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editorial
In the last 30 years, Western Europe and the US has presented proof that
the hydroponics and soilless technologies are not fiction, but something
real, with a strategic importance related to the survival of humankind.
Hydroponics is also popular in countries where regular agriculture is
possible only during short periods of the year, for example: Canada,
Scandinavian countries, and Russia. In the last few years this interest has
also grown to a noticeable size in India. We are sure that you all know the
current size and population of India, so there is no need to emphasize the
importance of agriculture.
The main purpose of our magazine and expo is to help the new industry
grow quickly, and implement achievements from all over the world. We
hope that you will appreciate and enjoy our publication and exhibition.
VISION
Our vision is to see India as a power in
the field of horticulture. To wipe the
woes of every farmer in India in the
next twenty years by providing
cutting edge technology. We want
every Indian Farmer to say it with
pride "I am proud to be a farmer!"
who is who
read in this issue:
An Interview with Noucetta Kehdi from GHE
Contact information:
BrightFarms | US
BrightFarms to Build a
Gigantic Rooftop Farm in New York
Up to 1 million pounds of
produce, including tomatoes,
lettuces, and herbs, will be grown
every year.
As warming of the climate Sanjay Parade, training While over 1,30,000 hectares
gathers alarming pace posing coordinator and manager of the of area were under flower
a danger to agriculture, Horticulture Training Center cultivation in the country, only
greenhouse cultivation is the (HTC), Pune said that the gradual 1,100 hectares now come under
only answer to save crops of warming of temperature would protected cultivation, the HTC
flowers and vegetables, experts finally tell on flower production manager said.
have said. in the country. India is a major
exporter of flowers. He pointed out while farmers
Greenhouse farming, which is in several other states like
cultivation of plants inside a In the wake of the climate Maharashtra, Gujarat, Himachal
building with glass walls and change, greenhouse farming is Pradesh, Karnataka and
roof under controlled condition, the only way to protect crops and Andhra Pradesh adopted the
has become necessary as manage a better yield than in greenhouse technology; the
temperature ideally required for normal condition. Farming under farmers in Orissa were yet to
flower cultivation is no longer controlled condition, Parade said, start on it.
available, not even during winter. protects crops from wind, rain,
radiation, and precipitation. In Orissa, head of the Flowers
Floriculturists say that the ideal Growers Association Nirmal
day and night temperatures for HTC is imparting training to Nayak said, 6000 hectares in
flower cultivation are 28 and 18 farmers in greenhouse technology Orissa were at present under
degrees Celsius respectively. for higher productivity, he said. flower cultivation. He said out
Also 20 per cent subsidy was of a total of 6,55,000 metric
However, they point out, the given for the greenhouse flower tons of flowers produced in the
temperature in most parts of the cultivation, a senior assistant country, 80 per cent are Indian
country remained above this level director of the National Horticulture roses, 10 per cent are gerbera
even in the peak winter season. Board, S C Panwar, said. and jasmine.
www.thehindu.com
society reach sustain ability and dependence on neighboring and germ free produce available
achieve a means for livelihood states which have benefits like: to the poorest of the people
and instill a spirit of dignity and People grow most daily Has a tremendous effect for
hope through entrepreneurship. requirements locally in their area health and longevity.
8. To stop the exodus of people itself thus bringing down their S ame people can become
from the rural areas moving into dependency on the markets that entrepreneurs by selling their
the cities, thus relieving the burden fluctuate incessantly, in terms of excess produce to the markets
on city infrastructure. costs and regular availability. directly thus bringing them out
9. To help people adopt No worry during Bandhs, of the poverty line and improving
a simple, inexpensive green, Hartals etc as people need not go their lifestyles.
pesticide free technology for anywhere to buy their daily food. No land is uncultivable any more
cultivation and help use every Less number of trucks as soil is not a factor any longer.
piece of land available to and transport vehicles used Ability to grow organic produce
produce vegetables, fruits and for carrying vegetables long by use of natural manure and
herbs using very little expense distances thus reducing compost like chicken manure.
for day to day running of the fuel consumption as well as Ability to run a small micro-
system for maximum benefit. greenhouse emissions. garden of 20m2 with less than 50
10. To grow almost all kinds of Middleman in the fresh produce USD per year.
vegetables, fruits and herbs within business will be eliminated. Ability for the government to
your own state itself thus reducing Clean, hygienic, pesticide, support the poor by provisioning
for the needy micro-credit loans Moreover, neither the produce What type of protective structure
at highly low cost (less than 200 nor the environments are is needed to protect the garden
USD per family) which can be contaminated by chemicals. from difficult climates?
run like a normal banking system. Higher yields and shorter times
(Ref: Mohammad Yunus, Nobel between harvests. Hence, total A simple, inexpensive, shade
Peace Prize winner 2006, Founder output is greater than the case of net with appropriate shade-to-
and Father of world micro-credit conventional soil systems. sun ratio can be procured from
system called Grameen Bank) Easy to learn the technique any agricultural product supplier
is easy to understand, it does not to protect plants from excessive
What is Simplified Hydroponics? require prior knowledge and con- sunlight. Also, a reasonably thick
crete results are achieved quickly. polythene sheet can keep the
Simplified Hydroponics, which Simplified Hydroponics is not garden safe from rain.
was developed in Latin America, highly technological and requires
is a suitable technological only household labor. How do you protect the plants
package that can be easily Use of recycled materials it is from pests and weeds without the
adapted to the conditions of possible to use recycled materials use of chemicals?
urban areas and the urban to build growing systems.
periphery, in the following ways: Subsequently, growers can This is an interesting question.
