Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
) I Semester (Physics)
Paper-I: Electromagnetism (PHB101)
Lectures: 40
Tutorials:08
Books Recommended:
1. Resnick, R. and Halliday, D. : Physics Vol.1 (Wiley-Eastern)
2. Mathur, D.S. : Mechanics (S. Chand)
3. Kittel, C., Knight, W.D. and : Berkley Series Vol.1 Mechanics (McGraw
Ruderman, M.A. Hill)
Unit-II: Interference
Interference of light waves: Intensity distribution, coherence. Fresnels biprism. Interference with white
light. Phase change on reflection: Stokes relations, Interference in thin film (parallel and wedge-shaped),
cosine law, fringes of equal inclination (Hadinger fringes) and equal thickness (Fizeau fringes), localized
fringes. Newtons rings, determination of wavelength and refractive index of liquid. Michelsons
interferometer, determination of wavelength and wavelength difference. Multiple beam interferometry,
Fabry-Perot interferometer, Lumer-Gehrecke plate.
Unit-III: Polarization
Polarization of light waves. Production of plane polarized light by reflection, refraction and scattering,
Brewsters law, Malus law. Superposition of two linearly polarized electromagnetic waves. The
phenomenon of double refraction: Positive and negative crystals, normal incidence of plane waves on a
negative uniaxial crystal, Nicol prism, polaroids. Interference of polarized light, quarter and half wave
plates, production of elliptically and circularly polarized light. Analysis of polarized light. Optical
activity. Faraday rotation.
Books Recommended:
Books Recommended:
1. Bagde, M.K., Singh, S.P. & : Elements of Electronics (S. Chand)
Singh, Kamal
2. Mehta, V.K. : Principles of Electronics (S. Chand)
3. Theraja, B.L. : Basic Electronics, Solid State (S. Chand)
4. Millman, M. : Micro-Electronics (McGraw Hill)
5. Boylested, R. & Nashelksky, L. : Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory (Prentice
Hall)
Syllabus for B.Sc.(Hons) V Semester (Physics)
Paper-V: Mathematical Methods
Lectures: 40
Tutorials: 08
Books Recommended:
Variational Principle: Technique of the calculus of variation, Hamiltons variational principle, Lagrange
equations using Hamiltons principle. Generalized momenta, Cyclic coordinates, Definition of
Hamiltonian and its physical significance, conservation of energy, conservation of linear and angular
momenta.
Two-body Problem: Central force problem, conservation of angular momentum and Keplers second law,
the Kepler problem inverse square law of force, Keplers first and third laws, the Virial theorem and its
simple applications.
Two-body Collisions:- Scattering by a central force, Rutherford scattering formula, transformation of the
scattering problem from centre of mass to laboratory coordinates.
Books Recommended:
Books Recommended:
1. Sears, F.W. and : Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Statistical
Salinger, G.L. Thermodynamics, 3rd Edn. (Narosa)
2. Zemansky, M.W. : Heat and Thermodynamics, 6th Edn. (McGraw Hill)
B.Sc. (Hons) VI Semester (Physics)
Paper-VIII: Quantum Mechanics
Lectures: 40
Tutorials: 08
Failures of classical mechanics: Blackbody radiation, Photoelectric effect, Compton effect, Wave nature
of particles: de-Broglie waves and their experimental confirmation (Davisson-Germer Experiment and
Thomson Experiment).
Discreteness of energy levels: Bohr model of hydrogen atom, energy levels of hydrogen atom, Frank and
Hertz experiment.
Localized wave packets, Wave packets and the uncertainty principle.
The basic postulates of quantum mechanics, properties, physical significance and Born interpretation of
wave functions in quantum mechanics, probability density.
Operators: Adjoint, Projection and Hermition operators. Commutator algebra [x, px], [y, py]. Eigen
values and eigen vectors of an operator.
Ehrenfest theorem, Heisenbergs uncertainty principle (Derivation) and its simple applications (size and
energy of hydrogen atom, electrons in nucleus, range of nuclear force).
Time dependent and independent Schrodinger equations. Stationary states, continuity equation.
One dimensional problem: Free particle, particle in a box, potential step, potential barrier (tunneling).
Particle in One dimensional infinite square well, Finite Square well, linear harmonic oscillator.
Schrodinger equation for two particles and its reduction in terms of central of mass and relative motion.
Schrodinger equation in spherical coordinates with central potential. The free particle in spherical
coordinates. Orbital angular momentum operators and their communication relations, Eigen values and
eigen functions of L2 and Lz.
Schrodinger equation for hydrogen like atoms, solution of the radial equation for the hydrogen atom, its
eigen values and eigen functions, degeneracy of the bound states of hydrogen.
