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0 CELL AS A
UNIT OF LIFE
SUB-TOPIC : 2.1
PROKARYOTIC AND
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Learning Outcome
At the end of this topic, students will be
able to :
KEY-CONCEPT / TERMS
• Prokaryote,
• Prokaryotic cells,
• Eukaryote,
• Eukaryotic cells,
• Photosynthesis,
• Plant cell and
• Animal cell
PROKARYOTIC AND
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Prokaryotic Cells
•A prokaryote is a single-celled organism
• Very small (less than 5 - 10 m
(micrometers) *1µm = 10-6m
• lacks membrane-bound organelles and
•has a single circular chromosome.
Structure of prokaryotic cell
• Lacks nuclear
envelope
• Nucleoid
Plasma Membrane
Plasma
Membrane
Plasma
Membrane
Plasma Membrane
Plasma Membrane
Eukaryotic cell
• Larger than prokaryotic cell, diameter 10-
100µm.
• Has nucleus
• Has linear strand of DNA within its nucleus
• Has many membrane-bound organelles with
large ribosomes
• Contains cytoplasm which is semifluid
matrix and other components
• Example: animal cell, plant cell
• Eukaryotic cells however are not all alike.
• Each type of cell has a few unique organelles
not found in the other.
• Plant cells for example contain chloroplast,
plastids and central vacuole which are not
found in the animal cells.
• Animal cells have centrioles
TISSUE
A group of cells
Together carry out specific functions
Example : muscle tissue
ORGAN
A structure composed of two or more tissue
types that function together
Example : liver, kidney or skin
Animal Tissues
Epithelial Tissues
8
Simple Epithelial Tissues
• Simple squamous
• Simple cuboidal Consist of single
• Simple columnar layer of cells
Characteristics :
cubical in shape.
Function :
Specialised for absorption
and secretion.
Distribution :
Make up the epithelial of
kidney tubules and many
glands – thyroid and salivary
glands.
• Several layers of
squamous epithelial
cells.
• Division of lower cells
causes older one to
be pushed towards
the surface, becoming
flattened as they
move.
• Function – protection.
• Main location – skin; lining of
mouth and lining of vagina
Connective tissues
Bone
• Cell : osteocytes
• Matrix : calcium salt
such as calcium
phosphate
• Fibers : collagen.
• Function : movement,
support the body and
protect many of the
organs.
Cartilage Tissue
• Cell : chondrocyte
• Matrix : chondroitin
sulphate
• Fiber : collagen
• Function : act as a
shock absorber,
cushioning bones
during movement
Blood
Cell : erythrocytes
(red blood cells),
leukocytes (white
blood cells) and cell Leukocytes
fragments called
platelets
Matrix : plasma.
The plasma consists
of water, salts and a
variety of dissolved
proteins
Fiber : none
Skeletal muscle
• Characteristic : tissue
is striated, cell are
large, long and
cylindrical with
several nuclei
• Function : voluntary
movement
• Distribution : attach to
skeletal bones
Smooth muscle.
• Characteristic : tissue is
not striated; spindle shape
cells have a single centrally
located nucleus
• Function: Responsible in
involuntary activities.
• Distribution : located in the
wall of digestive tract,
uterus, bladder and large
blood vessel.
Cardiac muscle.
• Characteristics: tissue
is striated; cells are
cylindrical and
branching with a
single centrally
located nucleus
• Function : involuntary
activities (contraction
of the heart)
• Distribution: wall of
the heart
Nerve Tissue
Neuron
• Structure : Neuron
consist of 4 major
parts; dendrites, cell
body, axon, synaptic
terminals.
• Function : to generate
electrical signals and
to conduct these
signals to other
neuron, muscle and
gland.
Plant tissues
Dermal tissues
• Outer covering of the plant body
• Epidermal tissue consist of cuticle (water proof)
except for roots.
• This dermal tissue is composed primarily of cork
cells which is thick, water proof walls and dead
at maturity
Ground tissues
• There are three types :
-parenchyma
-collenchyma
-schlerenchyma
Parenchyma
Functions :
Sclerenchyma
• Structures : thick
secondary cell walls
• Functions :
mechanical support
• Distribution:
- Occur in regions of
plant that have
stopped growing in
length
- Found in stems and
leaf veins
Vascular tissues
• Consist of two complex conducting tissues:
-xylem
-phloem
Xylem
Phloem
Companion cells
• A non-conducting nucleated cell, connected to the
sieve-tube member.
• Provide energy in the form of ATP for the transport
of sugar and amino acids by active transport