First, the production system use materials they already have We go back to basics here. From
is isolated from the soil. Planting on hand, e.g. wood, disposable the beginning of time, man has
takes place at a convenient packaging materials. used only simple herbal methods
height, where soil pollution has no Simplified Hydroponics is a to ward of pest and insect attacks.
impact. It allows for vegetables to source of income from direct We encourage the growers to use
be produced without land and in sales, and in family or community Neem and garlic Sprays in their
small physical spaces. owned micro-enterprises. gardens, which can sufficiently
Plants are grown in water In simple terms, it is possible to deter most any enemies. In
containers or in lowcost natural grow high quality, safe foodstuffs addition, we also use mechanical
substrates (sand, rice husk, using Simplified Hydroponics tech- insect traps made of old plywood
pumice, etc.). With this system, it niques. Fruit and vegetables have that are anointed with used engine/
is possible to grow a vast range a high biological and dietary value. motor oil or light waste grease that
of vegetables. For example: Crops for household attracts different flying predators
lettuce, tomatoes, carrots, celery, consumption are harvested and these insects get stuck to the
watercress, eggplants, beans, when they are ready to be used. traps. The most common colors
parsley, wild radish, leeks, Hence, produce is fresh and used are bright yellow or blue
strawberries, melons, aromatic has its nutritional and medicinal jackets draped over the plywood.
and medicinal plants, etc. properties intact (vitamins, These traps are kept beside the
Use of limited space. One the minerals, phyto-nutrients, etc). table growers. Another natural
main advantages of Simplified method used is by trap cropping,
Hydroponics is the possibility of What is the cost involved to set catch cropping, or companion
using urban spaces which, until up a hydroponic garden? cropping. For example , when we
now, had not been considered grow mint, we grow cabbage, and
adequate for growing food (patios, A 20m2 garden that can produce tomatoes alongside it. This causes
small gardens, party walls, up to 2 kilograms of fresh a conflict as insects get confused
balconies, rooftops) pesticide free vegetables should by the pheromones in the vicinity
High efficiency in the use of cost approximately 110120 USD and are safely vectored to look
irrigation water, where water is per garden if built by procuring, for another area of interest. We
recycled and does not pollute the locally available, recyclable also hang small length strips of old
environment. materials. The running cost of the cassette tapes on the periphery
Pest, disease and weed con- garden should be approximately of the garden that is used to ward
trolled by natural herbal methods. 100110 USD per year. off predator birds. Similarly, we
have addressed a myriad number cater to the needs of the children personnel from our ISH Chapters
of people. This consisted of one- living at this hostel. The garden is in all Indian states, conduct R&D
on-one presentations, home expected to provide nearly 22.5 in growing nutritional vegetables
presentations, presentations kilos of pesticide free, freshly and herbs, medicinal and
to tens of clubs in Bangalore picked, vegetables and herbs aromatic plants for the herbal
and other cities, government every single day. This is the first cosmetics and drugs sector. It
departments, Live TV shows and ever Hydroponic Vegetable is also intended to work closely
also found mention in many other Garden in India. ISH is happy with various Indian agricultural
media and a dozen newspapers, to have donated this garden for universities to study a bunch
domestic and national. Then free to the school apart from of easily grow-able vegetables
came the announcement of the having trained nearly 15 selected and herbs that will suit the local
Hydroponics Training course and students and 5 teachers of this environments and provide good,
the response we received was school. Certain Rotary clubs in clean, affordable food for the
overwhelming, from every corner Bangalore, that have sponsored people at long last.
of India including areas of the many schools in and around
North East like Nagaland. A total Bangalore, have approached What is the success ratio of this
of 126 students have been trained the ISH to train and help set up project in other countries so far?
so far as master trainers. The such gardens for their children. Are these countries continuing
training project was conducted in We are happy to have launched using this technique?
a rural school in Kothanur, North the Pet Bharo project and are
Bangalore, called the Sandra looking forward to our next phase The success ratio of this project in
Ricketts Public School, which also of training. We are flooded with most countries has been between
houses about 2025 children; requests from various state 4090 percent. The reasons for
some of who are orphans organizations to come over and low success in some countries
and from very disadvantaged train people in this unique growing has been due to factors like
backgrounds. ISH Bangalore methodology. Our immediate aim availability of necessary nutrients
has, during the course of this is to locate and set up a brick locally, lack of institutional and
training, helped by the trainees and mortar institute at Rural state support for the program,
who participated, set up a 25m2 Bangalore for the ISH wherein we war torn areas, etc. No failure is
vegetable and herb gardens to are planning to conduct training of attributed to failure of hydroponics
at any time. Of course, countries
are continuing to use this system
with the environmental conditions
and global warming causing
havoc; this is the answer for the
immediate future.
ready to show the idea that project of the 21st century. We (NHRDF), Nasik, as well as
has now become a reality. We also expect the Central and from the Jammu and Kashmir
are in the process of inviting State governments to introduce Agri-Business Development
the University professors and Simplified Hydroponics as a part Corporation asking us to assist
scientists from UAS Bangalore of the extra-curricular syllabus in spreading this in their areas of
and from other universities from wherein every child is taught interest. This is only the tip of the
India and we also envisage joint how to become self-sufficient in iceberg I would say, at this point.
