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SENSOR
DETECTOR
VOM
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Submitted by:
Cosalan, Donaldson E.
Submitted to:
Engr. JeffersonWalcien
AUGUST 2010
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To our family who are always there beside us to give moral and
financial support, and encouragement, you are our inspiration.
To our adviser, Engr. Jefferson Walcien, thank you for the teachings
and knowledge you have imparted with us most especially for the
inspirational saying, “Always do things in advance and BE PROACTIVE”.
To our friends and classmates who are always there to lend their hands
and thank you for your encouraging words.
PREFACE /FOREWORD
This report prepared by Donaldson E. Cosalan, Floreen Karl F. Ellorin,
Francis Jed M. Eslava, Graham Isaac M. Gamueda, and Marc Edward U.
Pacate is all about the Transducers, the Sensors, the Detectors and the VOM.
Its historical background on how is it discovered by scientists or engineers
and on how it is developed.Its technical operation, function and application
to our everyday life are to be tackled in this report.
Instructor
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
V. INTRODUCTION
i. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT
VIII. APPENDICES
IX. BIBLIOGRAPHY
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Actuator (output transducer)
Inverse transducer
Transducer
The 1800’s
The 1900’s
Common Transducers
TECHNICAL OPERATION
Basic requirements of a transducer
CLASSIFICATON OF TRANSDUCERS
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES:
VELOCITY TRANSDUCER
APPLICATIONS
Electromagnetic:
Electrochemical:
• pH probes
• Hydrogen sensor
• Electroactive polymers
• Galvanometer
• Microelectromechanical systems
• Accelerometer
• Strain gauge
• String Potentiometer
• Tactile sensor
Electroacoustic:
Photoelectric:
• Laser diode, light-emitting diode - convert electrical power into
forms of light
• Electrostatic:
• Electrometer
Thermoelectric:
• Thermocouple
• Peltier cooler
Radioacoustic:
• Receiver (radio)
1933
1938
1939
1940
1941
1945
1949
• 4370 appliance thermostat debuts; first major product for commercial
use
1950
1952
1953
1955
1956
1959
1960
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1969
1970
1971
• Calculator keyboard using discs introduced
1972
1974
1975
1976
1979
1980
1981
1983
1985
1988
1989
1990
1992
1994
1995
1996
• Mobil Oil selects TIRIS for use in Speed Pass pay-at-pump transactions
• Land Grid Array (LGA) burn-in sockets selected by Intel for Pentium II
1998
1999
2003
2004
Digital Sensors
TECHNICAL OPERATION
Classification of measurement errors
Sensor deviations
* The sensitivity may in practice differ from the value specified. This
is called a sensitivity error, but the sensor is still linear.
* Since the range of the output signal is always limited, the output
signal will eventually reach a minimum or maximum when the
measured property exceeds the limits. The full scale range defines the
maximum and minimum values of the measured property.
* If the output signal is not zero when the measured property is zero,
the sensor has an offset or bias. This is defined as the output of the
sensor at zero input.
* If the sensitivity is not constant over the range of the sensor, this
is called nonlinearity. Usually this is defined by the amount the output
differs from ideal behavior over the full range of the sensor, often
noted as a percentage of the full range.
Resolution
Types
Biosensor
• Geophone
• Hydrophone
• Lace Sensor a guitar pickup
• Microphone
• Seismometer
• Accelerometer
Automotive, transportation
Chemical
• Breathalyzer
• Carbon dioxide sensor
• Carbon monoxide detector
• Catalytic bead sensor
• Chemical field-effect transistor
• Electrochemical gas sensor
• Electronic nose
• Electrolyte–insulator–semiconductor sensor
• Hydrogen sensor
• Hydrogen sulfide sensor
• Infrared point sensor
• Ion-selective electrode
• Nondispersive infrared sensor
• Microwave chemistry sensor
• Nitrogen oxide sensor
• Olfactometer
• Optode
• Oxygen sensor
• Pellistor
• pH glass electrode
• Potentiometric sensor
• Redox electrode
• Smoke detector
• Zinc oxide nanorod sensor
• Ammeter
• Current sensor
• Galvanometer
• Hall effect sensor
• Hall probe
• Leaf electroscope
• Magnetic anomaly detector
• Magnetometer
• Metal detector
• Multimeter
• Ohmmeter
• Radio direction finder
• Telescope
• Voltmeter
• Voltage detector
• Watt-hour meter
• Bedwetting alarm
• Dew warning
• Fish counter
• Gas detector
• Hook gauge evaporimeter
• Hygrometer
• Leaf sensor
• Pyranometer
• Pyrgeometer
• Psychrometer
• Rain gauge
• Rain sensor
• Seismometers
• Snow gauge
• Soil moisture sensor
• Stream gauge
• Tide gauge
• Bubble chamber
• Cloud chamber
• Geiger counter
• Neutron detection
• Particle detector
• Scintillation counter
• Scintillator
• Wire chamber
Navigation instruments
• Accelerometer
• Capacitive displacement sensor
• Free fall sensor
• Gravimeter
• Inclinometer
• Laser rangefinder
• Linear encoder
• Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT)
