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Thermal behavior in solar air heater channel tted with combined rib and
delta-winglet
P. Promvonge , C. Khanoknaiyakarn, S. Kwankaomeng, C. Thianpong
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Available online 21 March 2011 Effects of combined ribs and delta-winglet type vortex generators (DWs) on forced convection heat transfer
and friction loss behaviors for turbulent airow through a solar air heater channel are experimentally
Keywords: investigated in the present work. Measurements are carried out in the rectangular channel of aspect ratio,
Heat transfer AR = 10 and height, H = 30 mm. The ow rate is presented in the form of Reynolds numbers based on the inlet
Rib hydraulic diameter of the channel ranging from 5000 to 22,000. The cross-section shape of the rib placed on
Turbulent ow
the absorber plate to create a reverse-ow is an isosceles triangle with a single rib height, e/H = 0.2 and rib
Solar air heater
Vortex generator
pitch, Pl/H = 1.33. Ten pairs of the DW with its height, b/H = 0.4; transverse pitch, Pt/H = 1 and three attack
Delta winglet angles () of 60, 45 and 30 are introduced and mounted on the lower plate entrance of the tested channel
to generate longitudinal vortex ows. The experimental results show that the Nusselt number and friction
factor values for combined rib and DW are found to be much higher than those for the rib/DW alone. The
larger attack angle of the DW leads to higher heat transfer and friction loss than the lower one. In common
with the rib, the DW pointing upstream (PU-DW) is found to give higher heat transfer rate and friction loss
than the DW pointing downstream (PD-DW) at a similar operating condition. In comparison, the largest
attack angle ( = 60) of the PU-DW yields the highest increase in both the Nusselt number and friction factor
while the lowest attack angle of the PD-DW provides the best thermal performance.
2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction roughened absorber plate yields the heat transfer rate at 1.251.4
times over the smooth rectangular duct and the maximum thermal
One of the commonly used passive heat transfer enhancement efciency is in the range of 5183.5%. Mittal et al. [5] studied and
techniques in single-phase internal ows in channel solar air heaters compared the absorber plate with six different types of roughness
is the use of ribs placing periodically in the absorber plate. For elements. Their results showed that the channel with inclined ribs
decades, ribs [1] have been used in thermal systems due to their high including V-shaped ribs performs better heat transfer rate than
thermal loads and decreased dimensions. The use of ribs completely others. An experiment of Aharwal et al. [6] was conducted to study
makes the change of the ow eld and thus the distribution of the heat transfer behaviors of a solar air heater channel with inclined
local heat transfer coefcient. Periodically mounted ribs in the square split-rib with a gap on one wall and the results showed that the
absorber plate of solar air heater channels can help to interrupt gap in the inclined rib enhances the heat transfer of the channel. The
hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers leading to an increase in increase in Nu and friction factor was, respectively, in a range of 1.5
heat transfer rate. Several studies have been carried out to investigate 2.6 times and 2.32.9 times the smooth channel. The maximum
the effect of rib geometry and arrangements on heat transfer and Nusselt number and friction factor values were found for the gap at
friction loss for roughened surfaces of heat exchanger channels or relative gap position of 0.25 and width of 1.0. Effects of transverse or
solar air heaters. Saidi and Sunden [2] and Tatsumi et al. [3] porous ribs on thermal characteristics in rectangular channels were
investigated numerically the turbulent ow and heat transfer numerically studied by Yang and Hwang [7] and Luo et al. [8].
behaviors in square ducts with ribs on two opposite walls and Varun et al. [9] investigated heat transfer and friction character-
discrete angled ribs on one wall, respectively. They found that istics by using inclined/transverse ribs on the absorber plate of a solar
noticeable heat transfer enhancement is obtained downstream of the air heater and reported that the best performance is at relative
ribs due to strong secondary ow motion. Sahu and Bhagoria [4] roughness pitch of 8. Momin et al. [10] experimentally studied on
examined broken transverse ribs in solar air heaters, reported that the thermal characteristics of a solar air heater channel tted with V-
shaped ribs for e/D = 0.020.034 and the angle of attack () = 30
Communicated by W.J. Minkowycz.