Books Recommended:
1. Eisberg, R and Resnick, R : Quantum Physics, John Wiley & Sons 2004.
2. Zettili, N. : Quantum Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons 2006.
B.Sc. (Hons.) VI Semester (Physics)
Paper-IX: Spectroscopy and Condensed Matter Physics
Lectures: 40
Tutorials: 08
Laser Physics: Einsteins A and B coefficients, spontaneous and stimulated emissions, population
inversion, Resonator Laser pumping: Two, three and four level system (qualitative) ammonia maser,
principal and working of He-Ne and N2 lasers.
Atomic cohesion and crystal binding: Cohension of atoms, primary bonds (covalent, metallic, ionic),
secondary bonds (van der Waals, hydrogen), potential energy of ionic crystals (derivation), estimation of
cohesive energy, concept of reciprocal lattice, Bragg law, Laves theory of x-ray diffraction, Brillouin
zones.
Lattice vibrations: The Ball and Springs model of a harmonic crystal. Normal modes of a one-
dimensional monatomic chain, the periodic boundary condition, dispersion curve, salient features, normal
modes of a diatomic chain, acoustical and optical modes, dispersion curves, salient features.
Electronic properties: Drude model, dc electrical resistivity, difficulties of classical theory, Fermi-Dirac
distribution and its variation with temperature, Sommerfeld model of free electron gas, electron density
of states, Hall effect.
Electron energy bands: Failures of free electron theory, formation of energy bands (wave mechanical
interpretation), Bloch theorem, calculation of band gap in nearly free electron model for a linear
monatomic crystal.
Books Recommended:
Books Recommended:
1. Enge, H.A. : Introduction to Nuclear Physics (Addison Wesley)
2. Evans, R.D. : Atomic Nucleus (McGraw-Hill)
3. Kapoor, S.S. & : Nuclear Radiation Detectors (New Age)
Ramamurthy, V.S.
4. Knoll, G.F. : Radiation Detectors
5. Dodd, J.E. : Ideas of Particle Physics (Cambridge Univ. Press)
6. Martin, B.R. & Shaw, : Particle Physics (John Wiley)
R.G.
7. Rossi, B. : Cosmic Rays (George Allen and Unwin)
8. Pomerantz, M.A. : Cosmic Rays (van Nostrand Reinhold)
9. Bass, B. : An Introduction to Astrophysics (Harper and Row)
10. Zeilik, M. : Conceptual Astronomy
11. Ghosal, S.N. : Atomic and Nuclear Physics (S. Chand & Company, Ltd.)
Syllabus for B.Sc. (Hons.) I Year (Physics)
Paper-I: (PH106) Mechanics
Lectures: 72
Tutorials: 12
Unit V: Gravitation
Law of gravitation, gravitational field and potential, gravitational potential energy, gravitational field
intensity and potential due to a spherical shell (inside, outside), a solid sphere (inside, outside) and a disc
at a point distant r from the centre. Two body problem reduced to one-body problem, reduced mass,
differential equation of the elliptical orbit of a particle moving under an attractive central force, Keplers
laws, deduction of Newtons law of gravitation from Keplers laws.
Unit VI: Special Relativity
Galilean transformations (velocity, acceleration), invariance of the laws of conservation of momentum
and energy to Galilean transformation and inadequacy of Galilean transformations, the principles of
special relativity, Lorentz transformations, velocity addition, length contraction and time dilation,
relativistic Doppler effect, variation of mass with velocity, relativistic form of Newtons second law,
work and energy. equivalence of mass and energy, relativistic transformations of momentum and energy.
Relation between relativistic momentum and energy. Mass, velocity, momentum and energy of a particle
of zero rest mass.
3. Kittel, C., Knight, W.D. and : Berkley Series Vol.1 Mechanics (McGraw
Ruderman, M.A. Hill)
Lectures: 72
Tutorials: 12
Unit I: Vector Fields and Electrostatics
Scalar and vector fields, gradient, divergence and curl with their physical significance, divergence and
Stokes theorems. Gausss law and its applications: Field due to a uniformly charged sphere, charged
infinite plane and charged infinite cylinder, electrostatic potential, potential gradient, potential and field
due to an electric dipole, multipole expansion of electrostatic potential, linear quadrupole and potential
due to it, potential energy due to charge distribution, Laplace and Poisson equations and their properties,
uniqueness theorem.
Laws of electromagnetic induction, self inductance and its calculation for a long solenoid and two long
parallel wires, mutual inductance, Neumanns formula, calculation of mutual inductance for two
solenoids, relation between self and mutual inductances in case of a toroid.
Alternating currents: Representation of sinusoids by complex numbers, sinusoidal voltage applied to a
series RL, RC and LCR circuits, series resonance, sharpness of resonance and Q-factor, parallel
resonance, power in AC circuits.