• Liquid capacitive inclinometers
• Odometer
• Piezoelectric accelerometer
• Position sensor
• Rotary encoder
• Rotary variable differential transformer
• Selsyn
• Sudden Motion Sensor
• Tilt sensor
• Tachometer
• Ultrasonic thickness gauge
• Charge-coupled device
• Colorimeter
• Contact image sensor
• Electro-optical sensor
• Flame detector
• Infra-red sensor
• LED as light sensor
• Nichols radiometer
• Fiber optic sensors
• Photodetector
• Photodiode
• Photomultiplier tubes
• Phototransistor
• Photoelectric sensor
• Photoionization detector
• Photomultiplier
• Photoresistor
• Photoswitch
• Phototube
• Proximity sensor
• Scintillometer
• Shack-Hartmann
• Wavefront sensor
Pressure
• Barograph
• Barometer
• Boost gauge
• Bourdon gauge
• Hot filament ionization gauge
• Ionization gauge
• McLeod gauge
• Oscillating U-tube
• Permanent Downhole Gauge
• Pirani gauge
• Pressure sensor
• Pressure gauge
• Tactile sensor
• Time pressure gauge
• Bhangmeter
• Hydrometer
• Force gauge
• Level sensor
• Load cell
• Magnetic level gauge
• Nuclear density gauge
• Piezoelectric sensor
• Strain gauge
• Torque sensor
• Viscometer
• Bolometer
• Calorimeter
• Exhaust gas temperature gauge
• Gardon gauge
• Heat flux sensor
• Infrared thermometer
• Microbolometer
• Microwave radiometer
• Net radiometer
• Resistance temperature detector
• Resistance thermometer
• Silicon bandgap temperature sensor
• Temperature gauge
• Thermistor
• Thermocouple
• Thermometer
Proximity, presence
• Alarm sensor
• Motion detector
• Occupancy sensor
• Passive infrared sensor
• Reed switch
• Stud finder
• Triangulation sensor
• Touch switch
• Wired glove
Sensor technology
DETECTORS
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT
Radiation Detection
The most recent class of detector developed is the solid state detector.
These detectors convert the incident photons directly into electrical pulses.
Solid state detectors are fabricated from a variety of materials including:
germanium, silicon, cadmium telluride, mercuric iodide, and cadmium zinc
telluride. The best detector for a given application depends on several
factors. For instance, germanium detectors have the best resolution, but
require liquid nitrogen cooling which makes them impractical for portable
applications. Silicon, on the other hand, needs no cooling, but is inefficient in
detecting photons with energies greater than a few tens of keV (kilo electron
volts). In the last few years detectors fabricated from high Z semiconductor
materials have gained acceptance due to their ability to operate at room
temperature and their inherent high efficiency. Detectors made from
cadmium telluride, mercuric iodide, and cadmium zinc telluride are routinely
used.
Smoke Detection
The first automatic electric fire alarm was invented in 1890 by Francis
Robbins Upton (US patent no. 436,961). Upton was an associate of Thomas
Edison, but there is no evidence that Edison contributed to this project.
In the late 1930s the Swiss physicist Walter Jaeger tried to invent a
sensor for poison gas. He expected that gas entering the sensor would bind
to ionized air molecules and thereby alter an electric current in a circuit in
the instrument. His device failed: small concentrations of gas had no effect
on the sensor's conductivity. Frustrated, Jaeger lit a cigarette—and was soon
surprised to notice that a meter on the instrument had registered a drop in
current. Smoke particles had apparently done what poison gas could not.
Jaeger's experiment was one of the advances that paved the way for the
modern smoke detector.
The first truly affordable home smoke detector was invented by Duane
D. Pearsall in 1965, featuring an individual battery powered unit that could
be easily installed and replaced. The first units for mass production came
from Duane Pearsall’s company, Statitrol Corporation, in Lakewood,
Colorado.[1][2]
These first units were made from strong fire resistant steel and shaped
much like a bee's hive. The battery was a rechargeable specialized unit
created by Gates Energy. The need for a quick replace battery didn't take
long to show itself and the rechargeable was replaced with a pair of AA
batteries along with a plastic shell encasing the detector. The small
assembly line sent close to 500 units per day before Statitrol sold its
invention to Emerson Electric in 1980 and Sears’s retailers picked up full
distribution of the 'now required in every home' smoke detector.
Metal Detection
Metal detectors are also used to help in the process of detecting land
mines. They are also used for security purposes in air ports, court rooms,
prisons, post offices, and other high security buildings in order to find
weapons, like guns or knives. Miners and prospectors also were very glad to
use the invention. Construction is yet another field in which the metal
detector is very welcomed. In this case they use the metal detectors ability
to search out steel reinforcement beams, pipes, and wires. Archaeologists,
also use a metal detector to help in the findings of coins, and artifacts.
