Ring Documentation, Release 1.

61.2 Example about Sharing Names between Functions and Methods

Look at the next example

func main
o1 = new myclass { test() test2() }
test2()

func f1
see "f1 function" + nl

func f2
see "f2 function" + nl

func f3
see "f3 function" + nl

func test2
myline()
see "test2 function" + nl
new myclass {
f1()
f2()
f3()
self.f3()
}
myobj = new myclass
myobj.f3()
myline()

func myline
see copy("=",40) + nl

Class myclass

func test
myline()
see "test method" + nl
f1()
f2()
f3()
myline()

func f3
see "f3 method" + nl

func test2
myline()
see "test2 method" + nl
self {
f1()
f2()
f3()
}
myline()

Output:

61.2. Example about Sharing Names between Functions and Methods 665
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========================================
test method
f1 function
f2 function
f3 method
========================================
========================================
test2 method
f1 function
f2 function
f3 method
========================================
========================================
test2 function
f1 function
f2 function
f3 method
f3 method
f3 method
========================================

61.3 Calling a function sharing the name with a method in the current
class

In the previous example we have a function called f3() and we have a method called f3()
How we can call the f3() function from the test() method ?
Solution (1) : Change the current object scope to another object scope
In this solution we will have an empty class called local that we will use to change the current object scope.
func main
o1 = new myclass { test()}

func f1
see "f1 function" + nl

func f2
see "f2 function" + nl

func f3
see "f3 function" + nl

func myline
see copy("=",40) + nl

Class myclass

func test
myline()
see "test method" + nl
f1()
f2()
f3() # call f3() method
new local { f3() } # call f3() function
myline()

61.3. Calling a function sharing the name with a method in the current class 666
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func f3
see "f3 method" + nl

class local

Output:
========================================
test method
f1 function
f2 function
f3 method
f3 function
========================================

61.3. Calling a function sharing the name with a method in the current class 667
 CHAPTER

SIXTYTWO

SYNTAX FLEXIBILITY

In this chapter we will learn about some options that are provided automatically by the Ring compiler for syntax
flexibility.

62.1 Change Language Keywords

We can change any keyword using the ChangeRingKeyword command.

Note: Remember to restore the keyword again if the team will mix between styles in the same project.

Tip: The ChangeRingKeyword command is executed in the scanner stage by the compiler (before parsing).

Syntax:
ChangeRingKeyword <oldkeyword> <newkeyword>

Example:
ChangeRingKeyword see print

print "welcome" + nl

ChangeRingKeyword print see

see "Welcome" + nl

Example:
ChangeRingKeyword func function
ChangeRingKeyword see print
ChangeRingKeyword ok endif
ChangeRingKeyword next endfor
ChangeRingKeyword end endwhile

x = 10
while x > 0
print "x = " + x + nl
for t = 1 to 10
if t = 3
print "number three" + nl
endif
endfor

668
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x--
endwhile

test()

function test
print "message from test" + nl

ChangeRingKeyword function func

ChangeRingKeyword print see
ChangeRingKeyword endif ok
ChangeRingKeyword endfor next
ChangeRingKeyword endwhile end

62.2 Change Language Operators

We can change any operator using the ChangeRingOperator command.

Note: Remember to restore the operator again if the team will mix between styles in the same project.

Tip: The ChangeRingOperartor command is executed in the scanner stage by the compiler (before parsing).

Syntax:
ChangeRingOperator <oldkeyword> <newkeyword>

Example:
The next program hide the + operator by changing it to _+
changeringoperator + _+
changeringkeyword SEE PRINT

try
print 5 + 10
catch
print nl print "error" print nl
done

changeringoperator _+ +

The next program change the + operator to plus.

changeringoperator + plus
changeringkeyword SEE PRINT

Print 5 plus 5

changeringoperator plus +
changeringkeyword PRINT SEE

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62.3 Load Syntax Files

You may store a group of ChangeRingKeyword and ChangeRingOperator commands in a file to use later in many
source files. You cant use the Load command to call these files because
ChangeRingKeyword and ChangeRingOperator commands are executed in the scanner phase by the compiler
(before parsing).
The load command is executed in the parsing phase (after the scanner phase).
Solution: Use the LoadSyntax Command which is executed in the scanner phase.
Syntax:
LoadSyntax "syntaxfile.ring"