Idea of displacement current and Maxwells modification of Amperes law, Maxwells equations
(integral and differential forms) and their physical significance, Poynting vector and Poyntings theorem,
classical wave equation, electromagnetic waves in free space and in isotropic non-conducting dielectric
medium. Production and detection of electromagnetic waves, Hertzs experiment.
Books Recommended:
Unit-III: Polarization
Polarization of light waves, production of plane polarized light by reflection, Brewsters law, Malus law,
superposition of two linearly polarized electromagnetic waves, elliptically and circularly polarized light. The
phenomenon of double refraction: Positive and negative crystals, cases of normal and oblique incidence of plane
waves on a negative uniaxial crystal, Nicol prism, polaroids. Interference of polarized light, quarter and half wave
plates, production of elliptically and circularly polarized light, experimental detection of different types of
polarized light, optical activity.
Unit-IV: Interference
Principle of superposition and interference of light waves, coherence and its realization (Youngs double hole
arrangement), temporal and spatial coherence, localized fringes in thin films, fringes of equal thickness and equal
inclination. Fresnels biprism. Newtons rings, Michelsons interferometer, multiple beam interferometry, principle
of Fabry-Perot interferometer.
Unit-V: Diffraction
Fraunhofer diffraction: Fraunhofer diffraction at one, two and N slits, diffraction grating, Fraunhofer diffraction at
circular aperture (no derivation), Rayleigh criterion of resolution, resolving power of grating.
Fresnel diffraction: Fresnels half period zones, zone plate, Fresnel diffraction at circular aperture, opaque disc and
straight edge, explanation of rectilinear propagation.
UNIT-II
Current flow in BJT, , and their relation, small signal low frequency hybrid parameters. BJT as an amplifier,
amplifier configurations, equivalent circuits and their analysis, characteristics of their simple circuits, BJT biasing,
fixed biasing, self bias, load line, Q-point and its change due to temperature variation, stability factor (all for CE
configuration).
UNIT-III
Class A, B and C operation of amplifiers. RC coupled amplifier, its equivalent circuit and its gain in low, mid and
high frequency regions. Feedback in amplifiers, expression for the gain positive and negative feedback,
advantages of negative feedback amplifier (non-derivative). Voltage gain in case of CE amplifier without bypass
capacitor across RE.
UNIT-IV
Construction of JFET, idea of channel formation, physical explanation of different regions of I-V curves,
definitions of rd and gm. Basic construction of MOSFET and its working, physical explanation of characteristics,
enhancement and depletion modes.
Binary number system, binary to decimal and decimal to binary conversions. Logic gates: AND, OR, NOT,
NAND, NOR and XOR gates and their truth tables, Boolean algebra, De Morgans theorem, NAND and NOR as
universal gates, diode circuits for AND and OR gates, logic families TTL and CMOS characteristics (No
circuits).
UNIT-V
Positive feedback and Barkhausen criterion for oscillations, circuit diagrams and working for RC phase-shift,
Weins bridge, Hartley oscillators. Types of multivibrators, operation of astable multivibrator. RC differentiator
and integrator.
Operational amplifier (black box approach) and its ideal characteristics, virtual ground, inverting and non-inverting
amplifiers, adder, integrator and differentiator etc.
UNIT-VI
Power supply action of a capacitor filter, design of Zener regulator, transistor series regulators, modulation, need of
modulation, amplitude modulation and analysis of A.M. wave. A.M. diode detection, tuned radio frequency
receiver, super heterodyne receiver (block diagram only).
CR tube, block diagram of CRO, working of triggered sweep scopes, frequency and phase measurements using
Lissajous figure.
Books Recommended:
1. Bagde, M.K., Singh, S.P. & : Elements of Electronics (S. Chand)
Singh, Kamal
2. Mehta, V.K. : Principles of Electronics (S. Chand)
3. Theraja, B.L. : Basic Electronics, Solid State (S. Chand)
4. Millman, M. : Micro-Electronics (McGraw Hill)
5. Boylested, R. & Nashelksky, L. : Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory (Prentice Hall)
Syllabus for B.Sc.(Hons) III Year (Physics)
Paper-I : (PH311) Mathematical Methods
Lectures: 72
Tutorials: 12
UNIT-II
Variational Principle: Technique of the calculus of variation, Hamiltons variational principle, Lagrange equations using
Hamiltons principle. Symmetry and Conservation Laws: Conservation theorems and symmetry properties, generalized
momenta, cyclic coordinates, definition of Hamiltonian and its physical significance, conservation of energy, conservation of
linear and angular momenta.
UNIT-III
Two-body Problem: Bound State, reduction of two-body problem to the one-body problems, equations of motion for relative
motion. Central force problem, conservation of angular momentum and Keplers second law, the Kepler problem inverse
square law of force, Keplers first and third lawsl the Virial theorem and its simple applications.
