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1. (a) Describe, with sketches, the coordinate systems used in the measurement and
presentation of the intensity distribution of luminaires. Which coordinate system is
commonly used for the photometry of luminaires for general lighting applications?
(7 marks)

(b) A small waiting room of size 4 m 4 m 3 m (high) is to be illuminated by 4

symmetrical luminaires. The intensity distribution in any C plane is given in Table
Q1.1. Each luminaire has 2 18W single ended fluorescent lamps each with an initial
output of 1800 lm. The reflectances of the ceiling, walls and floor are 0.7, 0.5 and
0.3, respectively.

(i) Calculate the downward light output ratio of the luminaire using the zone factor
method with 10 zones. (For your convenience, zone factors are given in Table
Q1.2.)
(5 marks)

(ii) Calculate the distribution factors for the floor cavity (working plane), walls and
ceiling, DF(F), DF(W) and DF(C). The zonal multipliers for this installation are
given in Table Q1.2.
(5 marks)

(iii) Using the transfer factors given in Table Q1.3, calculate the utilisation factors
UF(F), UF(W) and UF(C) for the floor cavity, walls and ceiling respectively.
(3 marks)

(iv) Calculate the average maintained illuminance on the working plane, the walls
and the ceiling assuming a maintenance factor MF = 0.7; and hence calculate
the average maintained luminance of the floor cavity, walls and ceiling.
(5 marks)

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Table Q1.1
Luminous intensity distribution in cd/1000 lm
Angle (degrees) Intensity (cd/m2)
5 278
15 264
25 238
35 200
45 146
55 79
65 28
75 12
85 5
All intensity values for angles from 90 to 180 inclusive are zero.

Table Q1.2 Zone factors and Zonal multipliers

Zone Mid-angle of zone
Zone factor Zonal multiplier
(degrees) (degrees)
0-10 5 0.0955 0.9394
10-20 15 0.2835 0.8192
20-30 25 0.4629 0.6942
30-40 35 0.6282 0.5565
40-50 45 0.7744 0.3955
50-60 55 0.8972 0.1955
60-70 65 0.9926 0
70-80 75 1.0579 0
80-90 85 1.0911 0

Table Q1.3 Transfer factor matrix:

TF(F,F) = 1.1378 TF(W,F) = 0.1945 TF(C,F) = 0.5846
TF(F,W) = 0.2567 TF(W,W) = 1.6326 TF(C,W) = 0.4886
TF(F,C) = 0.2506 TF(W,C) = 0.1587 TF(C,C) = 1.1548

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2. (a) One factor considered in lighting design that is not directly connected with the
quantity of illumination is discomfort glare. Write down the CIE unified glare rating
(UGR) formula with explanation of the variables appearing in the formula. State the
practical range of the UGR scale and describe the glare sensation at different values
within the practical UGR scale.
(8 marks)

(b) Figure Q2 shows the plan of a regular hexagonal room of sides 3 m. The room is 3 m
high. Seven circular luminaires with perfectly diffusing opal panel are recessed in the
ceiling so that the light emitting surface is flushed with the ceiling. One of the seven
luminaires is at the centre of the ceiling. The other six luminaires are arranged at the
corners of a regular hexagon of sides 1.8 m (see Figure Q2). Relevant data of the
luminaires are:
Diameter = 300 mm
Intensity at angle from downward vertical = 250 cos (cd)

Calculate the UGR for a seated person at the mid-point of a wall (see Figure Q2). The
eye-level of the seated person is 1.2 m above floor level. Given the indirect
illuminance at the eye of the observer is 120 lx. The Guth position index table is
given in Table Q2.
(17 marks)

Circular
1.8 m luminaires with
opal diffuser
totally 7 in room

3m
Observer (eye-level
at 1.2 m above floor)
Figure Q2 (scale is not exact)

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Table Q2 - Guth position index