Example:
File : StyleBasicOn.ring
ChangeRingKeyword see print
ChangeRingKeyword ok endif
ChangeRingKeyword next endfor
ChangeRingKeyword end endwhile

File : StyleBasicOff.ring
ChangeRingKeyword print see
ChangeRingKeyword endif ok
ChangeRingKeyword endfor next
ChangeRingKeyword endwhile end

File : UseStyleBasic.ring
LoadSyntax "stylebasicon.ring"

x = 10
while x > 0
print "x = " + x + nl
for t = 1 to 10
if t = 3
print "number three" + nl
endif
endfor
x--
endwhile

LoadSyntax "stylebasicoff.ring"

see "done" + nl

Note: files called by the LoadSyntax command must contains ChangeRingKeyword and ChangeRingOperator com-
mands only.

Tip: files called by the LoadSyntax command doesnt support functions, packages and classes. just imperative
commands only.

Note: Using this feature you can create many styles that you can use in the same project and you can support Ring

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translation to other languages like Arabic, French and so on.

Tip: The effect of LoadSyntax command is related to the current source code file only.

62.4 Using () around the function parameters

We can use () around the function parameters (optional).

Example:
hello()
sum(3,4)

func hello()
see "Hello" + nl

func sum(x,y)
see x+y+nl

Output:
Hello
7

Example:
myfunc = func x,y { see x + y + nl }

call myfunc (3,4)

myfunc2 = func (x,y) { see x+y+nl }

call myfunc(3,4)

Output:
7
7

62.5 Using Semi-colon after and between statements

In Ring we can use semi-colon after and between statements (optional).

Example:
# Using semi-colon is optional

see "Hello" + nl ; see "How are you?" + nl ; see "Welcome to Ring" + nl ;

one() ; two() ; three() ;
func one ; see "one" + nl ;
func two ; see "two" + nl ;
func three ; see "three" + nl ;

Output:

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Hello
How are you?
Welcome to Ring
one
two
three

62.6 Using $ and @ in the start of the variable name

You can use any unicode character in the variable name also we can use $ and @ in the name.
This feature may help, for example we can start global variables with $ and the object attributes with @.
In other languages like Ruby this is the rule, In the Ring language this is just an option without any force from the
Compiler.
example:
$global_variable = 5

new test { hello() }

class test

@instance_variable = 10

func hello

local_variable = 15

see "Global : " + $global_variable + nl +

"Instance : " + @instance_variable + nl +
"Local : " + local_variable + nl

Output:
Global : 5
Instance : 10
Local : 15

62.7 Using the elseif keyword as but in if statement

if you dont like the but keyword in if statement Then you can use the elseif keyword.
Example:
give x
if x = 1 see "one"
elseif x=2 see "two"
elseif x=3 see "three"
elseif x=4 see "four"
else see "other"
ok
see nl

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62.8 Using the else keyword as other in switch statement

if you dont like the other keyword in switch statement Then you can use the else keyword.
Also you can replace else with other in if statement.
i.e. other keyword is the same as else keyword.
Example:
x = 1
switch x
on 10
see "10" + nl
else
see "not 10" + nl
end

Output:
not 10

62.9 Using the end keyword in different control structures

We can use the end keyword to close different control structures

If statement
For loop
Switch
While
Try-Catch
Example:
see "if statement.." + nl
x = 1
if x = 1
see "one" + nl
elseif x=2
see "two" + nl
elseif x=3
see "three" + nl
end
see "for loop.." + nl
for t = 1 to 10
see t
end
see nl
see "switch..." + nl
x = 1

switch x
on 1 see "one" + nl
on 2 see "two" + nl
end

62.8. Using the else keyword as other in switch statement 673

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see "try catch..." + nl

try
x = 1 / 0
catch
see "catching error" + nl
end

Output:
if statement..
one
for loop..
12345678910
switch...
one
try catch...
catching error

62.10 Using braces to start and end different control structures

We can use braces { } to start and end different control structures

If statement
For loop
Switch
While
Try-Catch
Example:
see "if statement.." + nl
x = 1
if x = 1 {
see "one" + nl
elseif x=2
see "two" + nl
elseif x=3
see "three" + nl
}
see "for loop.." + nl
for t = 1 to 10 {
see t
}
see nl
see "switch..." + nl
x = 1

switch x {
on 1 see "one" + nl
on 2 see "two" + nl
}

see "try catch..." + nl

try {

62.10. Using braces to start and end different control structures 674