UNIT-IV
Two-body Problem: Scattering, Scattering cross-section, scattering by a central force, Rutherford scattering formula,
transformation of the scattering problem from centre of mass to laboratory coordinates. Hamiltonian formulation: Hamiltons
equations of motion from variational principle, cyclic coordinates and the conservation theorems, Hamiltonian as a constant of
the motion.
Books Recommended:
Unit-I:
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics:
Failures of Classical Mechanics: Blackbody Radiation, Photoelectric effect, Compton Effect
Wave nature of particles: de-Broglie waves and their experimental confirmation (Davisson-Germer
Experiment and Thomson Experiment).
Discreteness of Energy levels: Bohr model of Hydrogen atom, Energy levels of Hydrogen atom, Frank
and Hertz experiment. The Correspondence principle.
Unit-II: Wave
packets: Localized wave packets, Wave packets and the uncertainty principle, Motion of wave packets,
Group and Phase velocities.
Postulates of quantum mechanics: The basic postulates of quantum mechanics, Properties, Physical
significance and Born Interpretation of wave functions in quantum mechanics, Probability density.
Operators: Adjoint, Projection and Hermition operators. Commutator algebra [x, px], [y, py]. Eigen
values and eigen vectors of an operator.
Ehrenfest theorem, Heisenbergs uncertainty principle (Derivation) and its simple applications (Size and
Energy of Hydrogen atom, electrons in nucleus, range of nuclear force).
Unit-III:
Schrodinger Equation: Time dependent and independent Schrodinger equations. Stationary states,
Continuity Equation.
One dimensional problem: Free Particle, Potential step, Potential Barrier (Tunneling). Particle in One
dimensional Infinite Square well, Finite Square well, Linear Harmonic Oscillator.
Unit-IV:
Angular Momentum: Orbital angular momentum operators and their commutation relations, Eigen
values and Eigen functions of L2 and LZ.
Spin Angular Momentum: Magnetic moment and angular momentum. Stern-Gerlach experiment, Spin
angular momentum operators and their Algebra, Eigen states of spin of particles.
Total angular momentum, its commutation relation, eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of J2 and Jz.
Stationary state perturbation theory (only first order) and its simple applications (Anharmonic Oscillator,
Normal Zeeman effect)
Basics of scattering theory: Elastic and Inelastic scattering (simple idea), CM and laboratory reference
frame.
Differential and total cross sections, Scattering wave function and Scattering amplitude.
Relation between Scattering amplitude and cross section. Phase Shift, Partial wave analysis, Optical
theorem.
Books Recommended:
1. Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick Quantum Physics, John Wiley & Sons 2004.
2. Nouredine Zettili, Quantum Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons 2006.
Syllabus for B.Sc.(Hons.) III Year
Paper-IV : (PH314) Thermal and Statistical Physics
Lectures: 72
Tutorials: 12
UNIT-I: Kinetic Theory of Gases
Review of the fundamentals of the theory : Basic assumptions, molecular flux, equation of an ideal gas,
principle of equipartition of energy, specific heats of mono, di- and triatomic gases, kinetic theory versus
thermodynamics, Andrews experiment, intermolecular forces, Van der Waals equation, critical
constants, law of corresponding states, collision cross-section and mean free path, transport phenomena:
viscosity, conduction and diffusion.
UNIT-II
(a) Fundamental Concepts of Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic systems,
(homogeneous/heterogeneous/open/closed/isolated), state of a system, state variables: extensive and
intensive variables, general equation of state (ideal gas and Van der Waals equations as examples),
thermodynamic equilibrium and the zeroth law of thermodynamics, empirical and thermodynamic
temperatures. Processes: reversible, irreversible and quasi-static.
(b) First Law of Thermodynamics: Mathematical formulation of the first law, heat capacities,
applications: energy equations (expressions for internal energy in terms of heat capacities), internal
energy of (i) an ideal gas (ii) Van der Waals gas, Joule free expansion.
UNIT-IV
(a) Combined I and II Laws: TdS equations, energy equations, expressions for the difference and the
ratio of heat capacities, enthalpy, porous plug experiment, Joule-Thomson coefficient, principle of
regenerative cooling, Helmboltz and Gibbs functions, Maxwells equations.
(b) Third Law of Thermodynamics: Statement of the third law and absolute value of entropy, adiabatic
demagnetisation.
(c) Phase Transitions: First order phase transitions, Clapeyron equation, tripple point, second order phase
transition.
UNIT-V: Formalism of Statistical Physics
System and ensemble, phase space, micro- and macro-states, Postulate of classical and quantum statistics,
thermodynamic probability, thermodynamic probability of a macrostate in B-E, F-D and M-B statistics
and its application to the systems of few particles. Statistical definition of entropy, Bose-Einstein, Fermi-
Dirac, and Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution functions, partition function, thermodynamical quantities in
terms of the partition function.
