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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Data</h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-
content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote
navigation-not-searchable">For data in computer science, see <a
href="/wiki/Data_(computing)" title="Data (computing)">Data (computing)</a>. For
other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Data_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig"
title="Data (disambiguation)">Data (disambiguation)</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Datum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Datum
(disambiguation)">Datum (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Data_types_-
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Some of the different types of data.</div>
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<p><b>Data</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a
href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-
bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/'/: primary stress follows">'</span><span
title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/e?/: 'a' in 'face'">e?</span><span
title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/?/: 'a' in 'about'">?
</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"
title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><small title="English pronunciation
respelling"><i><b>DAY</b>-t?</i></small></a>, <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA
nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English"
title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/'/:
primary stress follows">'</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span
title="//: 'a' in 'bad'"></span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span
title="/?/: 'a' in 'about'">?</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a
href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling
key"><small title="English pronunciation respelling"><i><b>DA</b>-t?
</i></small></a>, or <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a
title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/??/: 'a' in 'father'">??</span><span
respelling"><i><b>DAH</b>-t?</i></small></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> is a set of values of <a
href="/wiki/Qualitative_property" title="Qualitative property">qualitative</a> or
<a href="/wiki/Quantity" title="Quantity">quantitative</a> <a
href="/wiki/Variable_(research)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable
(research)">variables</a>. An example of qualitative data is an <a
href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a>'s handwritten
note about his or her interviews with <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-
redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous people</a>. Pieces of data are
individual pieces of <a href="/wiki/Information"
title="Information">information</a>. While the concept of data is commonly
associated with <a href="/wiki/Scientific_research" class="mw-redirect"
title="Scientific research">scientific research</a>, data is collected by a huge
range of organizations and institutions, including businesses (e.g., sales data,
revenue, profits, <a href="/wiki/Stock_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock
price">stock price</a>), governments (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Crime_rate" class="mw-
redirect" title="Crime rate">crime rates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_rate"
class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment rate">unemployment rates</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rates) and non-governmental
organizations (e.g., censuses of the number of <a href="/wiki/Homelessness"
title="Homelessness">homeless people</a> by non-profit organizations).</p>
<p>Data is <a href="/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement">measured</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Data_reporting" title="Data reporting">collected and reported</a>, and
<a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">analyzed</a>, whereupon it can
be <a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" title="Data visualization">visualized</a>
using graphs, images or other analysis tools. Data as a general <a
href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concept</a> refers to the fact that some
existing <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> or <a
href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> is <i><a
href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation
and reasoning">represented</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Code"
title="Code">coded</a></i> in some form suitable for better usage or <a
href="/wiki/Data_processing" title="Data processing">processing</a>. <i><a
href="/wiki/Raw_data" title="Raw data">Raw data</a></i> ("unprocessed data") is a
collection of <a href="/wiki/Number" title="Number">numbers</a> or <a
href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">characters</a>
before it has been "cleaned" and corrected by researchers. Raw data needs to be
corrected to remove <a href="/wiki/Outlier" title="Outlier">outliers</a> or obvious
instrument or data entry errors (e.g., a thermometer reading from an outdoor Arctic
location recording a tropical temperature). Data processing commonly occurs by
stages, and the "processed data" from one stage may be considered the "raw data" of
the next stage. <a href="/wiki/Field_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Field
work">Field data</a> is raw data that is collected in an uncontrolled "<a
href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a>" environment. <a
href="/wiki/Experimental_data" title="Experimental data">Experimental data</a> is
data that is generated within the context of a scientific investigation by
observation and recording. Data has been described as the new <a
href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> of the <a
href="/wiki/Digital_economy" title="Digital economy">digital economy</a>.<sup
id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup
id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
<p></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div class="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology_and_terminology"><span
class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology and
terminology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Meaning"><span
class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Meaning</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#In_other_fields"><span
class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">In other fields</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span
class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span
class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#External_links"><span
class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology_and_terminology">Etymology and
terminology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data&action=edit&section=1"
title="Edit section: Etymology and terminology">edit</a><span class="mw-
editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The first English use of the word "data" is from the 1640s. Using the word
"data" to mean "transmittable and storable computer information" was first done in
1946. The expression "data processing" was first used in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-
eol_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eol-4">[4]</a></sup></p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Data_(word)" title="Data (word)">Latin word <i>data</i></a>
is the plural of <i>datum</i>, "(thing) given," neuter past participle of
<i>dare</i> "to give".<sup id="cite_ref-eol_4-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-eol-4">[4]</a></sup> Data may be used as a plural noun in this
sense, with some writers in the 2010s using <i>datum</i> in the singular and
<i>data</i> for plural. In the 2010s, though, in non-specialist, everyday writing,
"data" is most commonly used in the singular, as a <a href="/wiki/Mass_noun"
title="Mass noun">mass noun</a> (like "information", "sand" or "rain").<sup
id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Meaning">Meaning</span><span class="mw-
editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Data&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section:
Meaning">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Data, <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisdom"
title="Wisdom">wisdom</a> are closely related concepts, but each has its own role
in relation to the other, and each term has its own meaning. Data is collected and
analyzed; data only becomes information suitable for making decisions once it has
been analyzed in some fashion. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Knowledge"
title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a> is derived from extensive amounts of experience
dealing with information on a subject. For example, the height of <a
href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> is generally
considered data. The height can be recorded precisely with an <a
href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">altimeter</a> and entered into a database.