90 for a xed P/e = 10. They found that at = 60, the highest
Corresponding author. Nusselt number and friction factor values obtained by the ribs are,
E-mail address: kppongje@kmitl.ac.th (P. Promvonge). respectively, 2.30 and 2.83 times the smooth channel. Promvonge and
0735-1933/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2011.03.014
750 P. Promvonge et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 749756
values of which are 30 mm and 40 mm. The overall length of the In Fig. 1, the AC power supply was the source of power for the
channel is 2000 mm which included 10 pitches of the test section with plate-type heater, used for heating the upper plate of the test section
the channel width, W, of 300 mm. The ribbed absorber plate was only to maintain a uniform heat-ux on the absorber plate. Wood
fabricated from a 12 mm thick aluminum plate, 300 mm wide and bars, which have a much lower thermal conductivity than the metallic
440 mm long (L). The rib dimensions are 4 mm high (e) and 20 mm wall, were placed on the inlet and exit ends of the absorber plate to
thick (t). The form of the ribbed plate was accomplished by means of serve as a thermal barrier at the inlet and exit of the test section. Air as
wire-EDM machining. For all cases of test runs, ten pairs of the DW the tested uid in both the heat transfer and pressure drop
with height, b/H = 0.4 and transverse pitch, Pt = H = 30 mm fabricat- experiments, was directed into the systems by a 1.45 kW high-
ed from a 0.30 mm thick aluminum strip are mounted on the tested pressure blower. The operating speed of the blower was varied by
channel entrance by using hot glue with three attack angles () of 60, using an inverter to provide desired air ow rates. The ow rate of air
45 and 30, as can be seen in Fig. 2. In this experiment, a combination in the systems was measured by an orice plate pre-calibrated by
of the two phenomena, (1) the re-circulating/reverse ow induced by using hot wire and vane-type anemometers. The pressure drop across
the ribs and (2) the vortex ows created by the DWs, is supposed to be the orice was measured using inclined manometer for controlling
effective in the vicinity of the absorber plate. In addition, both the airow rate. In order to measure temperature distributions on the
turbulators are expected to provide better mixing of the uid between absorber plate, ten thermocouples were tted to the plate wall. The
the core and the heated wall surface, thereby enhancing the heat thermocouples were attached in holes drilled from the rear face and
transfer rate. centered of the wall with the respective junctions positioned within
a 100
for Nusselt number and 10% for friction. The uncertainty in the axial
velocity measurement was estimated to be less than 5%, and
90 pressure has a corresponding estimated uncertainty of 5%, whereas
smooth channel
Dittus-Boelter correlation the uncertainty in temperature measurement at the channel wall was
80 about 0.5%.
70 3. Data reduction
60
The Nusselt number (Nu) and the friction factor (f) in a ribbed
channel tted with the DWs are calculated in the present work. The
Nu
50
independent parameters are the Reynolds number, the DW direction
40 and the attack angle. The Reynolds number based on the channel
hydraulic diameter (D) is given by
30
Re = UD = : 1
20
The average heat transfer coefcients are computed from the
10 measured temperatures and heat inputs and will be evaluated from
the experimental data via the following equations:
0
2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 17500 20000 22500 25000
Re Q air = Q conv = mCp To Ti = VI 2
b Q conv
.10 h= 3
A T s Tb
.09 smooth channel
Blasius correlation in which,
.08
Tb = To + Ti = 2 4
.07
and
.06
Ts = Ts = 10: 5
.05
f
.04 The term A is the convective heat transfer area of the heated upper
wall whereas T s is the average surface temperature obtained from
.03 local surface measured temperatures along the axial length of the
heated channel. Then, average Nusselt number is written as:
.02
hD
.01 Nu = : 6
k
where P is a pressure drop across the test section and U is mean air
2 mm of the inside wall and axial separation was 40 mm apart. To velocity in the channel. All of thermo-physical properties of the air are
measure the inlet and outlet bulk temperatures, two and four determined at the overall bulk air temperature from Eq. (4)
thermocouples were positioned upstream and downstream of the The thermal enhancement factor, , dened as the ratio of h of an
test duct entry and exit, respectively. All thermocouples were type K, augmented surface to that of a smooth surface, h0, at a constant
1.6 mm diameter wire. The thermocouple voltage outputs were fed pumping power:
into a data acquisition system and then recorded via a personal 1 = 3
computer.