H/R
T/R 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90
0.00 1.00 1.26 1.53 1.90 2.35 2.86 3.50 4.20 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.10 9.25 10.35 11.70 13.15 14.70 16.20 - -
0.10 1.05 1.22 1.46 1.80 2.20 2.75 3.40 4.10 4.80 5.80 6.80 8.00 9.10 10.30 11.60 13.00 14.60 16.10 - -
0.20 1.12 1.30 1.50 1.80 2.20 2.66 3.18 3.88 4.60 5.50 6.50 7.60 8.75 9.85 11.20 12.70 14.00 15.70 - -
0.30 1.22 1.38 1.60 1.87 2.25 2.70 3.25 3.90 4.60 5.45 6.45 7.40 8.40 9.50 10.85 12.10 13.70 15.00 - -
0.40 1.32 1.47 1.70 1.96 2.35 2.80 3.30 3.90 4.60 5.40 6.40 7.30 8.30 9.40 10.60 11.90 13.20 14.60 16.00 -
0.50 1.43 1.60 1.82 2.10 2.48 2.91 3.40 3.98 4.70 5.50 6.40 7.30 8.30 9.40 10.50 11.75 13.00 14.40 15.70 -
0.60 1.55 1.72 1.98 2.30 2.65 3.10 3.60 4.10 4.80 5.50 6.40 7.35 8.40 9.40 10.50 11.70 13.00 14.10 15.40 -
0.70 1.70 1.88 2.12 2.48 2.87 3.30 3.78 4.30 4.88 5.60 6.50 7.40 8.50 9.50 10.50 11.70 12.85 14.00 15.20 -
0.80 1.82 2.00 2.32 2.70 3.08 3.50 3.92 4.50 5.10 5.75 6.60 7.50 8.60 9.50 10.60 11.75 12.80 14.00 15.10 -
0.90 1.95 2.20 2.54 2.90 3.30 3.70 4.20 4.75 5.30 6.00 6.75 7.70 8.70 9.65 10.75 11.80 12.90 14.00 15.00 16.00
1.00 2.11 2.40 2.75 3.10 3.50 3.91 4.40 5.00 5.60 6.20 7.00 7.90 8.80 9.75 10.80 11.90 12.95 14.00 15.00 16.00
1.10 2.30 2.55 2.92 3.30 3.72 4.20 4.70 5.25 5.80 6.55 7.20 8.15 9.00 9.90 10.95 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00
1.20 2.40 2.75 3.12 3.50 3.90 4.35 4.85 5.50 6.05 6.70 7.50 8.30 9.20 10.00 11.02 12.10 13.10 14.00 15.00 16.00
1.30 2.55 2.90 3.30 3.70 4.20 4.65 5.20 5.70 6.30 7.00 7.70 8.55 9.35 10.20 11.20 12.25 13.20 14.00 15.00 16.00
1.40 2.70 3.10 3.50 3.90 4.35 4.85 5.35 5.85 6.50 7.25 8.00 8.70 9.50 10.40 11.40 12.40 13.25 14.05 15.00 16.00
1.50 2.85 3.15 3.65 4.10 4.55 5.00 5.50 6.20 6.80 7.50 8.20 8.85 9.70 10.55 11.50 12.50 13.30 14.05 15.02 16.00
1.60 2.95 3.40 3.80 4.25 4.75 5.20 5.75 6.30 7.00 7.65 8.40 9.00 9.80 10.80 11.75 12.60 13.40 14.20 15.10 16.00
1.70 3.10 3.55 4.00 4.50 4.90 5.40 5.95 6.50 7.20 7.80 8.50 9.20 10.00 10.85 11.85 12.75 13.45 14.20 15.10 16.00
1.80 3.25 3.70 4.20 4.65 5.10 5.60 6.10 6.75 7.40 8.00 8.65 9.35 10.10 11.00 11.90 12.80 13.50 14.20 15.10 16.00
1.90 3.43 3.86 4.30 4.75 5.20 5.70 6.30 6.90 7.50 8.17 8.80 9.50 10.20 11.00 12.00 12.82 13.55 14.20 15.10 16.00
2.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 4.90 5.35 5.80 6.40 7.10 7.70 8.30 8.90 9.60 10.40 11.10 12.00 12.85 13.60 14.30 15.10 16.00
2.10 3.60 4.17 4.65 5.05 5.50 6.00 6.60 7.20 7.82 8.45 9.00 9.75 10.50 11.20 12.10 12.90 13.70 14.35 15.10 16.00
2.20 3.75 4.25 4.72 5.20 5.60 6.10 6.70 7.35 8.00 8.55 9.15 9.85 10.60 11.30 12.10 12.90 13.70 14.40 15.15 16.00
2.30 3.85 4.35 4.80 5.25 5.70 6.22 6.80 7.40 8.10 8.65 9.30 9.90 10.70 11.40 12.20 12.95 13.70 14.40 15.20 16.00
2.40 3.95 4.40 4.90 5.35 5.80 6.30 6.90 7.50 8.20 8.80 9.40 10.00 10.80 11.50 12.25 13.00 13.75 14.45 15.20 16.00
2.50 4.00 4.50 4.95 5.40 5.85 6.40 6.95 7.55 8.25 8.85 9.50 10.05 10.85 11.55 12.30 13.00 13.80 14.50 15.25 16.00