R&D cooperation. ISH is sure growing their own food for now
that the universities will now be and in the future. Working in a Can you tell us about this
quite convinced and will help the green garden is a great hobby school in Bangalore, where you
spread of this technology through for children and can divert them have established a hydroponic
their wide extension networks. from frivolous activities that gain garden?
nothing. We can build a trained I have already mentioned about
Can an ordinary man get food producing army in the this wonderful school in an earlier
financial assistance from banks years and decades to come, by question. See question #9.
for establishing a hydroponic sustained efforts.
garden? What are the salient features to
What types of seeds are required be taken note by an individual
I see no reason why not? Here for this type of garden? Where before establishing this garden?
we need the help of NGOs and are they available?
Micro-Credit institutions. Since The salient features that need to
the costs of setting up these Nice question. Simplified be kept in mind are as follows:
types of systems are low value Hydroponics does not encourage Find a space with adequate
they make an ideal candidate for GM seeds as such and ask sunlight availability
micro-finance and creditors. Our people using this technique Test the water source for pH/
Simplified Hydroponics system to buy locally available seeds TDS/EC etc., at a laboratory.
is meant to address the bane for the first time. Every taluk Your water filter supplier could
of poverty and hunger in India and district in India has a seed help.
and aims to create sustainability supplier of a reputable nature. Identify the necessary
and livelihood. I am sure with The National Seeds Corporation recyclable materials locally
the efforts of NGOs/MFIs and also sells subsidized seeds for available to start the garden. A
state and central governments, people. Once the people start diligent study needs to be done
including UN FAO, it is an to propagate their own produce to source the cheapest, yet
achievable thing. In President they are encouraged to save perfect material for the garden.
Obamas words Yes, We can. seeds at their location like our Identify seed companies in
forefathers did, for further use; the area and buy just a few
What is the response from the thus, eliminating any extra grams of seeds, of say one or
Government of India for this costs in future running of their two vegetables at first.
project? Have they expressed gardens. Learn and master
their willingness to help you the technique, including
popularize this scheme? Have you entered into any tie-up understanding the underlying
with agricultural societies or principles of Hydroponics.
I mentioned, earlier in this farmers groups for spreading this Understand plant growth
interview, that all institutions technique among the farmers characteristics by watching them
need proof and there is and individuals? every day and also learn to
living proof now to make the identify the insects and use of
government take notice. I am Interest is building up, and we herbal sprays to ward them off.
sure we will be much sought already have enquiries from The Keep a logbook to record
after by most governments to National Horticultural Research everything you do from seeding
take this project as a unique Development Foundation to harvest. This is a great
g e r Buds
ig
B ger Yields
ig
B
Visit advancednutrients.com/ph-perfect to
find the most scientifically advanced nutrients
and hardware on the planet. Whatever you need
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researched and developed it to run laps around
the industry standard.
who is who
Interview with
Noucetta Kehdi from
General Hydroponics
General Hydroponics | Europe
Brooke. He first began with followed by a second one. But I noticed that you have
a small garden at home. In our growth was such that we
1990, with Noucetta Kehdi, had to build our own units, first
a very nice greenhouse.
they created the White Owl 1200 m2, then 1600, and today, Why do you need it? How
WaterFarm in Sebastopol, 17 years later, we own a total many different plants and
California; a hydroponics of 4600 m 2 of buildings. We
greenhouse growing colored manufacture as many of our
vegetable plants have you
sweet peppers and Genovese products as we can in-house, to tested here?
basil for the restaurants in keep close control on quality and
the Bay Area, north of San service. We regularly update our Our greenhouse is our window,
Francisco. So, our experience production tools in prevision of our research laboratory,
goes back more than 25 years expansion. Today, we are ready and showcase. People dont
growing an innumerable variety to serve an expanding market generally know much about
of plants. with no doubt. hydroponics, except when they
are shown industrial farms
with endless rows of tasteless
tomatoes High quality
hydroponics is still unknown by
the main public. So, we need to
show the way it works, and we
need to prove it does.
that we are the only company couple of contacts with potential hydroponics, from the very
with such wide expertise in distributors, but nothing has start. And we guarantee a very
hydroponics as well as plant materialized yet. I know it's a fast follow up to make sure our
nutrition. We remain at the edge huge country, and it will develop clients obtain the best results.
of our industry by continuously naturally.
researching the best solutions Next year the Soilless
to grow not only larger and
heavier plants, but also plants
What kind of after-sales Gardening-India magazine
with aroma, taste, and nutritious support do you offer is organizing a conference
qualities. your customers? I see so and mini-expo in Mumbai.
many printed materials Would you be interested
During my visit, I noticed in your warehouse, full in participating and
that your lading bin was with information. How supporting this historic
all the time busy with do you distribute this event?
activities. What is your knowledge?
shipment policy? Do you We are always happy to support
sell only to distributors, As I said before, hydroponics a first event in hydroponics. We
did so in Moscow in September
or do you also sell to is not very well known, and
spreading information is one of 2012 with HydroponEast
some smaller shops and our main goals. Not only about magazine, and it was a success.
customers? How about our products, but also about the It will be a pleasure to meet our
Indian counterparts and share
your strategies to India? technology we carry, its unique
information and new projects
advantages, and its innumerable
Do you have a distributor applications. Also, it is very together.
