ADVANCED DIGITAL SIGNAL

PROCESSING

ASSOC. PROF. DR. AHMAD ZURI SHAAMERI

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Faculty of Electrical Engineering
University Teknologi Malaysia

1
INTRODUCTION

2
 DSP

DSP Digital Signal Processing

Refers to processing of signal using

digital technology.

3
 WHY PROCESS SIGNAL?

Signals are corrupted by interference due to

noise.
Signals are distorted due to the transmission
medium.
Recover information present in the signal.
Perform algorithm such as compression.

4
 WHY PROCESS SIGNAL?

Signals are corrupted by interference due to

noise.
1

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

-2

-4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

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 WHY PROCESS SIGNAL?

Signals are distorted due to the

transmission medium.
1

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
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 WHY PROCESS SIGNAL?
Signals are distorted due to the
transmission medium.
2

-2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Transmitted Signal
2

-2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Received signal without filter
2

-2 7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Received signal with zero forcing equalizer
 WHY PROCESS SIGNAL?

Recover information present in the

signal
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600

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 WHY PROCESS SIGNAL?

Data compression
Consider image of size 800 x 600 pixel
Size of file to store image is 800 x 600
x 3 bytes = 1.44 M byte.
If stored as JPEG format, size of file is
about 100 k byte.

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HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTORS

10
 SIGNAL PROCESSING

Signal Processing

Analog Digital
V1(t)V (t) VV2(t)(t)
1 2

i(t)

i(t)

11
 SIGNAL PROCESSING

Continuous- Continuous-
time Signal time Signal
A/D DSP D/A

Discrete-time Discrete-time
signal signal

12
 ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES OF DSP
Advantages:
Programmability.
Stability.
Repeatability.
Easier implementation of adaptive algorithms.

Disadvantage:
Bandwidth limitation related to the processor cycle
and algorithm complexity. 13
PROCESSING METHODOLOGY

HARDWARE SOFTWARE

PC
FPGA DSP PROCESSOR
ASIC MICROPROCESSOR
MICROCONTROLLER

14
 APPLICATION OF DSP

MULTIMEDIA

COMMUNICATION SPEECH

POWER BIOMEDICAL

OCEONOGRAPHIC DSP SEISMIC APPLICATION

SONAR IMAGE/VIDEO

RADAR AEROSPACE

INDUSTRIAL

15
REVIEW OF SIGNALS &
SYSTEMS

16
 TYPE OF SIGNALS

Signals

Deterministic Random

Time- Time- Stationary Non-

invariant varying stationary

17
CONTINUOUS & DISCRETE-
TIME SIGNALS

x(t)=cos(2ft)
t

x(n)=cos(2fnTs)
n

18
PERIODIC & APERIODIC
SIGNALS

x(t)=x(t+T) t

x(t) defined within -T/2<t<T/2, and

T<

19
 EXAMPLES OF APERIODIC
SIGNALS
x(t)=1 t=0
Impulse function
=0 elsewhere

Step function x(t ) 1 t 0

=0 t 0
Ramp Function x(t ) t t 0
=0 t 0
Pulse function x(t ) 1 t 0 t t1
=0 elsewhere

Pulse sinusoid x(t ) cos(2f1t ) t 0 t t1

=0 elsewhere

20
 ENERGY AND POWER

Energy
T /2 T /2
E x x(t ) x * (t )dt | x(t ) |2 dt
T / 2 T / 2

Power

1 T /2 1 T /2 1
Px x(t ) x * (t )dt | x(t ) |2 dt Ex
T T / 2 T T / 2 T

where T is the duration of the signal

21
 SYSTEMS

A system operates on a signal to produce an output.

Input System Impulse Output

Response
x(t) y(t)
h(t)

22
 CAUSALITY, STABILITY &
LINEARITY
Causality
h(t)0 t0
=0 t<0

Stability

| h(t ) | dt

Linearity

T[ x0 (t )] T[ x1 (t )] T[ x0 (t ) x1 (t )] x0(t) & x1(t) are 2 different inputs

y(t ) S[T[ x(t )]] T[S[ x(t )]] S[ ] and T[ ] are linear transformations
23
 CONVOLUTION

Many naturally occurring phenomena can be modeled as a

convolution process.
Definition of convolution:

y(t)=h(t)*x(t) y(t ) h( ) x(t )d

y(t)=x(t)*h(t) y(t ) x( )h(t )d

24
SPECTRUM REPRESENTATION
OF SIGNALS
Fourier series pair

1 T0 / 2
x(t ) ck exp( j 2kf0t ) ck x(t ) exp( j 2kf0t )dt
T0 T0 / 2
k
x(t) periodic continuous-time ck aperiodic discrete-frequency