Two static pressure taps were located at the top of the principal
=
h
h0 j pp
=
Nu
Nu0 j pp
=
Nu
Nu0
f0
f
8
channel wall to measure axial pressure drops across the test section
including the vortex generator, used to evaluate average friction
factor. These were located at the center line of the channel. One of 4. Results and discussion
these taps is 30 mm upstream of the leading edge of the channel and
the other is 30 mm upstream of the trailing edge. The pressure drop 4.1. Verication of smooth channel
was measured by a digital differential pressure and a data logger
connected to the 3 mm diameter taps and recorded via a personal The present results on heat transfer and friction characteristics in a
computer. smooth wall channel are rst validated in terms of Nusselt number
To quantify the uncertainties of measurements the reduced data (Nu) and friction factor ( f ). The Nu and f obtained from the present
obtained experimentally were determined. The uncertainty in the smooth channel are, respectively, compared with the correlations of
data calculation was based on Ref. [29]. The maximum uncertainties of DittusBoelter and Blasius found in the open literature [30] for
non-dimensional parameters were 5% for Reynolds number, 8% turbulent ow in ducts.
P. Promvonge et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 749756 753
Correlation of DittusBoelter, transfer enhancements in comparison with the smooth channel and
the Nu values for using both turbulators increase with the rise of Re.
0:8 0:4
Nu = 0:023 Re Pr for heating: 9 This is because the ribs interrupt the development of the boundary
layer of the uid ow and create the reverse/re-circulating ow
Correlation of Blasius, behind ribs while the DW pairs generate the longitudinal vortex ows
that assist to wash up the reverse ow trapped behind ribs into the
0:25
f = 0:316 Re for 3000 Re 20; 000: 10 core ow. A close inspection reveals that the use of the combined rib
and DW leads to considerably higher heat transfer than that of the rib
Fig. 3a and b shows, respectively, the comparison of Nu and f alone. The rib along with the DW of higher value also provides
obtained from the present work with those from correlations of Eqs. (9) higher heat transfer than that of lower value, as can be seen in
and (10). In the gure, the present results agree well within 8% for Fig. 5a. For the rib combined with the PU-DW, the increase in Nu value
both Nu-correlation of DittusBoelter and f-correlation of Blasius. is about 255% over the smooth channel. In addition, the PD-DW and
PU-DW arrangements show a slight difference in heat transfer rate for
4.2. Effect of combined rib and delta winglet the combined ribs and DWs. The use of the rib and the DW provides a
higher heat transfer rate than that of the rib alone at some 50%
The present results on thermal characteristics in a uniform heat whereas the PU-DW with the ribs gives 23% higher heat transfer than
ux absorber plate equipped with the e/H = 0.2 rib of isosceles the PD-DW with the ribs. This indicates the merit of using compound
triangular cross-section and the DW are presented in Fig. 4. In the turbulators to promote each other the heat transfer enhancement in
gure, the use of combined rib and DW provides considerable heat the channel.