in India? If not, are you important for us that our clients
open for proposals from are successful, and to do so, You and William are well-
India? This is a huge
they sometimes need our help. known travelers and have
country. Do you plan Our company has specialized
seen many countries and
working only with one in hydroponics since 1976. markets. What are your
distributor, or you can General Hydroponics is a team forecasts for the Indian
of plant lovers, with amazing
have 23 from different scientific and field skills. Over
market? As a population,
regions of the country? the years we have grown it is six times bigger
more than 500 different plant than the US population.
species in our greenhouses, in
We generally sell our products
our systems, with our nutrients
Can we expect, one day,
through distributors: one or
several per country, depending and supplements. We have to see a six times larger
on market structure. We tremendous knowledge and love hydroponics market?
give no exclusivity, but are to share it.
known to remain loyal to our The Indian market is very big
commitments. Our goal is a You are right, our website indeed. Just to think of those
successful relationship, and a displays a very wide array of huge megalopolis, like New Delhi
win-win situation for all. We like information, and our catalogue or Mumbai, and the possibility
working with local companies, profusely describes our to create in-city, local food
they know regulations, market products, their effects, and production facilities, is a great
needs, and they can provide fast their applications. We educate endeavor and a challenge. But
service. In India we have had a our new customers about we like challenges, and are
Hydroponics,
what can you grow?
Herbs and Salads
Noucetta Kehdi GHE
P
roducing food nowadays
is becoming a real
challenge. With the
world population growing
at intensive pace, water
becoming scarcer every day,
and the ecological impact of
transportation, hydroponics is
the best choice for commercial
as well as home growing. Today
hydroponic auto production, in
small to medium scale family
farms and urban gardens, is
developing all over the world.
Hydroponic Growing
Mission for India:
By: Amy Zuckerman
Hydroponic systems can is that they require very Adhikari illustrate, from nearly
small amounts of elements opposite ends of the globe,
feed the poor in India and (for the same effect as larger the far-reaching commitment
around the world more quantities), which makes them of India to hydroponic growing.
effectively than conventional very inexpensive to use. Although the amount of acreage
devoted to hydroponics-
growing methods. Halfway across the globe, in based crop cultivation is low,
On a crisp morning, Tapan west-central India, Praveen hydroponic growing methods
Adhikari, Ph.D., carefully Sharma checks on a colorful are playing a key role in this
measures clear fluid from a large array of red rose bushes that emerging economy. Hydroponics
container, then drips it slowly fill hydroponic greenhouses. is the basis for many research
into a beaker at a lab at the The flowers will be clipped at experiments into means of
University of Massachusetts. just the right time to preserve feeding this countrys millions of
The soil scientist is roughly them and ship them to markets starving citizens. At the same
8,000 miles from his office at the in Japan, Kenya, and Holland time, say both men, hydroponic
India Institute of Soil Science (for distribution throughout farming is boosting Indias
in Bhopal, India, and today Europe), he explains. Besides blooming floriculture industry,
he is working in a temporary being a grower, Sharma is which provides one of the
laboratory in a basement in the owner of Flora Consult, a countrys key exports.
Amherst, Massachusetts, consulting business that helps
where he has partnered on a As someone who has traveled
farmers worldwide set up their
collaborative program with the across India for his research,
own hydroponic farms. Flora
university. Adhikari, 43, is witness to both
Consult will help secure funding
applications. His concern is
for a hydroponic farm, select
A stipend from the Indian about finding ways to feed a
greenhouse and other equipment,
government was just enough to starving nation, but he also
and train farmers and workers to
pay Adhikaris travel expenses appreciates the power that flower
grow, pack, and ship produce.
plus room and board for three exports have in funding the
months at UMass, where he countrys economy.
has learned nanotechnology A Starving Nation
techniques that can be Hydroponic greenhouses During his many years as a
applied to the development dedicated to growing flowers student and now as a research
of inorganic fertilizer, which cover only about 1,000 out of scientist, he has witnessed
can be used in both traditional Indias 600 million acres, and plenty of starvation. The issue,
soil and hydroponic growth only an estimated 140 acres are he says, is not so much a lack of
environments. The advantage dedicated to growing vegetables, water or good growing soil as an
of nanotechnology methods according to Sharma. But he and overabundance of mouths to feed.
Fighting Hunger,
Boosting Economy
About 50 percent of India efforts on improving crop yields the south. Less attention has
roughly 300 million acres in the rich, alluvial soil that been given to improving the
could be cultivated under the lines the great Indian rivers, sandy, acidic soil located in the
right circumstances. Historically, the Ghanges and Yamuna that hilly areas of the North Country,
says Adhikari, the government crisscross north and central or the damaged soil of the
has focused its agricultural India, and the Kaberi River in south in Kerala State, where the
brackish water of the Arabian Adhikari explains that his rock common in these parts of
Sea has invaded the land. fertilizer formula supplies the India. He worked with farmers on
essential nutrients required to applying micronutrients such as
We have a billion people now, promote rapid plant growth. zinc, copper, manganese, boron,
and in the next five years India These include zinc sulfate, and others, which are common
will cross to the 1.5 billion mark, calcium, magnesium, iron, and nutrients to help the plant
says Adhikari. At least 20 others. Common elements in complete its life cycle and boost
percent of the Indian population inorganic fertilizers include crop yields, he says.
is starving. Village people all superphosphate, urea, muriate
over India suffer the most. In the of potash, and zinc sulfate, to Prior to his work on
cities, they have jobs and can name a few. nanotechnology particles,
earn money. Adhikari worked on finding the
Although not organic, chemical best conventional doses of
Following the governments fertilizers are not dangerous in nutrients in the field. What we
lead, Adhikari has spotlighted soil at lower doses, according did became common practice,
alluvial soil in his research, to Adhikari. The last thing he or he reports. They get two times
working assiduously with a any research scientist wants, more crop yield than before.