This data may be included in a book along with other data on Mount Everest to
describe the mountain in a manner useful for those who wish to make a decision
about the best method to climb it. Using an understanding based on experience
climbing mountains to advise persons on the way to reach Mount Everest's peak may
be seen as "knowledge". Some complement the series "data", "information" and
"knowledge" with "wisdom", which would mean the status of a person in possession of
a certain "knowledge" who also knows under which circumstances is good to use
it.</p>
<p>Data is the least abstract concept, information the next least, and knowledge
the most abstract.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
7">[7]</a></sup> Data becomes information by interpretation; e.g., the height of
Mount Everest is generally considered "data", a book on Mount Everest geological
characteristics may be considered "information", and a climber's guidebook
containing practical information on the best way to reach Mount Everest's peak may
be considered "knowledge". "Information" bears a diversity of meanings that ranges
from everyday usage to technical use. Generally speaking, the concept of
information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control,
data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception,
and representation. Beynon-Davies uses the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Sign"
title="Sign">sign</a> to differentiate between data and information; data is a
series of symbols, while information occurs when the symbols are used to refer to
something.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
9">[9]</a></sup></p>
<p>Before the development of computing devices and machines, only people could
collect data and impose patterns on it. Since the development of computing devices
and machines, these devices can also collect data. In the 2010s, computers are
widely used in many fields to collect data and sort or process it, in disciplines
ranging from <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, analysis of
<a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">social services</a> usage
by citizens to scientific research. These patterns in data are seen as information
which can be used to enhance knowledge. These patterns may be interpreted as "<a
href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>" (though "truth" can be a subjective
concept), and may be authorized as aesthetic and ethical criteria in some
disciplines or cultures. Events that leave behind perceivable physical or virtual
remains can be traced back through data. Marks are no longer considered data once
the link between the mark and observation is broken.<sup id="cite_ref-10"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
<p>Mechanical computing devices are classified according to the means by which they
represent data. An <a href="/wiki/Analog_computer" title="Analog computer">analog
computer</a> represents a datum as a voltage, distance, position, or other physical
quantity. A <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">digital computer</a>
represents a piece of data as a sequence of symbols drawn from a fixed <a
href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a>. The most common digital
computers use a binary alphabet, that is, an alphabet of two characters, typically
denoted "0" and "1". More familiar representations, such as numbers or letters, are
then constructed from the binary alphabet. Some special forms of data are
distinguished. A <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer
program</a> is a collection of data, which can be interpreted as instructions. Most
computer languages make a distinction between programs and the other data on which
programs operate, but in some languages, notably <a
href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming
language)">Lisp</a> and similar languages, programs are essentially
indistinguishable from other data. It is also useful to distinguish <a
href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>, that is, a description of
other data. A similar yet earlier term for metadata is "ancillary data." The
prototypical example of metadata is the library catalog, which is a description of
the contents of books.</p>
<p><br />
<b>Data collection</b></p>
<p>Gathering data can be accomplished through a primary source (the researcher is
the first person to obtain the data) or a secondary source (the researcher obtains
the data that has already been collected by other sources, such as data
disseminated in a scientific journal). Data analysis methodologies vary and include
data triangulation and data percolation <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>. The latter offers an articulate method of
collecting, classifying and analyzing data using five possible angles of analysis
(at least three) in order to maximize the research's objectivity and permit an
understanding of the phenomena under investigation as complete as possible:
qualitative and quantitative methods, literature reviews (including scholarly
articles), interviews with experts, and computer simulation. The data are
thereafter "percolated" using a series of pre-determined steps so as to extract the
most relevant information.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_other_fields">In other fields</span><span
class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a
href="/w/index.php?title=Data&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section:
In other fields">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Though data is also increasingly used in other fields, it has been suggested
that the highly interpretive nature of them might be at odds with the ethos of data
as "given". Peter Checkland introduced the term <i>capta</i> (from the Latin
<i>capere</i>, to take) to distinguish between an immense number of possible data
and a sub-set of them, to which attention is oriented.<sup id="cite_ref-12"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> <a
href="/wiki/Johanna_Drucker" title="Johanna Drucker">Johanna Drucker</a> has argued
that since the humanities affirm knowledge production as "situated, partial, and
constitutive," using <i>data</i> may introduce assumptions that are
counterproductive, for example that phenomena are discrete or are observer-
independent.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
13">[13]</a></sup> The term <i>capta</i>, which emphasizes the act of observation
as constitutive, is offered as an alternative to <i>data</i> for visual
representations in the humanities.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-
title=Data&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See
also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-5" style="-moz-column-count:
5; -webkit-column-count: 5; column-count: 5;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biological_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological
data">Biological data</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Data_acquisition" title="Data acquisition">Data