Metal detectors hit both ends of the price spectrum these days. You
can get a commercial one brand new for around $100.00 or get a top quality
gold detector for up to $5,000.00 to experiment with. They even have a
cheaper version for kids, which I think is a great lesson being taught while
they have fun learning what types of things are metal. The metal detector
has been a very useful invention in our society. Many industries use this
invention to save them a lot of valuable time, and make their work much
easier.
SYSTEM/ DEVICE BLOCK DIAGRAM
TECHNICAL OPERATION
Circuit description:
If you have a few remote control units around the house, you’ll
appreciate this little circuit. The LED clearly indicates whether the remote
control unit actually emits an IR signal when you press one of the buttons on
the unit. The circuit uses a photo-diode (D1) to sense the infrared light
emitted by the remote control unit (if it is working properly). The plastic
package of this diode acts as an IR filter that is only transparent to invisible
light with a wavelength of 950 nm.
Although there are probably some remote control units that use IR
diodes operating at a different wavelength, the circuit has enough sensitivity
to detect them as well. If enough light falls on photo-diode D1, an electrical
current will flow through the diode. In fact, what happens is that the leakage
current increases, since photo-diodes are usually operated in reverse-biased
mode (as is the case here). If the current is large enough, transistor T1
conducts and causes LED D2 to light up.
If LED D2 remains dark, this means the remote control unit is not
producing any IR light. This can be due to an empty battery (or batteries) or
a fault in the internal circuitry. Pay careful attention to the polarization of the
photo-diode when wiring it into the circuit. The cathode is clearly marked by
a special pin. For LED D2, use a low-current type that can handle a current of
at least 7 mA. The detector can be powered by a pair of 1.5-V penlight cells
connected in series.
FUNCTION AND APPLICATION
A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke, typically as an
indicator of fire. Commercial, industrial, and mass residential devices issue a
signal to a fire alarm system, while household detectors, known as smoke
alarms, generally issue a local audible and/or visual alarm from the detector
itself.
VOM
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT
The first moving-pointer current-detecting device was the
galvanometer. These were used to measure resistance & voltage by using a
wheatstone bridge, and comparing the unknown quantity to a reference
voltage or resistance. While usable in a lab, the technique was very slow and
impractical in the field. These galvanometers were bulky and delicate.
Macadie took his idea to the Automatic Coil Winder and Electrical
Equipment Company (ACWEEC, founded probably in 1923).[2] The first AVO
was put on sale in 1923, and although it was initially a DC-only instrument
many of its features remained almost unaltered right through to the last
Model 8.
TECHNICAL OPERATION
Digital multimeters (DMM or DVOM)
Sample and hold, which will latch the most recent reading for
examination after the instrument is removed from the circuit
under test.
Analog multimeters
Summary of Transducers
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
Transducer is a device which converts the energy from one form to another
form.
Classification
o Active transducer
o Passive transducer
Active transducer also known as self generating type developing their own
voltage or current as output signal. PV cell, thermo couple, piezo electric
transducer, photo electric transducer.
1. Linearity
2.Ruggedness
3.Repeatability
The transducer should produce identical output signal when the same
input signal is applied at different times under the same environmental
condition.
6. Convenient instrumentation
Transducers – Principle
Transducers converts energy from one form into another and the output as
electrical signal by using the principal effects like variation in resistance,
capacitance, inductance, piezo electric and thermal effects.
Example:
Sound
The capacitance between two conductive surfaces varies with three major
factors: the overlapping area(A) of those two surfaces, the distance between
them(d), and the dielectric constant(εo & εr) of the material in between the
surfaces. If two out of three of these variables can be fixed (stabilized) and
the third allowed to vary, then any measurement of capacitance between the
surfaces will be solely indicative of changes in that third variable.
INDUCTIVE TRANSDUCER
APPLICATIONS
Electromagnetic:
• Cathode ray tube (CRT) - converts electrical signals into visual form
• Fluorescent lamp, light bulb - converts electrical power into visible light
• Hall effect sensor - converts a magnetic field level into electrical form
only.
Electrochemical:
• pH probes
• Hydrogen sensor
• Electroactive polymers
• Galvanometer
• Microelectromechanical systems
• Load cell converts force to mV/V electrical signal using strain gauge
• Accelerometer
• Strain gauge
• String Potentiometer
• Tactile sensor
Electroacoustic:
Photoelectric:
• Electrostatic:
• Electrometer
Thermoelectric:
• RTD Resistance Temperature Detector
• Thermocouple
• Peltier cooler
Radioacoustic:
• Receiver (radio).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• www.digital.ni.com
• www.wiki.answers.com
• www.answers.com
• www.encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com
• www.en.wikipedia.org
• www.scribd.com
• www.notes.ump.edu.my
• www.artsites.ucsc.edu
• www.crutchfield.com
• http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/io/io_3.html
• ^ Wolfbeis, O. S. (2000). "Fiber-optic chemical sensors and
biosensors." Anal Chem 72(12): 81R-89R