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3. (a) Describe briefly the characteristics of the CIE standard overcast sky. Why is this sky
model commonly used for daylighting design and analysis?
(5 marks)

(b) A prestige office complex has a cylindrical atrium with its top totally glazed using a
diffusing material. The atrium is 12 m high and 8 m in diameter. The top glazing is a
perfectly diffusing transmitter with a transmittance of 0.3. The reflectance of the
interior (bottom) surface of the glazing is negligible. The walls and floor have
diffusing reflectances of 0.5 and 0.2, respectively. Calculate the following under a
CIE standard overcast sky with zenith luminance of 9000 cd/m2:

(i) The direct horizontal illuminance at the centre of the atrium floor.
(5 marks)
(ii) The average direct horizontal illuminance on the atrium floor.
(5 marks)
(iii) The average horizontal illuminance on the atrium floor due to transmitted and
interreflected light.
(10 marks)

Given:
The flux transfer function (form factor) between two coaxial parallel circular discs is

1
f13 = 2
[ h 2 + a 2 + b 2 ( h 2 + a 2 + b 2 ) 2 4a 2 b 2 ]
2a
where a, b are the radii of the circular discs and h is the separation.

Surface 1
radius a

Surface 3
radius b

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4. Figure Q4.2 shows the photometric data and floodlighting diagram of an area floodlight.

(a) Which type does this floodlight belong to: symmetrical, asymmetrical or double
asymmetrical?
(1 mark)

(b) What are the meanings of the following terms which appear in Figure Q4.2?
(i) beam angle to 1/10 peak
(ii) beam factor
(3 marks)

(c) This floodlight is selected to illuminate a tennis court to an average maintained

horizontal illuminance of 400 lux. The dimensions of the tennis court is 22 m 11 m.
Four lamp posts of 10 m high are built with a set back of 3 m from the side lines of
the court. Figure Q4.1 shows a sketch of the tennis court. Using the assumptions
given below, calculate:
(i) the number of floodlights required on each lamp post; and hence
(ii) the average maintained horizontal illuminance of the court,
(iii) the maintained horizontal illuminance at the corners.
Comment on the uniformity of the court.
(21 marks)

Assumptions:
All lamp posts have the same number of floodlights.
The floodlights are aimed at 2/3 of the court width.
Initial lumen output of lamp = 60,000 lm
LLMF = 0.8,
LMF = 0.85
Atmospheric absorption is negligible.

22m

11m

3m
5.5m 11m

Figure Q4.1 Sketch of tennis court area with lamp posts (not to scale)

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Figure Q4.2 Floodlight data and diagram. (Values in isocandela diagram are in 1000 candela
units per 1000 lamp lumens. Zonal flux values are in lumens per 1000 lamp lumens.)

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5. In the lighting design of an assembly workshop, high pressure sodium (SON) lamps and
cool white tubular (T8) triphosphor fluorescent lamps in reflector type luminaires are
being considered. The recommended maintained illuminance is 300 lux on a reference
plane 0.8 m above floor.

The dimensions of the workshop are: 25 m length, 18 m width and 5 m height (floor to
ceiling). The surface reflectances are: ceiling 0.5, walls 0.3 and floor 0.2.

The high pressure sodium luminaire being considered houses a single 250W SON lamp
with electromagnetic ballast. The fluorescent luminaire being considered houses two T8
58W lamps with electronic ballast.

Using the data given in Tables Q5.1-Q5.7 and assuming the cleanliness class of the
workshop is Normal (N), compare the following for both lighting system installations:

(a) the installed lighting power density and energy implications; (8 marks)

(b) the economics (average annual operation cost); (12 marks)

(c) other operating characteristics of the two lighting systems. (5 marks)

Table Q5.1 Lamp information

Lamp Lamp wattage Initial lumen Bulk re-lamping Lamp cost
output period
SON 250 W 24,000 lm 15,000 hrs HK$200
T8 triphosphor 58 W 5,200 lm 9,000 hrs HK$22

Table Q5.2 Luminaire information

Lamp/Luminaire Circuit wattage CIE luminaire Luminaire cost
(per luminaire) maintenance (including
category lamps)
SON 300 W C HK$1500
T8 triphosphor 120 W C HK$500