acquisition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">Data analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Data_cable" title="Data cable">Data cable</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dark_data" title="Dark data">Dark data</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Data_domain" title="Data domain">Data domain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Data_element" title="Data element">Data element</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Data_farming" title="Data farming">Data farming</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Data_governance" title="Data governance">Data
governance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">Data integrity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Data_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Data
maintenance">Data maintenance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">Data
management</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" title="Data visualization">Data
visualization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer
data processing">Computer data processing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Data_publication" class="mw-redirect" title="Data
publication">Data publication</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Information_privacy" title="Information privacy">Data
protection</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Data_remanence" title="Data remanence">Data remanence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Data_set" title="Data set">Data set</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">Data warehouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Datasheet" title="Datasheet">Datasheet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_data_rescue" title="Environmental data
rescue">Environmental data rescue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fieldwork" class="mw-redirect"
title="Fieldwork">Fieldwork</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_data_archiving" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific
data archiving">Scientific data archiving</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Computer
memory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">Data structure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary
Data">Secondary Data</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-
title=Data&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section:
References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><span class="citation foldoc"><small>This article is based on material taken
from the <a href="/wiki/Free_On-line_Dictionary_of_Computing" title="Free On-line
Dictionary of Computing">Free On-line Dictionary of Computing</a> prior to 1
November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the <a
href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation
License">GFDL</a>, version 1.3 or later.</small></span></p>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The pronunciation <span
class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a
title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/e?/: 'a' in 'face'">e?</span><span
respelling"><i><b>DAY</b>-t?</i></small></a> is widespread throughout most
varieties of English. The pronunciation <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA
nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English"
title="//: 'a' in 'bad'"></span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span
key"><small title="English pronunciation respelling"><i><b>DA</b>-t?
</i></small></a> is chiefly <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-
English">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American
English">North American</a>. The pronunciation <span class="nowrap"><span
class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English"
title="/??/: 'a' in 'father'">??</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span
key"><small title="English pronunciation respelling"><i><b>DAH</b>-t?
</i></small></a> is chiefly <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian
English">Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand
English">New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South
African English">South African</a>. Each pronunciation may be realized differently
depending on the dialect/language of the speaker.</span></li>
2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://www.wired.com/insights/2014/07/data-new-oil-digital-
economy/">Data Is the New Oil of the Digital Economy</a></span></li>
3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://spotlessdata.com/blog/data-new-oil">Data is the new
Oil</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-eol-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eol_4-
0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eol_4-
1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?
term=data">http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=data</a></span></li>
5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hickey,
Walt (2014-06-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/elitist-superfluous-or-popular-we-polled-
americans-on-the-oxford-comma/">"Elitist, Superfluous, Or Popular? We Polled
Americans on the Oxford Comma"</a>. FiveThirtyEight<span class="reference-
accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AData&rft.aufirst=Walt&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.btitle=Elitist
%2C+Superfluous%2C+Or+Popular
%3F+We+Polled+Americans+on+the+Oxford+Comma&rft.date=2014-06-
17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=FiveThirtyEight&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Ffivethirtyeight.com%2Fdatalab%2Felitist-superfluous-or-popular-we-polled-
americans-on-the-oxford-comma%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp2_0.pdf">"Joint Publication 2-0,
Joint Intelligence"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Defense
Technical Information Center (DTIC)</i>. Department of Defense. 22 June 2007.
pp. GL11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AData&rft.atitle=Joint+Publication+2-
0%2C+Joint+Intelligence&rft.date=2007-06-
22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defense+Technical+Information+Center+
%28DTIC%29&rft.pages=GL-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fdoctrine
%2Fnew_pubs%2Fjp2_0.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Akash
Mitra (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.dwbiconcepts.com/data-warehousing/12-data-modelling/101-
classifying-data-for-successful-modeling.html">"Classifying data for successful
modeling"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AData&rft.au=Akash+Mitra&rft.btitle=Classifying+data+for+successful+model
ing&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.dwbiconcepts.com%2Fdata-warehousing%2F12-data-modelling%2F101-classifying-
data-for-successful-modeling.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">P.