a a .55
175
o o
rib + 60 DWs, PD rib + 60 DWs, PD
.50
o
rib + 60 DWs, PU rib + 60o DWs, PU
150 o
rib + 45 DWs, PD
o
rib + 45 DWs, PD
o
rib + 45 DWs, PU
.45 o
rib + 45 DWs, PU
o
rib + 30 o DWs, PD rib + 30 DWs, PD
o
rib + 30 DWs, PU .40 o
rib + 30 DWs, PU
125
triangular rib triangular rib
smooth channel .35 smooth channel
rib, e/H = 0.2; DWs, b/H = 0.4
100 .30
Nu
.25
75
.20
50 .15
.10
25
rib, e/H = 0.2; DWs, b/H = 0.4 .05
0 0.00
2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 17500 20000 22500 25000 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 17500 20000 22500 25000
Re Re
b b
3.25 14
o
rib + 60 DWs, PD o
rib + 60 DWs, PD
13
rib + 60o DWs, PU o
rib + 60 DWs, PU
rib + 45o DWs, PD rib + 45o DWs, PD
3.00 12 o
rib + 45o DWs, PU rib + 45 DWs, PU
o
rib + 30o DWs, PD rib + 30 DWs, PD
11 o
rib + 30o DWs, PU rib + 30 DWs, PU
triangular rib triangular rib
2.75 10
rib, e/H = 0.2; DWs, b/H = 0.4
9
Nu/Nu 0
f/f 0
2.50 8
2.25 6
2.00 4
1.75 2
2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 17500 20000 22500 25000 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 17500 20000 22500 25000
Re Re
Fig. 4. Variation of (a) Nusselt number and (b) Nusselt number ratio with Reynolds Fig. 5. Variation of (a) friction factor and (b) friction factor ratio with Reynolds number
number for various turbulators. for various turbulators.
754 P. Promvonge et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 749756
Nu
apparent that the use of the combined ribs and DWs leads to a
considerable increase in f over that of the rib alone or the smooth 60
channel. The increase in f value for the combined turbulators is much
higher than that for the smooth channel and is also higher than that in 50
Nu, however. Unlike Nu, the PU-DW gives much higher f than the PD-
DW. As expected, the f obtained from the combined rib and DWs is
40
signicantly higher than that from the rib alone, especially for the
DWs, b/H = 0.4
higher attack angle and the PU-DW arrangement. The increase in f of
30
the combined ribs and DWs is in a range of 4.65 to 10.05 times over
the smooth channel, depending on the attack angle, the DW 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 17500 20000 22500 25000
arrangement and Re values. The f of the combined ribs and DWs is Re
found to be higher than that of the rib alone around 122134%.
Fig. 5b presents the variation of the friction factor ratio, f/f0, with b
1.750
the Re value. It is observed that the f/f0 tends to increase with raising
the Re. The PU-DW and the higher attack angle provide a considerable 1.725
o
60 DWs, PD
o
increase in the f/f0 than the PD-DW and the lower attack angle under 60 DWs, PU
o
45 DWs, PD DWs, b/H = 0.4
the same operating condition. The mean f/f0 values for using the rib 1.700 o
45 DWs, PU
and the DWs with = 60, 45 and 30 are, respectively, about 9.04, o
30 DWs, PD
7.83 and 6.68 for the PU-DW and around 8.19, 7.16 and 5.88 for the 1.675 o
30 DWs, PU
PD-DW in the range of Re studied. This implies that the use of lower
1.650
angle of attack and the PD-DW can help to reduce considerably the
Nu/Nu 0
Comparisons of the heat transfer and friction loss in the channel 1.575
tted with the rib alone are also depicted in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.
1.550
It is visible in Fig. 5 that the rib provides higher heat transfer rate than
the smooth channel for all Re values due to the higher ow blockage
1.525
(e/H = 0.2) creating the stronger reverse/re-circulation ow from the
rib. The heat transfer rate obtained from the ribs is around 90% over 1.500
the smooth channel. In addition, the triangular rib gives almost 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 17500 20000 22500 25000
uniform values of Nu/Nu0 for all Re values as seen in Fig. 4b. Re
The variation of the isothermal f value with Re is also depicted in
Fig. 6. Variation of (a) Nusselt number and (b) Nusselt number ratio with Reynolds
Fig. 5. In Fig. 5a, the f value for the rib alone is found to be much larger number for various DW attack angles.