10-person team from his soil he adds, is to damage soil and The same nutrients can be
science institute on a new way of plants with toxic chemicals. Of applied to hydroponic farms,
producing more food in alluvial particular concern, he says, says Adhikari. The only
soil using improved fertilizers. is the leaching of ions like difference, he explains, is that
The aim is to help farmers gain nitrates and phosphates into the they are applied directly to
more profit than they would with groundwater. water, not to soil. The research
conventional fertilizer. he is doing right now will help
Though confined to the lab while determine the exact amounts
Although the research was in Massachusetts, Adhikari also to be used in either growing
designed with conventional has spent considerable time medium.
agriculture in mind (testing is on outdoor research, sweating
conducted on corn plants), in fields in Israel, where the Most hydroponic farms in India
Adhikari says all his fundamental government provided him with a are located in the countryside,
research on plant growth is fellowship to study soil, water, sometimes in dry areas where
conducted under controlled and plants for his postgraduate water is collected from rain-
conditions in hydroponic work in 1999 and 2000. There fed cisterns. Calling conditions
greenhouses. Working on actual he worked with renowned in many parts of India very
plants is slated further down the soil expert N. I. Parker, who primitive, Adhikari says there is
research trail, in an estimated developed the Geo-Chem Model little irrigation available today,
five years, when the fertilizer to regulate the concentration of though this has begun to change
formula will be ready for mass ions in soil solutions. Adhikari as the government works to
manufacture and distribution. took this knowledge back to channel water from the major
India, where he worked with two rivers. Once channeled to a
During his time in the United other scientists at his institute on hydroponic farm, the water would
States, Adhikari has worked 10 heavy metals used to complete a require purification. Most farms
to 12hour days in a light-filled plant life cycle. have purification systems on-site,
basement lab outfitted with the he explains.
latest in equipment. He has had Adhikari also traveled throughout
access to all required chemicals, central, western, and South The regions of the country where
as well as a built-in Indian India, working with farmers as hydroponics already has taken
expatriate community of research part of national projects designed hold, he says, include Punjab,
scientists and academics in the to improve black soil, which West Bengal, Andhra Pradeh,
soil and food areas. is based on a granite-type of Delhi, and Rajastham.
Hydro Takes Hold issue at the time was the cost of a cheap, easy way of growing
The practice of hydroponics the apparatus required to grow vegetables without soil, the
arrived in India in 1946, when vegetables. To help clear that publication reported.
the government of Bengal particular hurdle, the government
started an experimental farm brought in James Sholto The Web site Hydroponics at
at Kalimpong in the Darjeeling Douglas, a British researcher Home reports that Douglas,
District, according to an overview keen on developing hydroponic now famous for developing the
of the history of hydroponics planting methods, whose Bengal System of hydroponics,
in India published on the experiments aimed to strip utilized the Mittleider method
Indianetzone Web site. The hydroponics of its complicated of square-foot gardening based
farms main purpose was to devices and to present it to the on grow boxes designed for
promote hydroponics, and the people of India and the world as intensive square-foot gardening.
According to Hydroponics at
Home, Douglas constructed grow
boxes from old packing crates
and made rock chips and dust
out of smashed rocks from the
local hills. He later built these
boxes, or hydroponicums, out
of other materials, such as
mud plaster and old, unused
metal containers, to prove
that the container material did
not matter. His idea was that
virtually anything could be used
to contain the growing territory
and virtually any growing
medium would provide a base
for hydroponic plant growth as
long as the medium did not pack In May 2008, according to news One sure way to see if a
tightly around the plants roots reports, the Indian government government initiative has
and was able to retain moisture. announced a major, five-year translated into reality is to check
plan to promote and financially on whether industry is adopting
Douglas created one of the first back nanotechnology applications the approach. Sure enough, since
modern hydroponic farms in the designed to boost agricultural the government incentive was
world, and his groundbreaking productivity in the country. announced, chemical companies
experiments live today both in Besides funding research in such as Tata Chemicals, based
rooftop gardens across India, nanotech approaches to creating in Mumbai, have been touting
and in the increasing number of a more potent and cost-effective their nanotechnology-based
farms taking hold in the Indian type of organic fertilizer, for fertilizers. The products aim to
countryside. His approaches are example, the government also diminish the amount of fertilizer
applicable to the home hobbyist has been encouraging research in required per acre yet provide
and serious farmer alike, biotechnology and bioinformatics. greater crop yields.
Adhikari explains.