Beynon-Davies (2002). <i>Information Systems: An introduction to informatics in
organisations</i>. Basingstoke, UK: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan"
title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a
href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book
Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-96390-3"
title="Special:BookSources/0-333-96390-3">0-333-96390-3</a>.</cite><span
%3AData&rft.au=P.+Beynon-Davies&rft.btitle=Information+Systems
%3A+An+introduction+to+
+informatics+in+organisations&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-
333-96390-3&rft.place=Basingstoke
%2C+UK&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
Beynon-Davies (2009). <i>Business information systems</i>. Basingstoke, UK:
Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International
Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-
20368-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-20368-6">978-0-230-20368-
6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData&rft.au=P.+Beynon-
Davies&rft.btitle=Business+information+systems&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=
book&rft.isbn=978-0-230-20368-6&rft.place=Basingstoke
%2C+UK&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation
book">Sharon Daniel. <i>The Database: An Aesthetics of Dignity</i>.</cite><span
%3AData&rft.au=Sharon+Daniel&rft.btitle=The+Database
%3A+An+Aesthetics+of+Dignity&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span
style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mesly, Olivier (2015).
<i>Creating Models in Psychological Research.</i> tats-Unis : Springer
Psychology : 126 pages. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-15752-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-
3-319-15752-8">978-3-319-15752-8</a></span></li>
Checkland and S. Holwell (1998). <i>Information, Systems, and Information Systems:
Making Sense of the Field</i>. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
pp. 8689. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-95820-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-
95820-4">0-471-95820-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info
%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData&rft.au=P.+Checkland+and+S.
+Holwell&rft.btitle=Information%2C+Systems%2C+and+Information+Systems
%3A+Making+Sense+of+the+Field.&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-
471-95820-4&rft.pages=86-89&rft.place=Chichester
%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span
style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation
web">Johanna Drucker (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/5/1/000091/000091.html">"Humanities
Approaches to Graphical Display"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AData&rft.au=Johanna+Drucker&rft.btitle=Humanities+Approaches+to+Graphica
l+Display&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.digitalhumanities.org%2Fdhq%2Fvol
%2F5%2F1%2F000091%2F000091.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span
class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a
href="/w/index.php?title=Data&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section:
External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox"
style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-
v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-
v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-
Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"
/></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a
href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/data" class="extiw"
title="wiktionary:Special:Search/data">data</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free
dictionary.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://purl.org/nxg/note/singular-data">Data is a singular noun</a> (a
detailed assessment)</li>
</ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Statistics"
style="padding:3px">
<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner"
style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Statistics"
title="Template:Statistics"><abbr title="View this template"
style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-
shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Statistics" title="Template
talk:Statistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-
shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Template:Statistics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template"
style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-
shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="Statistics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Statistics"
title="Statistics">Statistics</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_statistics" title="Outline of
statistics">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistics_articles" title="List of statistics
articles">Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-
spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">
<div id="Descriptive_statistics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a
href="/wiki/Descriptive_statistics" title="Descriptive statistics">Descriptive
statistics</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a
href="/wiki/Continuous_probability_distribution" class="mw-redirect"
title="Continuous probability distribution">Continuous data</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-
width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a
href="/wiki/Central_tendency" title="Central tendency">Center</a></th>
width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mean" title="Mean">Mean</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_mean" title="Arithmetic mean">arithmetic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_mean" title="Geometric mean">geometric</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_mean" title="Harmonic mean">harmonic</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">Median</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(statistics)" title="Mode (statistics)">Mode</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Statistical_dispersion" title="Statistical
dispersion">Dispersion</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Variance#Sample_variance" title="Variance">Variance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">Standard
deviation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_variation" title="Coefficient of
variation">Coefficient of variation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Percentile" title="Percentile">Percentile</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Range_(statistics)" title="Range (statistics)">Range</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interquartile_range" title="Interquartile range">Interquartile
range</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Shape_of_the_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Shape of the
distribution">Shape</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_limit_theorem" title="Central limit theorem">Central
limit theorem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(mathematics)" title="Moment (mathematics)">Moments</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skewness" title="Skewness">Skewness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kurtosis" title="Kurtosis">Kurtosis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/L-moment" title="L-moment">L-moments</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Count_data" title="Count data">Count data</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_dispersion" title="Index of dispersion">Index of
dispersion</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em">Summary tables</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grouped_data" title="Grouped data">Grouped data</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_distribution" title="Frequency distribution">Frequency
distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_table" title="Contingency table">Contingency
table</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence" title="Correlation and
dependence">Dependence</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_product-moment_correlation_coefficient" class="mw-
redirect" title="Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient">Pearson product-
moment correlation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rank_correlation" title="Rank correlation">Rank correlation</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spearman%27s_rank_correlation_coefficient" title="Spearman's
rank correlation coefficient">Spearman's rho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kendall_tau_rank_correlation_coefficient" class="mw-redirect"
title="Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient">Kendall's tau</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Partial_correlation" title="Partial correlation">Partial