Monatomic ideal gas, Maxwells formula for the distribution of velocities, Experimental verification of
Maxwell formula, the law of equipartition of energy, quantized linear oscillator, Specific heat of a
diatomic gas, rotational and vibrational specific heats. Black-body radiation Black body radiation as
thermodynamic substance, Plancks law. Rayleigh Jeans law and Wiens law as special cases of Plancks
law. Paramagnetism, Negative temperatures.
Books Recommended:
Atomic Cohesion and Crystal Binding: Cohension of atoms, primary bonds (covalent, metallic, ionic and
mixed) secondary bonds (van der Waals, hydrogen), potential energy of ionic and noble gas crystals
(derivation), estimation of cohesive energy.
Electron Energy Bands: Failures of free electron theory, formation of energy bands (wave mechanical
interpretation), consequences of periodicity, Bloch theorem, occurrence of energy gaps, calculation of
band gap in nearly free electron model for a linear monatomic crystal. Simple properties of
superconductors (zero dc resistance and Meissner effect).
Books Recommended:
UNIT-I
General properties of the atomic nuclei: Constituents of the nucleus (n,p hypothesis). Size of the
nucleus: high energy electron scattering.
Nuclear charge: Measurement of nuclear charge; -scattering method. Nuclear mass, Bainbridge and Aston mass
spectrograph, mass defect and binding energy, variation of binding energy with atomic mass, elementary idea of nuclear
fission and fusion.
Nuclear Angular Momentum, Nuclear magnetic dipole moment, idea of nuclear g-factor. Nuclear electric
quardrupole moment: definition, units, significance of +ve and ve values. Elementary idea of nuclear
statistics and parity.
Qualitative discussion of the nature of nuclear forces: Experimental evidence of short range,
saturation, charge independence, charge symmetry, state dependence, tensor nature.
UNIT-II
Radioactive Series Decay: Growth and decay of the daughter product, yield, ideal, transient and
secular equilibrium. Bateman equations and their application to activation analysis.
Qualitative discussion of alpha, beta and gamma-decays, basic features of and -decays, energy
spectrum of alpha particles, fine structure, continuous nature of particle spectrum-neutrino, excited
states of nuclei, selection rules for decay.
Nuclear Reactions: Energy balance, Q-value, negative Q-value reactions and threshold energy, energetics
of ,+,- and EC decays, reaction cross section.
Energy loss of charged particles due to excitation and ionization, semi-empirical formula for energy loss
due to ionization, range and straggling, qualitative idea of radiation loss, Cerenkov radiation. Interaction
of gamma radiation with matter: photoelectric effect, Compton effect and pair production.
Basic interactions and their mediating quanta, classification of particles; Fermions and Bosons, leptons
and hadrons, particles and antiparticles, idea of resonances, conservation rules in fundamental
interactions, determination of spin and parity of pions, strange particles, associated production,
strangeness and decay modes of charged Kaons, isospin and its conservation, quarks, their quantum
numbers and quark model.
UNIT-VI: Astrophysics
Structure of the sun, sunspots, solar flares, stellar energy source, p-p and C-N-O cycles and their
temperature dependence, stars and their temperatures and magnitudes, H-R diagram, stellar evolution
(hydrostatic and thermal equilibrium), white dwarf, Chandrasekhar mass limit, neutron star, pulsars,
black hole, Schwarzschild radius.
Books Recommended:
Concept of inertial and non-inertial frames of reference, fictitious forces, conservative and non-
conservative forces, concept of potential energy, energy diagrams, law of conservation of total energy.
System of particles: centre of mass for a system of particles, motion of the centre of mass, c.m. frame of
reference, expressions for kinetic energy, linear momentum and angular momentum for a system of
particles in terms of centre of mass values. Central forces and the law of conservation of angular
momentum.
Differential equation and the solution for a simple harmonic oscillator, some examples (mass-spring,
simple pendulum, and compound pendulum), variation of particles displacement, velocity, acceleration
and its potential and kinetic energy with time, idea of phase. Damped Oscillator: Equation of motion and
its solution, qualitative description of the effect of different amounts of damping on the motion. Forced
oscillations and resonance: Solution of differential equation of a forced oscillator and variation of
amplitude with frequency and damping, Q factor, superposition of two perpendicular S.H.Ms, coupled
pendulum and superposition of the normal modes.
Unit V: Gravitation
Law of gravitation, gravitational field and potential, gravitational potential energy, gravitational field
intensity and potential due to a spherical shell (inside, outside), a solid sphere (inside, outside) and a disc
at a point distant r from the centre. Two body problem reduced to one-body problem, reduced mass,
differential equation of the elliptical orbit of a particle moving under an attractive central force, Keplers
laws, deduction of Newtons law of gravitation from Keplers laws.