than the smooth channel and tends to be nearly uniform with the
increase of Re. The average increase in friction losses is about 3.9 times
the smooth channel as shown in Fig. 5b. Fig. 7a and b shows the variation of isothermal f and f/f0 values
with Re at three different attack angles of the DW for two DW
4.4. Effect of delta winglet and its orientation arrangements, respectively. In Fig. 7a, the f value for the larger attack
angle of the DW is found to be considerably higher than that for the
Fig. 6a and b presents the comparison of Nu and Nu/Nu0 values in lower one and tends to reduce slightly with the increase in Re. The rise
the channel tted with only the DW of three different attack angles in f for the DW is much higher than the smooth channel, especially for
( = 60, 45 and 30) for PU-DW and PD-DW arrangements. It is the case of = 60. The f value for the PU-DW is found to be
visible in Fig. 6a that the Nu value for the DWs alone increases with considerably higher than that for the PD-DW and tends to be nearly
the rise of Re and the DW with the larger attack angle value provides uniform with the increase of Re. The average increases in the f for the
higher heat transfer rate than that with the lower one. This can be DWs with = 60, 45 and 30 are, respectively, about 3.5, 3.2 and 2.8
attributed to the higher ow blockage of the DW with the larger times the smooth channel for the PU-DW and about 3.3, 3.0 and 2.6
attack angle by considering the projected area of the DW in the ow times for the PD-DW as can be seen in Fig. 7b. This means that the
direction. The channel tted with the PU-DW provides higher heat presence of the PD-DW with the lower attack angle ( = 30) leads to
transfer rate than that with the PD-DW for all Re values. The heat a similar increase rate in Nu and f values in the tested channel.
transfer rates obtained from using the DWs alone with = 60, 45
and 30, are, respectively, around 63%, 59% and 56% above the smooth 4.5. Performance evaluation
channel for the PU-DW and about 61%, 57% and 54% for the PD-DW as
seen in Fig. 6b. In addition, the use of the DWs results in a slight The variation of the thermal enhancement factor with Re values for
decrease of the Nu/Nu0 for increasing Re value. all turbulators is depicted in Fig. 8. For all, the data obtained by
P. Promvonge et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 749756 755
1.6
a .175
o
rib + 30 DWs, PU
o
30 DWs, PU
o
rib + 30o DWs, PD 30 DWs, PD
o o
o rib + 45 DWs, PU 45 DWs, PU
60 DWs, PD 1.5 o o
o rib + 45 DWs, PD 45 DWs, PD
60 DWs, PU
o rib + 60o DWs, PU 60o DWs, PU
45 DWs, PD DWs, b/H = 0.4
.150 o
rib + 60 DWs, PD o
.125
1.3
f
.100 1.2
1.1
.075
1.0
2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 17500 20000 22500 25000
.050
2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 17500 20000 22500 25000 Re
Re
Fig. 8. Variation of thermal enhancement factor with Reynolds number for various
turbulators.
b 5.0
o
60 DWs, PD
o
turbulent regime, Re = 5000 to 22,000. The experimental result reveal
60 DWs, PU
4.5 o
45 DWs, PD DWs, b/H = 0.4 that the combined rib and the DW provides considerable heat transfer
o
45 DWs, PU augmentations, Nu/Nu0 = 2.32.6 and also causes a moderate pres-
o
30 DWs, PD sure drop increase, f/f0 = 4.710.1, depending on the attack angle and
4.0
30o DWs, PU Re values. The Nu augmentation tends to decrease slightly with the
rise in Re. The use of combined rib and PD-DW at lower angle of attack
3.5 provides higher heat transfer of about 4065% and better thermal
f/f 0
Acknowledgement
2.0
The funding of this work from the Energy Policy and Planning Ofce
1.5 (EPPO), Ministry of Energy, Thailand is gratefully acknowledged.
2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 17500 20000 22500 25000
Re
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