On the technology front, the According to the companys chief
For at least two decades, governments plan called financial officer, P. K. Ghose, their
the Indian government has for use of nanosensors and first investments in nanotechnology
strenuously backed any form nanotech-based smart delivery practices, including cell
of agricultural research that will systems to ensure that natural engineering, will be used for
improve plant yields to feed resources such as water and research and development,
people. Adhikari, despite an nutrients are used efficiently in with manufacturing coming at a
interest in general chemistry, agriculture. Nano-barcodes and later stage. Company officials
was motivated by a government nanoprocessing were also cited report that the convergence of
scholarship to pursue a degree as means to help monitor the nanotechnology, information
in soil chemistry. quality of agricultural produce. technology, and biotechnology
No Time To Lose
Recently, Adhikari returned to
Bhopal, but he says he wont
be there for long. His work was
so favorably received at UMass
have the potential for creating a Indian flower growers also and in such urgent need to be
whole new world of agriculture. export their products to Russian applied in farming worldwide that
and the Middle East. Most Flora his American department chair is
Coming Up Roses Consult clients are in India, but trying to arrange for him to return
Praveen Sharma is such a busy Sharma is working in Kenya to this spring, Adhikari says.
man these daysshuttling create greenhouses that cover Sharma, in the meantime, says
between greenhouses, sorting about 40 acres. Again, the crop he is trying to find the least
flowers for shipments, and even is roses, he says. expensive means of shipping cut
jetting to visit new customers in flowers from Kenya to Amsterdam
Kenya who are setting up their More than 50 percent of and wants some advice; queries
first hydroponic flower farms Indias flower farms are based go out to freight forwarders and
that he maintains two cell in southern zones such as customs brokers around the world
phones and two land lines and is Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, with information pending.
working close to midnight many and Tamil Nadu. Other regions
evenings to meet the demand big on bloomers include West The story of how Indian
for his cut flowers and consulting Bengal, Maharashtra (Sharmas researchers and hydroponic
services. Sharma reports that zone), and Rajasthan. Although farmers are expanding their
sales of cut flowers are booming, roses are a favorite export economy and providing new
with one of the biggest importers flower, Indian growers are also knowledge about ways to beat
of his flowers being Japan. Most splashing color worldwide with back hunger is a living story.
in demand are roses. exports of traditional flowers When you have a hungry nation
such as marigolds, jasmine, to feed, especially one as large
The Dutch are also big importers asters, gladiolus, and others. and diverse as India, time and
of his roses, but for shipment food is of the essence.
throughout Europe. According Given the world demand for cut
to government export reports, flowers and increases in demand www.RosebudMag.com
Hydroponics
and Its Types
T
he word In hydroponics there are a few dozens of hydroponic
hydroponics
comes from greek
systems that can be categorized in six main types:
hydro water
1. Wick system 2. Deep water culture
and ponos
3. N.F.T system 4. EBB & Flow system
work that can literately
5. Drip System 6. Aeroponics
be translated as working
water. In hydroponics plants
are grown without water These six types can be divided into two large groups:
but with the help of nutrient
solutions that contain all 1. Passive or wick systems.
the necessary elements In this case the nutrient solution is delivered to the roots by means of
available for plants to absorb capillary force without any mechanical influence (one end of the wick
them while being in right is in the nutrient solution and the other is in the plant pot). The wick
concentration. Plants' roots system belongs to this group.
are hold in the substrate that
does not have any impact 2. Active systems.
on the plants nourishment. The circulation of the nutrient solution and the aeration is conducted
Sometimes there is no with the help of some mechanisms. Nourishment and air are delivered
substrate at all. to the roots through pumps. The other five types belong to this group.
Plant pot
1. Wick system
This type is the most simple
hydroponics system. It belongs to
the so called passive systems and
is based on the capillary force that
does not require any mechanism.
Nourishment is delivered to the roots
with the help of wicks going from the
tank to the substrate (Picture 1).
Tank Wicks
Thus, different materials can form Pump
the substrate. Among them there
are coconut fiber, pearlite layer,
vermiculite etc. This system is used Spray
for the ornamental gardening with
normal soil (one end of the wick
is placed into the water or special
Picture 1. Wick System
solution and the other one is in the
pot with soil).
3. N.F.T. System
The nutrient solution is transferred
from the tank to the container
where the plants are fixed in small
plastic cups with holes for roots
to grow. The nutrient solution is Plant pot
delivered with the help of a pump.
The solution gets to the roots and
then drops back into the tank. The
flow is either maintained constantly
or switched on automatically within
small time periods. The roots are in Pump with Return of
touch with a thin layer of the nutrient nutrients nutrients
solution that is constantly on the
tank bottom. Roots receive enough
oxygen due to humid air above the
Tank
nutrient solution.
Spray Pump
In such type of hydroponics solution
you will not need the timer for the
pump. There is no substrate used
Picture 3. N.F.T
except for air what helps to keep it
cheap.
Tank Pump
After Analyzing
Six Types of
hydroponics Systems
a Few Conclusions Can
be Drawn:
All the hydroponics The shortage of all the active
systems are effective if the hydroponics systems is the
conditions are respected as dependence on the electricity as
they give to plants everything well as the pump or timer (when
they need and in right they are required);
proportions;
To avoid plants dying it is
Almost all the types of advisable to use moisture holding
hydroponics solutions are substrates (coir, vermiculite etc)
automatic that requires less especially in hydroponics systems
involvement of a worker; with high vulnerability to energy
shortage or the pump breakdown;
All the hydroponics
systems imply the pH Hydroponics equipment is rather
and nutrient level checks. expensive but you can resort to
Nevertheless, the most economical methods or prepare
rigorous control is required some equipment yourself. Main
for reversible systems (the hydroponics principles remain the
level changes rather quickly); same.