correlation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scatter_plot" title="Scatter plot">Scatter plot</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Graphics</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bar_chart" title="Bar chart">Bar chart</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biplot" title="Biplot">Biplot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Box_plot" title="Box plot">Box plot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Control_chart" title="Control chart">Control chart</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Correlogram" title="Correlogram">Correlogram</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fan_chart_(statistics)" title="Fan chart (statistics)">Fan
chart</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forest_plot" title="Forest plot">Forest plot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Histogram" title="Histogram">Histogram</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pie_chart" title="Pie chart">Pie chart</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Q%E2%80%93Q_plot" title="QQ plot">QQ plot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Run_chart" title="Run chart">Run chart</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scatter_plot" title="Scatter plot">Scatter plot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stem-and-leaf_display" title="Stem-and-leaf display">Stem-and-
leaf display</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Radar_chart" title="Radar chart">Radar chart</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
spacing:0">
<tr>
<div id="Data_collection" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a
href="/wiki/Data_collection" title="Data collection">Data collection</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em">Study design</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Population
(statistics)">Population</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statistic" title="Statistic">Statistic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Effect_size" title="Effect size">Effect size</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_power" title="Statistical power">Statistical
power</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sample_size_determination" title="Sample size
determination">Sample size determination</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Missing_data" title="Missing data">Missing data</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">Survey
methodology</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)" title="Sampling
(statistics)">Sampling</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_sampling" title="Stratified
sampling">stratified</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_sampling" title="Cluster sampling">cluster</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Standard_error" title="Standard error">Standard error</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">Opinion poll</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Questionnaire" title="Questionnaire">Questionnaire</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">Controlled experiments</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">Design</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_control" title="Scientific control">control</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Optimal_design" title="Optimal design">optimal</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled
trial">Controlled trial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_experiment" title="Randomized
experiment">Randomized</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Random_assignment" title="Random assignment">Random
assignment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Replication_(statistics)" title="Replication
(statistics)">Replication</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(statistics)" title="Blocking
(statistics)">Blocking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_(statistics)" title="Interaction
(statistics)">Interaction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Factorial_experiment" title="Factorial experiment">Factorial
experiment</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em">Uncontrolled studies</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Observational_study" title="Observational study">Observational
study</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_experiment" title="Natural experiment">Natural
experiment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-experiment" title="Quasi-experiment">Quasi-
experiment</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
spacing:0">
<tr>
<div id="Statistical_inference" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a
href="/wiki/Statistical_inference" title="Statistical inference">Statistical
inference</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Statistical_theory" title="Statistical theory">Statistical
theory</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Population
(statistics)">Population</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statistic" title="Statistic">Statistic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Probability_distribution" title="Probability
distribution">Probability distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_distribution" title="Sampling distribution">Sampling
distribution</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Order_statistic" title="Order statistic">Order
statistic</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_distribution_function" title="Empirical distribution
function">Empirical distribution</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Density_estimation" title="Density estimation">Density
estimation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_model" title="Statistical model">Statistical
model</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lp_space" title="Lp space">L<sup><i>p</i></sup> space</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_parameter" title="Statistical
parameter">Parameter</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Location_parameter" title="Location parameter">location</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scale_parameter" title="Scale parameter">scale</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shape_parameter" title="Shape parameter">shape</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_statistics" title="Parametric statistics">Parametric
family</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Likelihood_function" title="Likelihood
function">Likelihood</a> <a href="/wiki/Monotone_likelihood_ratio"
title="Monotone likelihood ratio"><small>(monotone)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Location%E2%80%93scale_family" title="Locationscale
family">Locationscale family</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exponential_family" title="Exponential family">Exponential
family</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Completeness_(statistics)" title="Completeness
(statistics)">Completeness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sufficient_statistic" title="Sufficient
statistic">Sufficiency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_principle" title="Plug-in principle">Statistical
functional</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping_(statistics)" title="Bootstrapping
(statistics)">Bootstrap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/U-statistic" title="U-statistic">U</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/V-statistic" title="V-statistic">V</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Optimal_decision" title="Optimal decision">Optimal decision</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Loss_function" title="Loss function">loss function</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Efficiency_(statistics)" title="Efficiency
(statistics)">Efficiency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_distance" title="Statistical distance">Statistical
distance</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Divergence_(statistics)" title="Divergence
(statistics)">divergence</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_theory_(statistics)" title="Asymptotic theory
(statistics)">Asymptotics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robust_statistics" title="Robust statistics">Robustness</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Frequentist_inference" title="Frequentist inference">Frequentist
inference</a></th>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Point_estimation" title="Point estimation">Point estimation</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Estimating_equations" title="Estimating equations">Estimating
equations</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_likelihood" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum
likelihood">Maximum likelihood</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_moments_(statistics)" title="Method of moments
(statistics)">Method of moments</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/M-estimator" title="M-estimator">M-estimator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_distance_estimation" title="Minimum distance
estimation">Minimum distance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bias_of_an_estimator" title="Bias of an estimator">Unbiased