Unit VI: Special Relativity
Galilean transformations (velocity, acceleration), invariance of the laws of conservation of momentum
and energy to Galilean transformation and inadequacy of Galilean transformations, the principles of
special relativity, Lorentz transformations, velocity addition, length contraction and time dilation,
relativistic Doppler effect, variation of mass with velocity, relativistic form of Newtons second law,
work and energy. equivalence of mass and energy, relativistic transformations of momentum and energy.
Relation between relativistic momentum and energy. Mass, velocity, momentum and energy of a particle
of zero rest mass.
3. Kittel, C., Knight, W.D. and : Berkley Series Vol.1 Mechanics (McGraw
Ruderman, M.A. Hill)
Lectures: 72
Tutorials: 12
Unit I: Vector Fields and Electrostatics
Scalar and vector fields, gradient, divergence and curl with their physical significance, divergence and
Stokes theorems. Gausss law and its applications: Field due to a uniformly charged sphere, charged
infinite plane and charged infinite cylinder, electrostatic potential, potential gradient, potential and field
due to an electric dipole, multipole expansion of electrostatic potential, linear quadrupole and potential
due to it, potential energy due to charge distribution, Laplace and Poisson equations and their properties,
uniqueness theorem.
Laws of electromagnetic induction, self inductance and its calculation for a long solenoid and two long
parallel wires, mutual inductance, Neumanns formula, calculation of mutual inductance for two
solenoids, relation between self and mutual inductances in case of a toroid.
Alternating currents: Representation of sinusoids by complex numbers, sinusoidal voltage applied to a
series RL, RC and LCR circuits, series resonance, sharpness of resonance and Q-factor, parallel
resonance, power in AC circuits.
Idea of displacement current and Maxwells modification of Amperes law, Maxwells equations
(integral and differential forms) and their physical significance, Poynting vector and Poyntings theorem,
classical wave equation, electromagnetic waves in free space and in isotropic non-conducting dielectric
medium. Production and detection of electromagnetic waves, Hertzs experiment.
Books Recommended:
Unit-III: Polarization
Polarization of light waves, production of plane polarized light by reflection, Brewsters law, Malus law,
superposition of two linearly polarized electromagnetic waves, elliptically and circularly polarized light. The
phenomenon of double refraction: Positive and negative crystals, cases of normal and oblique incidence of plane
waves on a negative uniaxial crystal, Nicol prism, polaroids. Interference of polarized light, quarter and half wave
plates, production of elliptically and circularly polarized light, experimental detection of different types of
polarized light, optical activity.
Unit-IV: Interference
Principle of superposition and interference of light waves, coherence and its realization (Youngs double hole
arrangement), temporal and spatial coherence, localized fringes in thin films, fringes of equal thickness and equal
inclination. Fresnels biprism. Newtons rings, Michelsons interferometer, multiple beam interferometry, principle
of Fabry-Perot interferometer.
Unit-V: Diffraction
Fraunhofer diffraction: Fraunhofer diffraction at one, two and N slits, diffraction grating, Fraunhofer diffraction at
circular aperture (no derivation), Rayleigh criterion of resolution, resolving power of grating.
Fresnel diffraction: Fresnels half period zones, zone plate, Fresnel diffraction at circular aperture, opaque disc and
straight edge, explanation of rectilinear propagation.
UNIT-II
Current flow in BJT, , and their relation, small signal low frequency hybrid parameters. BJT as an amplifier,
amplifier configurations, equivalent circuits and their analysis, characteristics of their simple circuits, BJT biasing,
fixed biasing, self bias, load line, Q-point and its change due to temperature variation, stability factor (all for CE
configuration).
UNIT-III
Class A, B and C operation of amplifiers. RC coupled amplifier, its equivalent circuit and its gain in low, mid and
high frequency regions. Feedback in amplifiers, expression for the gain positive and negative feedback,
advantages of negative feedback amplifier (non-derivative). Voltage gain in case of CE amplifier without bypass
capacitor across RE.
UNIT-IV
Construction of JFET, idea of channel formation, physical explanation of different regions of I-V curves,
definitions of rd and gm. Basic construction of MOSFET and its working, physical explanation of characteristics,
enhancement and depletion modes.
Binary number system, binary to decimal and decimal to binary conversions. Logic gates: AND, OR, NOT,
NAND, NOR and XOR gates and their truth tables, Boolean algebra, De Morgans theorem, NAND and NOR as
universal gates, diode circuits for AND and OR gates, logic families TTL and CMOS characteristics (No
circuits).
UNIT-V
Positive feedback and Barkhausen criterion for oscillations, circuit diagrams and working for RC phase-shift,
Weins bridge, Hartley oscillators. Types of multivibrators, operation of astable multivibrator. RC differentiator
and integrator.
Operational amplifier (black box approach) and its ideal characteristics, virtual ground, inverting and non-inverting
amplifiers, adder, integrator and differentiator etc.