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The Potential
of Hydroponics
"In October 1838, that
is, fifteen months after I
had begun my systematic
inquiry, I happened to read
for amusement Malthus on
Population, and being well
prepared to appreciate the
struggle for existence which
everywhere goes on from long
continued observation of the
habits of animals and plants,
it at once struck me that under
these circumstances favorable
variations would tend to be
preserved, and unfavorable
ones to be destroyed.
Evan Folds has a BS in Biology and a minor in Evan is the founder and president
Religion from the University of North Carolina of Progress Earth, an international
at Wilmington. He resides with his wife and wholesale hydroponic, organic
child in Wilmington, NC. gardening and wellness product
His interests include: balancing the benefits and distribution company, with a
focus on integrating sustainable
necessities of business with that of the balance
and moral concepts into a modern
of sustainable systems and making sense of food
economic model.
production.
www.progressearth.com
Evan Folds,
Founder of Progress Earth
It
is always interesting to institution and that such natural of fact, this is the only way we
note the influence and outcomes were Gods way of can sustain ourselves, but it is
power of something preventing man from being lazy. not Darwinian evolution. Put
as simple as an open it this way, hydroponics is not
mind or an idea. It And Darwin, for reasons unknown, Darwinian evolution. We have
was Thomas Malthus articulation forgot about humans. He recalibrated the balance of
of the dangers of human conveniently chose not to address biological evolution by way of a
overpopulation that solidified the the fact that Homo sapiens do developmental system that can
theory of evolution in Charles not abide by the mechanisms of best be described as egolution.
Darwins mind, but both theories natural selection and survival of
are flawed. the fittest that comprise his theory By recognizing that human
of evolution. mortality and our ability to
Malthus predicted widespread reproduce are not bound by
famine and poverty based They lived before we could carry our biological fitness, we can
on his view of what he saw the Internet in our pocket, before develop language in order to
as overpopulation in pre- hydroponics. They pre-dated the bring the focus of awareness
industrialized 19th century developing maturity of the human on the phenomenon that it is
England. He believed that these ability to consciously compensate again, the influence and power of
events were a form of divine for our overpopulation. In point an open mind and an idea.
Are we really
what we eat?
Can a hen really
ingest enough
only thing in an ecosystem worth
considering is the plant itself. But
density of food has declined
from historical levels and many calcium to
we must recognize that when we
interject our hand into a natural
assume that this loss of vitality
can be replaced by supplements produce an egg
system we mess with the magic. and multivitamins, but the mineral
form fixed by a green plant almost daily?
For example, a study of
phosphorous fertilizer on
cannot be replaced by a pill.
The jury should
raspberries found that applying
high levels of phosphorus
caused the yield to double and
When official USDA nutrient
data shows that the calcium
content of broccoli averaged 12.9
still be out.
concentrations of phosphorus milligrams per gram of dry weight Take for example the USDAs
to increase in the plants, but in 1950, but only 4.4 milligrams idea that a plant only needs 13
meanwhile levels of eight other per gram of dry weight in 2003, to 15 elements when vegetables
minerals declined by 20 to 55 per this cannot be replaced with a end up with more than 15, or
cent! (Source: Mother Earth News) calcium supplement. the FDAs assumption that
table salt (NaCl) is not a poison
It has become relatively common In fact, there is much evidence when doctors are forced to
knowledge that the nutrient that the body cannot process compensate for its use.
In Search of
the Adequate
Substrate
By Noucetta Kehdi, General Hydroponics Europe
S What are we
ince the 1950s the greenhouse industry,
in search of more efficiency and better
results, started to replace soil with
substrates. Why replace soil? One of the looking for when
evident answers is to avoid all soil born
pests and diseases. Another is to replace heavy, choosing
a substrate?
and sometimes difficult to clean and dispose of,
medium with a light, easy tow ash and recycle
material. However, and most importantly; to
guarantee a clean, neutral, and well-aerated root Neutrality (no incidence on the nutritive solutions
environment. pH level)
Water retention capacity
Often hydroponics is understood as a growing Water to air ratio
technique using only water, with no substrate. Aeration and drainage
This is true for NFT or Aero-hydroponics, which Cation exchange capacity (buffering action)
use no media, or just enough to act as a plant Cleanliness
support. But growers working with Drip Irrigation, Stability of organic matter
Deep Channel NFT, or Ebb and Flow, will use Facility of disposal
more or less substrate depending on the growing Environmental and health hazards.
system they choose.
Another essential aspect to keep in mind is the
A very wide array of substrates are offered on close relationship between the media and the
the market today, and it may be difficult for irrigation cycles applied. Substrates, like rock
beginners to determine the media best adapted wool or oasis cubes, will retain much more than
to their hydroponic module. clay pebbles. With continuously recirculating,
deep hydroponic systems like Aqua Farms or Flo
Gros for instance, you better use clay pebbles
as you dont need too high a water retention. If
you decide to replace the pellets with rockwool or
oasis, then your irrigation cycle must be reduced
to irrigate 5 minutes every hour.
Clay Pebbles
Clay pebbles are these little round pellets you often see
in plant containers decorating banks and hotel lobbies.
