Hi everyone.

My name is Seong Lyun Kim

of Yonsei University. Like the other lecturers in this course,
I'm with the W Department. The focus of my research and education has
been in the area of wireless networks. And during one hour,
I will try to give some brief overview of wireless resource and management. Well,
let me start with the definition
of wireless resource management. What is wireless resource management? Resource in
communication,
wireless communication means radio frequency spectrum
which is very much limited. So we have to use this resource radio
frequency spectrum very effectively. Optimization means management. So management
means we have to maximize
the number of users in the wireless system utilizing radio frequency spectrum
resources very effectively. So talking about the wireless resource and management,
I will try
to answer six questions. The first question is, how does interference affect
the capacity of wireless networks? Perhaps, you don't know
the terminology interference, or the capacity or the wireless network. So the
understanding the definition
of this three key word terminology interference, the capacity, the wireless network
is
important to answer the first question. So let me start with an example
of the cocktail party cases. Well, have you ever been
in a cocktail party before? Or maybe yes or maybe not. Well imagine you are in a
cocktail
party to celebrate something, your dissertation or
your report to finalization whatever. And then in the beginning you can talk
to your partners with a low volume and soft volumes. Because your partner listener
can hear you very correctly. But as time goes,
as the guest arrives in the cocktail room, room becomes very noisy. So called
interference is generating
upon each communication pairs. So your partner listener
actually can hear your voice, or signal correctly due to
increased interference that is generated by your other
surrounding communication pairs. So in the cocktail party room,
as time goes noise or interference goes to high and
then no one can communicate. This is so called cocktail party effect. And such
cocktail party effect is
very well used in communication to example or to illustrate the example
of huge interference in a network. Well, the question is if interference is
actually going up what will be happening? That was the first question. Of course
you may understand that
when interference goes up no one can communicate with each other. So it's very
difficult
to talk to each other so there should be some coordinator such
that some conversations maybe possible. Well, to see more
precisely we may visualize wireless network using a graph
that's in your next slide. Well, network can be visualized
using a graph sometimes to mathematically handle or
to analyze the network more effectively. Of course, wireless network can
be analyzed by using a graph. The previous graph, we have two things. One is node,
the other one is actually the edge. In a wireless network
nodes means transmitter. In a cocktail party the speaker and
another node is actually the receiver Rx in a cocktail party who is
your partner or listeners. And the arrow, the direction arrow,
means actually the wireless link. Which is actually is
the wireless channel which should be based on a radio
frequency spectrum. So in the cocktail party room
you have transmitting node and receiving node and
link which is wireless link. So we can visualize cocktail
party room utilizing such graph. For example, if we go to the next slide
perhaps you'll see such random graph. In the random graph you see actually
a connection of each node by one s link. By definition the random
network means that your partner listener is actually
the selected random name. That means Each communication
parties are randomly selected. This is slightly different
from cocktail party room. In the cocktail party room, speaker and
listeners are actually very close and they are in a very closed proximity. However,
in the random network,
mathematical formula, mathematical form is
actually transmitter and receivers actually located in a random
position, that is slightly different. But however,
in many cases we can visualize cocktail party room utilizing this random network.
Well, the question is if you
increase the number of nodes or the number of speakers, in other
words number of communication pairs. And this will generate
lots of interferences because they are using the same resources,
same radio frequencies, generating interferences and
in certain level no one can communicate. So this is actually by
intuition we could understand. Well, question is,
is node density increases? We know that capacity equals zero. Well, at this point
let me
define the meaning of capacity. In a wireless network capacity
means the number of communication pair that can successfully
talking to each other. If their communication is failed due
to large interference or some other reasons, then we count the capacity,
I mean we do not count it as a capacity. So if capacity goes to zero means there
is no one successfully to communicate. So as interferences goes to increase or as
node density increases like
in cocktail party room capacity, the number of successful communication
pairs will be approaching to zero. So due to the interferences, we think
that capacity is going to be equal to 0. Well, this is very intuitive and
understandable. Our next question is,
is there any accurate mathematical formula that we can understand capacity and
interfacing relationships more
concisely or more accurately. That is related to answering
the question more correctly. So if I go to the next slide, there is
some mathematical formula which was actually originally published
in the paper in the year 2000. Published in the Journal of
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory by Gupta and Kumar. And if you look at this
formula,
it looks complicated. The formula itself is not
that difficult to understand. The lambda is a function of n. Lambda means capacity.
As I said, capacity is the number
of successful communication pairs. So Number of successful communication
pair is a function of n. What is n? n is node, number of nodes or
node density. How many number of nodes in a given area? Or how many number of
communication pairs? Is a function of n and the function is actually the inversely
proportional to n multiplied by log n. So that means if you
understand this formula, as n goes to infinity,
then lambda goes to zero. And we understand that lambda is
approaching to zero as n goes to infinity, but however, we can more accurately
understand the formula itself. Well, there is another terminology here,
c and w. And c is actually the sum of constants. it's very much related to the
system. So kind of the characteristics
like antennas and some other physical layered techniques or
something so which is given parameters. Whereas w is a given
frequency spectrum bandwidth. In the beginning,
I said actually the radio resource or resource means frequency spectrum
which is very much limited. So w is a given bandwidth or
bandwidth or one wireless link. So as w becomes larger then
capacity will be increasing. But in this formula the authors,
Gupta and Kumar, assume that c and W is given and fixed. So this formula gives more
accurate
answer to the first question, as n goes to infinity,
lambda goes to zero with such formula. And in their original paper, they defined
the capacities slightly
in a different way than the others. That is so called the transport capacity.
Transport capacity is, it means it
is actually the multiplication. If you look at this line in the middle,
these are bits multiplied by meters. So when Gupta and
Kumar defines transport capacity, they are interested in number of bits
that can be transmitted by per second. However, they are also interested
in the travel distance of bits. If one bit travels twice meters
than the others, then transport capacity becomes twice of the others. So transport
capacity, understanding
transport capacity is quite important to answering the next
questions in my other slides. But at the moment just understand
that the capacity is a function of n which is inversely proportional to n. And as n
goes to infinity
then lambda goes to zero. Well this is actually the bad news for us because in a
wireless network n
is number of communication pairs. So people desire to communication more and number
of communicating
people will be increasing. However, if they are sharing the same
radio channel, no one can communicate. So this is actually the dilemma for us. The
question is how we handle such
larger number of communication pairs while keeping this capacity rosier. Well,
Radio Resource Management is,
as I said in the beginning, is to maximize capacity of the wireless network while
utilizing frequency spectrum effectively. How we do that? Well, Radio Resource
Management is, in
order to say, is to control interferences. We understand what is interference
using this body effect. Well, by contouring interference amount
effectively, then we can maximize the capacity or we can adjust it or we can
increase the capacity wireless network. That will be the topic in my next
questions and following questions as well. Well, of course you can
think of very simple resource management technique even though
it is not desirable on a solution. For example,
if you can't communicate with others like in a cocktail party room
due to huge interferences. The best or very simple way of resource
management is to make capacity zero. That means, the best way is to shut off. Of
course this is very simple and very actually the extreme cases
radio resource management technique. Well, there might be some other cases, for
example there will be some
coordinators in the room. So the, for example, the imaginary
situation, that the coordinator, actually making some traffic controls like
this car should communicate first and the remaining will be staying there. As there
will be some kind of
round robin way of communication. For example, not in the cocktail party
that mean the communication system, this is possible for example. So such a kind of
radio resource
management technique would be possible to handler interferences
such that maximizing or in order to maximize the capacity
of the wireless network. So to know a little bit about
that kind of techniques let's take a look at the other
questions following. Thank you.