estimators</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minimum-variance_unbiased_estimator" title="Minimum-variance
unbiased estimator">Mean-unbiased minimum-variance</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rao%E2%80%93Blackwell_theorem" title="RaoBlackwell
theorem">RaoBlackwellization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lehmann%E2%80%93Scheff%C3%A9_theorem" title="LehmannScheff
theorem">LehmannScheff theorem</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Median-unbiased_estimator" class="mw-redirect" title="Median-
unbiased estimator">Median unbiased</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_principle" title="Plug-in principle">Plug-in</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Interval_estimation" title="Interval estimation">Interval
estimation</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">Confidence
interval</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pivotal_quantity" title="Pivotal quantity">Pivot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Likelihood_interval" class="mw-redirect" title="Likelihood
interval">Likelihood interval</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prediction_interval" title="Prediction interval">Prediction
interval</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tolerance_interval" title="Tolerance interval">Tolerance
interval</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Resampling_(statistics)" title="Resampling
(statistics)">Resampling</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping_(statistics)" title="Bootstrapping
(statistics)">Bootstrap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jackknife_resampling" title="Jackknife
resampling">Jackknife</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" title="Statistical hypothesis
testing">Testing hypotheses</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/One-_and_two-tailed_tests" title="One- and two-tailed tests">1-
& 2-tails</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Power_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power
(statistics)">Power</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniformly_most_powerful_test" title="Uniformly most powerful
test">Uniformly most powerful test</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Permutation_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Permutation
test">Permutation test</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Randomization_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Randomization
test">Randomization test</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_comparisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple
comparisons">Multiple comparisons</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Parametric_statistics" title="Parametric statistics">Parametric
tests</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Likelihood-ratio_test" title="Likelihood-ratio test">Likelihood-
ratio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wald_test" title="Wald test">Wald</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Score_test" title="Score test">Score</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em">Specific tests</th>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Z-test" title="Z-test"><i>Z</i> <span style="font-
size:90%;">(normal)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Student%27s_t-test" title="Student's t-test">Student's <i>t</i>-
test</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/F-test" title="F-test"><i>F</i></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Goodness_of_fit" title="Goodness of fit">Goodness of fit</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chi-squared_test" title="Chi-squared test">Chi-squared</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kolmogorov%E2%80%93Smirnov_test" title="KolmogorovSmirnov
test">KolmogorovSmirnov</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anderson%E2%80%93Darling_test" title="AndersonDarling
test">AndersonDarling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lilliefors_test" title="Lilliefors test">Lilliefors</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jarque%E2%80%93Bera_test" title="JarqueBera
test">JarqueBera</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shapiro%E2%80%93Wilk_test" title="ShapiroWilk test">Normality
<span style="font-size:90%;">(ShapiroWilk)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Likelihood-ratio_test" title="Likelihood-ratio test">Likelihood-
ratio test</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Model_selection" title="Model selection">Model selection</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation
(statistics)">Cross validation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Akaike_information_criterion" title="Akaike information
criterion">AIC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_information_criterion" title="Bayesian information
criterion">BIC</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Rank_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank statistics">Rank
statistics</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sign_test" title="Sign test">Sign</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sample_median" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample median">Sample
median</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wilcoxon_signed-rank_test" title="Wilcoxon signed-rank
test">Signed rank <span style="font-size:90%;">(Wilcoxon)</span></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hodges%E2%80%93Lehmann_estimator" title="HodgesLehmann
estimator">HodgesLehmann estimator</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mann%E2%80%93Whitney_U_test" title="MannWhitney U test">Rank
sum <span style="font-size:90%;">(MannWhitney)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nonparametric_statistics" title="Nonparametric
statistics">Nonparametric</a> <a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis
of variance">anova</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kruskal%E2%80%93Wallis_one-way_analysis_of_variance"
title="KruskalWallis one-way analysis of variance">1-way <span style="font-
size:90%;">(KruskalWallis)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedman_test" title="Friedman test">2-way <span style="font-
size:90%;">(Friedman)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jonckheere%27s_trend_test" title="Jonckheere's trend
test">Ordered alternative <span style="font-
size:90%;">(JonckheereTerpstra)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Bayesian_inference" title="Bayesian inference">Bayesian
inference</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_probability" title="Bayesian probability">Bayesian
probability</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prior_probability" title="Prior probability">prior</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_probability" title="Posterior
probability">posterior</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Credible_interval" title="Credible interval">Credible
interval</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bayes_factor" title="Bayes factor">Bayes factor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bayes_estimator" title="Bayes estimator">Bayesian estimator</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_a_posteriori_estimation" title="Maximum a posteriori
estimation">Maximum posterior estimator</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
spacing:0">
<tr>
<div id="CorrelationRegression_analysis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">
<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence" title="Correlation and
dependence">Correlation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression
analysis</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence" title="Correlation and
dependence">Correlation</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_product-moment_correlation_coefficient" class="mw-
redirect" title="Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient">Pearson product-
moment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Partial_correlation" title="Partial correlation">Partial
<li><a href="/wiki/Confounding" title="Confounding">Confounding variable</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_determination" title="Coefficient of
determination">Coefficient of determination</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression
analysis</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Errors_and_residuals_in_statistics" class="mw-redirect"
title="Errors and residuals in statistics">Errors and residuals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regression_model_validation" class="mw-redirect"
title="Regression model validation">Regression model validation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_model" title="Mixed model">Mixed effects models</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_equations_model" title="Simultaneous equations
model">Simultaneous equations models</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_adaptive_regression_splines" title="Multivariate
adaptive regression splines">Multivariate adaptive regression splines