Rockwool They are clay pellets cooked at high temperature to
expand and become porous, providing a sterile and light
Rockwool is made by melting pure basalt at structure which retains significant oxygen and moisture
extremely high temperatures (+/- 1500C). The for healthy roots. The pellets come in several sizes going
mass of liquid rock is centrifugally spun to form from 2 mm up to 24 mm diameters. The smaller sizes
fibres when cool. This is one of the most wide- have some capillary capability while the larger are most
spread substrate used until now. It was, and noted for their rapid drainage. The best combination
often still is, widely used by the greenhouse for deep gully hydroponics is a mix of small and large
industry until it became an environmental pellets (4/8 8/16) to attain the most adequate root
hazard, important enough to raise new environment.
regulations concerning its use and disposal.
When chosen from a reliable manufacturer clay pebbles are
Rockwool is good material and meets most neutral (pH close to 7.0) in order not affect the pH level of
properties of a good substrate. It comes in the nutritive solution.
various forms like cubes of all sizes, slabs and
shredded bits, and has several advantages, They are easy to clean after the crop. In small quantities
including neutrality, good aeration, and good they can be boiled in water.
water retention capacity.
In larger quantities they can be soaked overnight in a
But rockwool has an strong inconvenience: it strongly acidic solution (4.0) or in Chlorine, and rinsed
is not ecological. It is harmful to your health, thoroughly the next day. Of course you can use them over
especially when dry. The fine particles break and over again as many times you need.
off the cubes or slabs, get into the air we
breathe, and accumulate into the lung tissues. They are natural and environmentally friendly. They are
totally recyclable: when you are finished using them you
Rockwool is harmful for the environment too, can easily discard them in the garden or mix them in your
creating a serious disposal problem due to the potted plants to lighten the soil.
fact that it does not break down easily. After
use it gets generally thrown with the garbage Clay pellets have little water retention capacity compared
in landfill sites and will not decompose, leaving to other substrates. They cant be used with all growing
heavy pollution in our soils. systems but are better suited to deep gully, constantly
running growing systems like all Hydro Systems.
Rockwool is often used with Drip or Ebb and
Flow systems, but it is being replaced by Some growers will mix them with other substrates to
cleaner, environmentally friendly substrates like improve drainage and add cation exchange capacity to
coconut fibre and clay pebbles. rockwool or organic mediums like coconut fibre.
HYDROPONICS
The FIRST EDITION
of HydroponEast
Expo will take place
Questions and
Answers Section
Q1 Out of the varying hydroponic manage to keep the plant. Each Doing it before does nothing at best
mediums that can be used can you pruning is an opportunity for the and some claim that it is detrimental
please enlighten me as to which plant to catch diseases. The cut because killing every organism
one is the most environmentally stems leave wounds that are alive in the room leaves an open
friendly as I like to think of myself entry of pathogens, virus as well ground for diseases to come in.
as helping the environment? as bacteria or fungi. Also, since You disinfect in case of mildews of
there is always a balance in a every kind, root rot, a bad case or
A1 When you examine a
plant between what above and Pythium or fusarium, etc
substrate for its lesser possible
whats underground, a heavy
impact on the environment, there But disinfecting does little or
pruning means death or part of
are 3 factors to consider: How nothing against spider mites. They
the root mass. The decaying roots
is it manufactured? How do we will come in once your crop is
are the ground on which thrives
dispose of it? Is it renewable or established through your ventilation,
Pythium and other root fungi. The
in limited supply? on your clothes, your shoes. Almost
proliferation of those organisms
everybody and everything can be
Peat moss is an example of a make it hard for the healthy
a carrier for insects or their eggs.
product with no adverse impact roots to survive. The scissors or
To avoid this you can screen your
when you use it, but in limited other tools used for taking the
ventilation, restrict visitors to a
supply and its mining does have an cutting can also be a source of
contamination. This covers only minimum and do not use the same
impact on precious march lands. clothes and shoes youve been
what can weaken the plant in her
Among the safe substrates to role as a mother. On top of tis, wearing outside. It is not a warranty,
use there is Coconut fibre, clay there is all the natural stress that but it will go a long way toward
pebbles, pumice rock and a may occur, such as large variations protecting your crop.
variety of other lava rocks. All of in humidity, a factor always tricky An excellent protection against
them are relatively equal in terms to control indoor, and many others. spider mites is to use their
of environmental impact. Coco It might be best, once in a while, to natural predators: Phytoseiulus
is susceptible to contain sodium choose a healthy cutting to replace persimilis and Amblyseiulus
in large quantity, a problem for the mother plant before she shows californicus. If you suspect a
recirculating systems. Avoid signs of abuse. But if you are spider mite infestation, Integrated
rockwool or glasswool, since they extremely meticulous and if your Pest Management (IPM) as
are serious ecological problems. plant does not suffer from external prevention or treatment against
causes, you can keep mother most pests is your best choice.
Q2 If you keep a specific plant
plants for many years.
as a mother to take clones from, Published with the permission of
how long are you able to keep the Q3 How often should I disinfect General Hydroponics Europe.
mother alive without making the my indoor grow room? The area in Source: www.eurohydro.com
clones you take useless? question is 3m by 4m; Im worried
about getting the dreaded spider mites! "Please, share your questions with us
A2 In theory, you can take
cuttings from the same mother A3 You have to disinfect your at support-us/cd/eu@soillessgardening-
for a very long time, in real life room after you have an occurrence india.com or support-asia@
all depend on how healthy you of a pathogen in it, and not before. soillessgardening-india.com"
Flora Series
bringing nature and technology together