Table Q5.3 Utilisation factors for the SON luminaire

Utilisation factors UF[F] SHR NOM = 1.75
Room Reflectances Room index
C W F 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 4.00 5.00
0.70 0.50 0.20 0.43 0.51 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67
0.30 0.39 0.47 0.51 0.54 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66
0.10 0.36 0.45 0.49 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.60 0.63 0.64
0.50 0.50 0.20 0.42 0.50 0.53 0.55 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.63 0.64
0.30 0.39 0.47 0.50 0.53 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.63
0.10 0.36 0.44 0.48 0.51 0.54 0.57 0.58 0.61 0.62
0.30 0.50 0.20 0.41 0.49 0.52 0.54 0.57 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.62
0.30 0.38 0.46 0.49 0.52 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60 0.61
0.10 0.36 0.44 0.47 0.50 0.53 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.60
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.43 0.46 0.48 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57

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Table Q5.4 Utilisation factors for the 258W T8 fluorescent luminaire

Utilisation factors UF[F] SHR NOM = 1.50
Room Reflectances Room index
C W F 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 4.00 5.00
0.70 0.50 0.20 0.46 0.52 0.57 0.61 0.65 0.69 0.71 0.74 0.76
0.30 0.40 0.47 0.52 0.56 0.61 0.65 0.68 0.71 0.73
0.10 0.37 0.43 0.48 0.52 0.58 0.62 0.65 0.69 0.71
0.50 0.50 0.20 0.44 0.49 0.54 0.58 0.62 0.65 0.67 0.70 0.71
0.30 0.39 0.45 0.50 0.54 0.59 0.62 0.64 0.67 0.69
0.10 0.36 0.42 0.47 0.51 0.56 0.59 0.62 0.65 0.68
0.30 0.50 0.20 0.42 0.47 0.52 0.55 0.59 0.61 0.63 0.66 0.67
0.30 0.38 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.56 0.59 0.61 0.64 0.66
0.10 0.35 0.41 0.46 0.49 0.54 0.57 0.59 0.62 0.64
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.38 0.43 0.46 0.50 0.53 0.55 0.58 0.59

Table Q5.5 Typical maintenance factors for high pressure sodium lamps and triphosphor
fluorescent lamps
High pressure sodium lamps Triphosphor fluorescent lamps
Luminaire Luminaire flux
Environment Environment
type distribution
C N D C N D
A Direct/Indirect 0.69 0.63 0.56 0.69 0.63 0.56
B Direct 0.74 0.70 0.67 0.74 0.70 0.67
C Direct 0.74 0.66 0.58 0.74 0.66 0.58
D Direct 0.73 0.67 0.62 0.73 0.67 0.62
E Direct 0.77 0.74 0.70 0.77 0.74 0.70
F Indirect 0.58 0.50 0.41 0.58 0.50 0.41
The above table is based on the following assumption:
(a) Failed lamps are spot-replaced.
(b) Re-lamping interval for tubular fluorescent lamps is 9000 h
Re-lamping interval for high pressure sodium lamps is 15000 h
(c) Cleaning intervals: Lamps/luminaires = 1 year; room surfaces = 3 years
(d) Room index: 2.5 (medium)

Table Q5.6 Lamp survival factors (LSF)

Operation time (1000 hours)
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
High
pressure 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.89 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.69
sodium
Triphosphor
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.95 0.85 0.75 0.64 0.50 --- ---
fluorescent

Table Q5.7 Other installation, operation and maintenance data

Annual hours of lighting operation 4500 hours
Installation cost HK$200 per luminaire
Capital amortization fraction 0.1
Cost of electricity HK$1.00 per kWh
Cost of bulk relamping HK$8 per luminaire
Cost of spot relamping HK$10 per lamp
Cost of bulk cleaning HK$15 per luminaire
Bulk relamping interval:
High pressure sodium 15,000 hours
Triphosphor fluorescent 9,000 hours
Luminaire cleaning interval 1 year

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6. (a) Discuss the main lighting design considerations which must be taken to ensure that
the lighting of a working interior (such as an office) provides acceptable standards of
performance and comfort whilst making efficient and effective use of energy.
(15 marks)

(b) An office with an existing lighting system that provides the recommended task
illuminance produces complaints that it is gloomy. Discuss the possible causes of
such complaint and suggest ways to mitigate the situation.
(10 marks)

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