Fourier transform pair

x(t ) X ( f ) exp( j 2ft )df X( f ) x(t ) exp( j 2ft )dt

x(t) aperiodic continuous-time X(f) aperiodic continuous-frequency

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 FOURIER TRANSFORM
EXAMPLE
Given a signal x(t) as defined

x(t ) cos(2f1t ) -T/2<t<T/2

=0 elsewhere

26
 FOURIER TRANSFORM
EXAMPLE
By performing Fourier transform

T sin( ( f1 f )T ) T sin( ( f1 f )T )
X( f )
2 ( f1 f )T 2 ( f1 f )T

As T

X(f) = (f-f1)+ (f+f1)

27
 CONVOLUTION & FOURIER
TRANSFORM

If the input-output relationship is a convolution, then the relationship can be

expressed as multiplication in the frequency domain.

x(t) h(t) y(t)

y(t) = h(t) * x(t)

Fourier Transform

Y(f) = H(f) . X(f)

Inverse Fourier Transform
Y(f) y(t) 28
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Many physical phenomena can be defined as differential equation

d2 d
2
y (t ) a(1) y(t ) a(2) y(t ) x(t )
dt dt

where y(t) is the output and x(t) is the input. The Laplace transform is
one way of solving the relationship between y(t) and x(t).

29
 LAPLACE TRANSFORM

The Laplace transform originated from the Fourier transform.

Definition:

X (s) x(t )e st dt

j 2f
1
x(t ) X (s)e st ds
2j j 2f

where s is a complex variable that is defined as s=+jw.

30
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
SOLUTIONS
Taking the Laplace transform results in

s 2Y (s) a(1)sY (s) a(2)Y (s) X (s)

Y ( s) 1
H ( s) 2
X (s) s a(1)s a(2)

The transfer function H(s) defines the relationship between the input and
output in terms of the Laplace transform.

The system impulse response h(t) can be obtained from H(s) by taking the
inverse Laplace transform.

31
 TRANSFER FUNCTION

A transfer function can be expressed as

N
N 1
b(0)s b(1)s b(2)s
N N 2
...... b( N )
b(n)s ( N n)
n0
H ( s)
s N a(1)s N 1 a(2)s N 2 ...... a( N ) N
a(n)s ( N n)
n0

when defined in terms of its roots

s (n)
N

H ( s)
s (0)s (1).......s ( N ) n0
N
s (0)s (1).......s ( N ) s (n)
n0

Roots in the numerator are known as the zeros and in the denominator as
the poles.
32
 S-PLANE

All the possible values of the transfer function lies in the s-plane.
j j

4
4

Real poles and zeros Complex poles and zeros

From the s-plane we can assess the stability, system impulse response and
frequency response.
33
INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Given that
Y ( s) 1 1
H ( s) 2
X (s) s a(1)s a(2) s (0)s (1)

By taking the partial fraction expansion

1 A0 A1
H ( s)
s (0)s (1) s (0) s (1)

1
Since H ( s) h(t ) exp(at)u(t ) then
s a
h(t ) A0 exp( (0)t ) A1 exp( (1)t )

34
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAPLACE
AND FOURIER TRANSFORM
The Fourier transform can be obtained from the Laplace transform by
making the substitution s= jw= j2f.

A transfer function is
1
H ( s)

s 2 s (2100) 2
By making the substitution s= jw= j2f , the Fourier transform of the
transfer function is

1 1
H( f )

2f 2 j 2f 21002


21002 2f 2 j 2f
35
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAPLACE
AND FOURIER TRANSFORM
The Fourier transform when defined in terms of the magnitude and phase is

1
H( f )
2100 2f 2f
2 2 2 2
Magnitude

2f
( f ) tan1
2
Phase
2100 2f
2

36
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF
TRANSFER FUNCTION

Magnitude and phase plot of transfer function

37
DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS

38
 PERIODIC & APERIODIC
SIGNALS

Periodic signal is

x(n)=x(n+N) -<n<

Non-periodic (aperiodic) signal is

x(n) defined within -N/2nN/2, and N<

39
 EXAMPLES OF APERIODIC
SIGNALS
x(n)=1 n=0
Impulse function
=0 elsewhere

Step function x(n) 1 n0

=0 n0
Ramp Function x(n) n n0
=0 n0
Pulse function x(n) 1 n0 n n1
=0 elsewhere

Pulse sinusoid x(n) cos(2nf1 ) n0 n n1

=0 elsewhere

40
 ENERGY AND POWER

Energy
N 1 N 1
E x x(n) x (n) x(n)
* 2

n0 n 0

Power

1 N 1 1 N 1 1
Px x(n) x (n) x(n) E x
* 2
N n0 N n0 N

where N is the duration of the signal

41
 SYSTEMS

A system operates on a signal to produce an output.