(MARS)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Linear_regression" title="Linear regression">Linear regression</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simple_linear_regression" title="Simple linear
regression">Simple linear regression</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_least_squares" title="Ordinary least squares">Ordinary
least squares</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/General_linear_model" title="General linear model">General
linear model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_linear_regression" title="Bayesian linear
regression">Bayesian regression</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em">Non-standard
predictors</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_regression" title="Nonlinear regression">Nonlinear
regression</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nonparametric_regression" title="Nonparametric
regression">Nonparametric</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semiparametric_regression" title="Semiparametric
regression">Semiparametric</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isotonic_regression" title="Isotonic
regression">Isotonic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robust_regression" title="Robust regression">Robust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heteroscedasticity"
title="Heteroscedasticity">Heteroscedasticity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homoscedasticity"
title="Homoscedasticity">Homoscedasticity</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Generalized_linear_model" title="Generalized linear model">Generalized
linear model</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exponential_family" title="Exponential family">Exponential
families</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_regression" title="Logistic regression">Logistic <span
style="font-size:90%;">(Bernoulli)</span></a> / <a
href="/wiki/Binomial_regression" title="Binomial regression">Binomial</a> / <a
href="/wiki/Poisson_regression" title="Poisson regression">Poisson
regressions</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Partition_of_sums_of_squares" title="Partition of sums of
squares">Partition of variance</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">Analysis of
variance (ANOVA, anova)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_covariance" title="Analysis of covariance">Analysis
of covariance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_analysis_of_variance" title="Multivariate analysis
of variance">Multivariate ANOVA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(statistics)" title="Degrees of freedom
(statistics)">Degrees of freedom</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
spacing:0">
<tr>
<div id="Categorical.C2.A0.2F_Multivariate.C2.A0.2F_Time-
series.C2.A0.2F_Survival_analysis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a
href="/wiki/Categorical_variable" title="Categorical
variable">Categorical</a> / <a href="/wiki/Multivariate_statistics"
title="Multivariate statistics">Multivariate</a> / <a href="/wiki/Time_series"
title="Time series">Time-series</a> / <a href="/wiki/Survival_analysis"
title="Survival analysis">Survival analysis</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Categorical_variable" title="Categorical variable">Categorical</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cohen%27s_kappa" title="Cohen's kappa">Cohen's kappa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_table" title="Contingency table">Contingency
table</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_model" title="Graphical model">Graphical
model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poisson_regression" title="Poisson regression">Log-linear
model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/McNemar%27s_test" title="McNemar's test">McNemar's test</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Multivariate_statistics" title="Multivariate
statistics">Multivariate</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/General_linear_model" title="General linear
model">Regression</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_analysis_of_variance" title="Multivariate analysis
of variance">Manova</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Principal_component_analysis" title="Principal component
analysis">Principal components</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_correlation" title="Canonical correlation">Canonical
<li><a href="/wiki/Linear_discriminant_analysis" title="Linear discriminant
analysis">Discriminant analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Cluster
analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_classification" title="Statistical
classification">Classification</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Structural_equation_modeling" title="Structural equation
modeling">Structural equation model</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Factor_analysis" title="Factor analysis">Factor
analysis</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_distribution" class="mw-redirect"
title="Multivariate distribution">Multivariate distributions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elliptical_distribution" title="Elliptical
distribution">Elliptical distributions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_normal_distribution" title="Multivariate normal
distribution">Normal</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Time_series" title="Time series">Time-series</a></th>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-
weight:normal;">General</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition_of_time_series" title="Decomposition of time
series">Decomposition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trend_estimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trend
estimation">Trend</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stationary_process" title="Stationary
process">Stationarity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_adjustment" title="Seasonal adjustment">Seasonal
adjustment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exponential_smoothing" title="Exponential smoothing">Exponential
smoothing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cointegration" title="Cointegration">Cointegration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Structural_break" title="Structural break">Structural
break</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Granger_causality" title="Granger causality">Granger
causality</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Specific
tests</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dickey%E2%80%93Fuller_test" title="DickeyFuller
test">DickeyFuller</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johansen_test" title="Johansen test">Johansen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ljung%E2%80%93Box_test" title="LjungBox test">Q-statistic <span
style="font-size:90%;">(LjungBox)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Durbin%E2%80%93Watson_statistic" title="DurbinWatson
statistic">DurbinWatson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Breusch%E2%80%93Godfrey_test" title="BreuschGodfrey
test">BreuschGodfrey</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Autocorrelation" title="Autocorrelation">Autocorrelation
(ACF)</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Partial_autocorrelation_function" title="Partial autocorrelation
function">partial (PACF)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cross-correlation" title="Cross-correlation">Cross-correlation
(XCF)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Autoregressive%E2%80%93moving-average_model"
title="Autoregressivemoving-average model">ARMA model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Box%E2%80%93Jenkins_method" title="BoxJenkins method">ARIMA
model <span style="font-size:90%;">(BoxJenkins)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Autoregressive_conditional_heteroskedasticity"
title="Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity">Autoregressive conditional
heteroskedasticity (ARCH)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vector_autoregression" title="Vector autoregression">Vector
autoregression (VAR)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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%9E%90%EB%A3%8C" title="?? Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-
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href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC
%E0%A4%BE" title="?????? Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-
link-target">??????</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a
href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podatak" title="Podatak Croatian" lang="hr"
hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a
href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" title="Data Indonesian" lang="id"
hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a
href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dato" title="Dato Interlingua" lang="ia"
hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/G