UNIT-VI
Power supply action of a capacitor filter, design of Zener regulator, transistor series regulators, modulation, need of
modulation, amplitude modulation and analysis of A.M. wave. A.M. diode detection, tuned radio frequency
receiver, super heterodyne receiver (block diagram only).
CR tube, block diagram of CRO, working of triggered sweep scopes, frequency and phase measurements using
Lissajous figure.
Books Recommended:
1. Bagde, M.K., Singh, S.P. & : Elements of Electronics (S. Chand)
Singh, Kamal
2. Mehta, V.K. : Principles of Electronics (S. Chand)
3. Theraja, B.L. : Basic Electronics, Solid State (S. Chand)
4. Millman, M. : Micro-Electronics (McGraw Hill)
5. Boylested, R. & Nashelksky, L. : Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory (Prentice Hall)
UNIT-II
Variational Principle: Technique of the calculus of variation, Hamiltons variational principle, Lagrange equations using
Hamiltons principle. Symmetry and Conservation Laws: Conservation theorems and symmetry properties, generalized
momenta, cyclic coordinates, definition of Hamiltonian and its physical significance, conservation of energy, conservation of
linear and angular momenta.
UNIT-III
Two-body Problem: Bound State, reduction of two-body problem to the one-body problems, equations of motion for relative
motion. Central force problem, conservation of angular momentum and Keplers second law, the Kepler problem inverse
square law of force, Keplers first and third lawsl the Virial theorem and its simple applications.
UNIT-IV
Two-body Problem: Scattering, Scattering cross-section, scattering by a central force, Rutherford scattering formula,
transformation of the scattering problem from centre of mass to laboratory coordinates. Hamiltonian formulation: Hamiltons
equations of motion from variational principle, cyclic coordinates and the conservation theorems, Hamiltonian as a constant of
the motion.
Books Recommended:
Unit-I:
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics:
Failures of Classical Mechanics: Blackbody Radiation, Photoelectric effect, Compton Effect
Wave nature of particles: de-Broglie waves and their experimental confirmation (Davisson-Germer
Experiment and Thomson Experiment).
Discreteness of Energy levels: Bohr model of Hydrogen atom, Energy levels of Hydrogen atom, Frank
and Hertz experiment. The Correspondence principle.
Unit-II: Wave
packets: Localized wave packets, Wave packets and the uncertainty principle, Motion of wave packets,
Group and Phase velocities.
Postulates of quantum mechanics: The basic postulates of quantum mechanics, Properties, Physical
significance and Born Interpretation of wave functions in quantum mechanics, Probability density.
Operators: Adjoint, Projection and Hermition operators. Commutator algebra [x, px], [y, py]. Eigen
values and eigen vectors of an operator.
Ehrenfest theorem, Heisenbergs uncertainty principle (Derivation) and its simple applications (Size and
Energy of Hydrogen atom, electrons in nucleus, range of nuclear force).
Unit-III:
Schrodinger Equation: Time dependent and independent Schrodinger equations. Stationary states,
Continuity Equation.
One dimensional problem: Free Particle, Potential step, Potential Barrier (Tunneling). Particle in One
dimensional Infinite Square well, Finite Square well, Linear Harmonic Oscillator.
Unit-IV:
Angular Momentum: Orbital angular momentum operators and their commutation relations, Eigen
values and Eigen functions of L2 and LZ.
Spin Angular Momentum: Magnetic moment and angular momentum. Stern-Gerlach experiment, Spin
angular momentum operators and their Algebra, Eigen states of spin of particles.
Total angular momentum, its commutation relation, eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of J2 and Jz.
Stationary state perturbation theory (only first order) and its simple applications (Anharmonic Oscillator,
Normal Zeeman effect)
Basics of scattering theory: Elastic and Inelastic scattering (simple idea), CM and laboratory reference
frame.
Differential and total cross sections, Scattering wave function and Scattering amplitude.
Relation between Scattering amplitude and cross section. Phase Shift, Partial wave analysis, Optical
theorem.
Books Recommended:
1. Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick Quantum Physics, John Wiley & Sons 2004.
2. Nouredine Zettili, Quantum Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons 2006.
Syllabus for B.Sc.(Hons.) III Year
Paper-IV : (PH314) Thermal and Statistical Physics
Lectures: 72
Tutorials: 12
UNIT-I: Kinetic Theory of Gases
Review of the fundamentals of the theory : Basic assumptions, molecular flux, equation of an ideal gas,
principle of equipartition of energy, specific heats of mono, di- and triatomic gases, kinetic theory versus
thermodynamics, Andrews experiment, intermolecular forces, Van der Waals equation, critical
constants, law of corresponding states, collision cross-section and mean free path, transport phenomena:
viscosity, conduction and diffusion.