Input System Impulse Output

Response
x(n) y(n)
h(n)

42
 CAUSALITY, STABILITY &
LINEARITY
Causality
h(n)0 n0
=0 n<0

Stability

h(n)
n

Linearity

T[ x0 (n)] T[ x1 (n)] T[ x0 (n) x1 (n)] x0(n) & x1(n) are 2 different inputs

y(n) S[T[ x(n)]] T[S[ x(n)]] S[ ] and T[ ] are linear transformations

43
 CONVOLUTION

If h(n) is the system impulse response, then the input-output

relationship is a convolution.
Definition of convolution:

y(n) h(n) * x(n) h( ) x(n )

y(n) x(n) * h(n) x( )h(n )

44
 SAMPLING

Sampling is the process of conversion from continuous-time to

discrete-time representation.

This is necessary if it is desired to process the signal using digital

computers.

The discrete-time signal x(n) is obtained as a result of the product of

the continuous-time signal with a set of impulse xd(t) with period Ts

x(n) x(t ) xd (t ) x(t )d (t nTs )
n

45
SAMPLING

Sampling Process
46
 SPECTRUM OF SAMPLED
SIGNALS

If x(t) has a spectrum X(f), then the spectrum of a sampled signal x(n) is

X (exp( j 2f )) FT[ x(n)] FT x(t ) xd (t ) FT x(t )d (t nTs )
n

x(t )d (t nTs ) exp( j 2ft )dt x(n) exp( j 2fnTs )
n n

X ( f nf s )
n

47
SPECTRUM OF SAMPLED
SIGNALS
|X(f)|

-fm fm f

|X(exp(j2f)|

-2fs -fs -fm fm fs 2fs f

Amplitude spectra of a signal before and after sampling.

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 NYQUIST SAMPLING THEOREM

Increasing the sampling frequency will increase the storage space and
processing time.

Reducing the sampling frequency will result in aliasing due to the overlapping
between the desired and replicate spectrum components.

The aliasing effect is minimized by using the Nyquist sampling theorem

f s 2 f max

49
 DISCRETE-TIME FOURIER
TRANSFORM

The discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) describes the frequency

representation and its inverse of the for discrete-time signals

X (exp( j 2f )) x(n) exp( j2fnT )
n
s

fs / 2

1
x(n) X (e j 2f )e j 2fnTs df
fs
fs / 2

50
 DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

Discrete-time systems are described by difference equations that can be

expressed in general form as

M M
y(n) a() y(n ) b() x(n ) (Infinite Impulse Response - IIR)
1 0

M
y(n) b( ) x(n ) (Finite Impulse Response - FIR)
0

51
SIGNAL FLOW GRAPH OF FIR

FIR signal flow graph

z-1 z-1
x(n)

b(0) b(1) b(2)

y(n)

52
 SIGNAL FLOW GRAPHS OF IIR
Type I Realization for IIR
b(0)
x(n) y(n)
+
z-1 b(1) -a(1) z-1

z-1
z-1 b(2) -a(2)

Type II Realization for IIR

b(0)
x(n) y(n)

-a(1) b(1)
z-1

z-1
-a(2) b(2)

53
 EXAMPLES OF FIR
Two continuous-time signals is defined as

x0 (t ) cos(21000t ) 0t T
=0 elsewhere

x1 (t ) cos(2 2000t ) 0t T
=0 elsewhere
If sampled at sampling frequency 8000 Hz, the discrete-time signal is
x0 (n) cos(n / 4) 0 n N 1
=0 elsewhere

x1 (n) cos(n / 2) 0 n N 1

=0 elsewhere
54
 EXAMPLES OF FIR
The FIR is defined as

y(n) 0.0947x(n) 0.2475x(n 1) 0.3156x(n 2) 0.2475x(n 3) 0.0947x(n 4)

55
 EXAMPLE OF IIR
An IIR system is defined as

y(n) 2 cos(2f1Ts ) y(n 1) y(n 2) x(n) cos(2f1Ts ) x(n 1)

For fs=8000 Hz, it is desired to determine the output for f1=1000 and
1600 Hz if the input is an impulse function.

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