%C3%B6gn" title="Ggn Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-
link-target">slenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a
href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dato" title="Dato Italian" lang="it"
hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/
%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="?????? Hebrew" lang="he"
hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">?????</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a
href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" title="Data Javanese" lang="jv"
hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Jawa</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/
%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="????? Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk"
class="interlanguage-link-target">???????</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-sw"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" title="Data Swahili"
lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da
%C3%AE" title="Da Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Kurd</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a
href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB
%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="?????????? Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky"
class="interlanguage-link-target">????????</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-la"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" title="Data Latin"
lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a
href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dati" title="Dati Latvian" lang="lv"
hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latvieu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a
href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duomenys" title="Duomenys Lithuanian"
lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuviu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a
href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adat" title="Adat Hungarian" lang="hu"
hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/
%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="??????? Macedonian" lang="mk"
hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">??????????</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/
%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE" title="???? Marathi" lang="mr"
hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">?????</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a
href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" title="Data Malay" lang="ms"
hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl"><a
href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dados" title="Dados Mirandese" lang="mwl"
hreflang="mwl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirands</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a
href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gegeven" title="Gegeven Dutch" lang="nl"
hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/
%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF" title="??? Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja"
class="interlanguage-link-target">???</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" title="Data Norwegian"
lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a
href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" title="Data Norwegian Nynorsk"
lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/
%D0%AB%D2%A5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="?????? Eastern Mari" lang="mhr"
hreflang="mhr" class="interlanguage-link-target">???? ?????</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/
%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%99"
title="???????? Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" class="interlanguage-link-
target">?????????</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a
href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane" title="Dane Polish" lang="pl"
hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a
href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dados" title="Dados Portuguese" lang="pt"
hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Portugus</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dat
%C4%83" title="Data Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Romna</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a
href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="???? Rusyn"
lang="rue" hreflang="rue" class="interlanguage-link-target">??????????</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="?????? Russian" lang="ru"
hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">???????</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a
href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" title="Data Scots" lang="sco"
hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T
%C3%AB_dh%C3%ABnat" title="T dhnat Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-si"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A
%E0%B6%AD" title="???? Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-
link-target">?????</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd"><a
href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="?????
Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" class="interlanguage-link-target">????</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a
href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podatek" title="Podatek Slovenian" lang="sl"
hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovencina</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/
%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95" title="????? Central Kurdish" lang="ckb"
hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">?????</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/
%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="??????? Serbian" lang="sr"
hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">?????? / srpski</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a
href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podatak" title="Podatak Serbo-Croatian"
lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Srpskohrvatski / ??????????????</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-su"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" title="Data Sundanese"
lang="su" hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Sunda</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a
href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" title="Data Finnish" lang="fi"
hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a
href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_(representation)" title="Data
(representation) Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a
href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datos" title="Datos Tagalog" lang="tl"
hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/
%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="???? Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta"
class="interlanguage-link-target">?????</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-th"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD
%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5" title="?????? Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th"
class="interlanguage-link-target">???</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-tg"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0"
title="???? Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-
target">??????</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a
href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri" title="Veri Turkish" lang="tr"
hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Trke</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/
%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="???? Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk"
class="interlanguage-link-target">??????????</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ur"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7"
title="???? Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">????
</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a
href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%AF_li%E1%BB%87u" title="D? li?u
Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ti?ng Vi?
t</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a
href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE" title="?? Wu Chinese"
lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">??</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/
%D7%93%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9F" title="???? Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi"
class="interlanguage-link-target">??????</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99"
title="?? Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-
target">??</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a
href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE" title="?? Chinese"
lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">??</a></li>
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