UNIT-II
(c) Fundamental Concepts of Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic systems,
(homogeneous/heterogeneous/open/closed/isolated), state of a system, state variables: extensive and
intensive variables, general equation of state (ideal gas and Van der Waals equations as examples),
thermodynamic equilibrium and the zeroth law of thermodynamics, empirical and thermodynamic
temperatures. Processes: reversible, irreversible and quasi-static.
(d) First Law of Thermodynamics: Mathematical formulation of the first law, heat capacities,
applications: energy equations (expressions for internal energy in terms of heat capacities), internal
energy of (i) an ideal gas (ii) Van der Waals gas, Joule free expansion.
UNIT-IV
(d) Combined I and II Laws: TdS equations, energy equations, expressions for the difference and the
ratio of heat capacities, enthalpy, porous plug experiment, Joule-Thomson coefficient, principle of
regenerative cooling, Helmboltz and Gibbs functions, Maxwells equations.
(e) Third Law of Thermodynamics: Statement of the third law and absolute value of entropy, adiabatic
demagnetisation.
(f) Phase Transitions: First order phase transitions, Clapeyron equation, tripple point, second order phase
transition.
UNIT-V: Formalism of Statistical Physics
System and ensemble, phase space, micro- and macro-states, Postulate of classical and quantum statistics,
thermodynamic probability, thermodynamic probability of a macrostate in B-E, F-D and M-B statistics
and its application to the systems of few particles. Statistical definition of entropy, Bose-Einstein, Fermi-
Dirac, and Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution functions, partition function, thermodynamical quantities in
terms of the partition function.
Monatomic ideal gas, Maxwells formula for the distribution of velocities, Experimental verification of
Maxwell formula, the law of equipartition of energy, quantized linear oscillator, Specific heat of a
diatomic gas, rotational and vibrational specific heats. Black-body radiation Black body radiation as
thermodynamic substance, Plancks law. Rayleigh Jeans law and Wiens law as special cases of Plancks
law. Paramagnetism, Negative temperatures.
Books Recommended:
Atomic Cohesion and Crystal Binding: Cohension of atoms, primary bonds (covalent, metallic, ionic and
mixed) secondary bonds (van der Waals, hydrogen), potential energy of ionic and noble gas crystals
(derivation), estimation of cohesive energy.
Electron Energy Bands: Failures of free electron theory, formation of energy bands (wave mechanical
interpretation), consequences of periodicity, Bloch theorem, occurrence of energy gaps, calculation of
band gap in nearly free electron model for a linear monatomic crystal. Simple properties of
superconductors (zero dc resistance and Meissner effect).
Books Recommended:
UNIT-I
General properties of the atomic nuclei: Constituents of the nucleus (n,p hypothesis). Size of the
nucleus: high energy electron scattering.
Nuclear charge: Measurement of nuclear charge; -scattering method. Nuclear mass, Bainbridge and Aston mass
spectrograph, mass defect and binding energy, variation of binding energy with atomic mass, elementary idea of nuclear
fission and fusion.
Nuclear Angular Momentum, Nuclear magnetic dipole moment, idea of nuclear g-factor. Nuclear electric
quardrupole moment: definition, units, significance of +ve and ve values. Elementary idea of nuclear
statistics and parity.
Qualitative discussion of the nature of nuclear forces: Experimental evidence of short range,
saturation, charge independence, charge symmetry, state dependence, tensor nature.
UNIT-II
Radioactive Series Decay: Growth and decay of the daughter product, yield, ideal, transient and
secular equilibrium. Bateman equations and their application to activation analysis.
Qualitative discussion of alpha, beta and gamma-decays, basic features of and -decays, energy
spectrum of alpha particles, fine structure, continuous nature of particle spectrum-neutrino, excited
states of nuclei, selection rules for decay.
Nuclear Reactions: Energy balance, Q-value, negative Q-value reactions and threshold energy, energetics
of ,+,- and EC decays, reaction cross section.
Energy loss of charged particles due to excitation and ionization, semi-empirical formula for energy loss
due to ionization, range and straggling, qualitative idea of radiation loss, Cerenkov radiation. Interaction
of gamma radiation with matter: photoelectric effect, Compton effect and pair production.
Basic interactions and their mediating quanta, classification of particles; Fermions and Bosons, leptons
and hadrons, particles and antiparticles, idea of resonances, conservation rules in fundamental
interactions, determination of spin and parity of pions, strange particles, associated production,
strangeness and decay modes of charged Kaons, isospin and its conservation, quarks, their quantum
numbers and quark model.
UNIT-VI: Astrophysics
Structure of the sun, sunspots, solar flares, stellar energy source, p-p and C-N-O cycles and their
temperature dependence, stars and their temperatures and magnitudes, H-R diagram, stellar evolution
(hydrostatic and thermal equilibrium), white dwarf, Chandrasekhar mass limit, neutron star, pulsars,
black hole, Schwarzschild radius.
Books Recommended: