Class 11 Chemistry Workbook

MOLE
CONCEPT
Class 11 Mole concept Chemistry
This booklet given to you is for taking down notes as you watch the video. Keep filling this sheet
as the video proceeds. At the end of this session, you will have your notes ready. Also, solve In
Video Questions (IVQ), that you find while watching the video, in the designated space.
SUBTOPIC: NATURE OF MATTER, MEASUREMENTS AND SIGNIFICANT

FIGURES, SCIENTIFIC NOTATION AND ITS ARITHMETIC
1. Define element, compound and mixture.
2. Write SI unit of length, mass, time, electric current and temperature.
3. Explain the difference between precision and accuracy.
4. Explain significant figures.
5. Write down the rules for finding significant number.
6. Determine the significant no. in following numbers
1.01, 2.56, 2.560, 1.10, 43.
7. Write the number 123543 in scientific notation.
8. Add 1.2 x 105 and 2.8 x 107.
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Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.
SUBTOPIC: LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION, ATOMS AND
MOLECULES, MOLE CONCEPT
1. State the law of conservation of mass.
2. State the law of definite proportion/constant composition. Take one example.
3. State the law of multiple proportions. Explain with one example.
4. Explain Gay-Lussacs law with the help of an example.
5. Write Avogadros law with an example.
6. Differentiate between homoatomic and heteroatomic molecules with examples.
7. Define average atomic mass and take the example of Carbon in your explanation.
8. What is molecular mass? Also define formula mass.
9. Write Avogadros number.
10. What is a mole?
11. How many atoms will be there in 2 mole of X atoms?
12. How many moles of atoms will be present in 1 mole of O 3?
13. IVQ: How many molecules and atoms of sulphur are present in 0.1 mole of S 8 molecules?
14. IVQ: Calculate the mass of :
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15. IVQ: Calculate the no. of molecules and no. of atoms present in 11.2 l of O 2 at NTP.
16. IVQ: Suppose the chemist had chosen 1022 particles in a mole. What would be the molecular mass of
O2 gas?
17. IVQ: Calculate the no. of atoms of each type in 5.3 g of Na 2CO3.
18. IVQ: Calculate the weight of CO having same no. of oxygen atoms present in 88gms of CO 2.
SUBTOPIC: PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION AND MOLECULAR FORMULA,
STOICHIOMETRY OF CHEMICAL REACTION
1. IVQ: Calculate the mass percentage of each element in H2SO4.
2. IVQ: Calculate the mass percentage of each element in Na 2SO4.
3. Define empirical formula and molecular formula with some examples.
4. IVQ: An organic compound on analysis gave the following % composition, C= 57.8% , H= 3.6% and
the rest is oxygen. The vapour density of the compound was found to be 83. Find out the molecular
formula of the compound.
5. IVQ: Butyric acid contains only C, H & O. A 4.24 mg sample of butyric acid is completely burnt. It
gives 8.45 mg of CO2 and 3.46 mg of H2O. What is the mass percentage of each element in butyric
acid? The molecular mass of butyric acid was determined by experiment to be 88g. What is the
molecular formula?
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SUBTOPIC: STOICHIOMETRY OF CHEMICAL REACTION
1. What do you mean by stoichiometric coefficients? Take one example.
2. IVQ: Balance the chemical reaction: As2O3 + SnCl2 + HCl SnCl4 + As + H2O.
3. IVQ:. Balance the chemical reaction: C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O.
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SUBTOPIC: STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS, LIMITING REAGENT
Stoichiometric Calculations
1. IVQ: How many moles of N2 are needed to produce 8.2 moles of NH 3 by reaction with H2?
2. IVQ: How many moles of Iron can be made from Fe 2O3 by the use of CO in the following reaction?
Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2
3. IVQ: Chlorine is prepared in the laboratory by treating Manganese dioxide with aqueous HCl. How
many grams of HCL will react with 5 g of MnO 2? MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + 2H2O + 5Cl2.
4. IVQ: A 1.84g mixture of CaCO3 & MgCO3 upon heating gave 0.96g of residue. Calculate the %
composition of the mixture?
5. IVQ: Calculate the amount of KClO3 needed to supply sufficient oxygen for burning 112 l of CO gas at
NTP?
6. IVQ: Calculate the volume of oxygen at NTP that would be required to convert 5.2 l of carbon
monoxide to carbon dioxide?
Limiting Reagent
1. Define limiting reagent.
2. IVQ: 3 g of H2 reacts with 29 g of O2 to yield H2O. Which is the limiting reagent?
3. IVQ: 50 Kg of N2 & 10 Kg of H2 are mixed to produce NH3.

(a) Calculate the NH3 formed.
(b) Identify the limiting reagent.
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SUBTOPIC: REACTIONS IN SOLUTION
1. Define solute and solvent.
2. What is molarity (M)?
3. Define molality (m). How it is different from molarity (M)?
4. Which depends on temperature: molarity or molality and how?
5. IVQ: Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 20.7g of potassium carbonate dissolved in 500
ml of solution (assume density of solution = 1g/ml).
6. IVQ: A solution is prepared by dissolving 18.25 g of NaOH in distilled water to give 200 ml of
solution. Calculate the molarity of the solution?
7. IVQ: Calculate the normality of solution containing 31.5 g of hydrated Oxalic acid in 125 ml of
solution?
8. IVQ: A solution is 25% water, 25% ethanol and 50% acetic acid by mass. Calculate the mole fraction
of each component.
9. IVQ: Commercially available concentrated HCl contains 38% by mass.

(i) What is the molarity of the solution (d=1.19gm/ml)?
(ii) What volume of concentrated HCl is required to make 1 l of a 0.1 M HCl?
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OPEN SUMMARY
Summarize what you learned from this chapter, after you have watched all the videos, in your own
words. Use any format you want: points, paragraphs etc.! But ensure that all the concepts covered are
included. Also note down any questions/doubts you have in the chapter.
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ATOMIC
STRUCTUR
E
SUBTOPIC: RECAP
1. What is all matter made up of?
2. What was Democritus' perspective on the composition of all matter?
3. What was ancient Indian perspective on matter?
4. What was the first modern scientific theory about the composition of matter?
5. How did J J Thompson arrive at the conclusion that matter was made of electrons?
6. What was the reasoning behind the Plum Pudding model of the atom?
7. What was observed by Rutherford when electric current was passed through Uranium plates?
8. Write down the observations made by Rutherford after the gold foil experiment.
9. Why was Rutherford proved wrong? What were the drawbacks of his atomic model?
10. What were the postulates given by Neils Bohr?
11. Explain the features of Bohr's model of the atom.
12. What is the rule with respect to filling of electrons in the different shells of an atom?
13. The atomic number of Bromine is 35. Write down its electronic distribution.
14. Arrange the shells of an atom in the increasing order of their energy level.
SUBTOPIC: HISTORY OF MATTER
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Class 11 Atomic structure Chemistry
1. What did Michael Faraday observe in the discharge tube experiment?
2. What was the direction of the ray of light in the discharge tube?
3. What was the effect of decreasing the pressure in the discharge tube?
4. What was the effect of an electric field and a magnetic field on the electron beam as observed by J J
Thompson?
5. What were the two forces involved in the calculations made by Millikan in his oil drop experiment?
6. What was the charge to mass ratio of particles ejected from the cathode as calculated by J J
Thompson?
7. What were the particles that Rutherford use to bombard the gold foil in his experiment?
8. How were the neutral particles of the atom found?
9. What were the observations made by Rutherford in his gold foil experiment?
10. What were the conclusions made by Rutherford that led to the failure of the Plum Pudding model of
the atom?
SUBTOPIC: ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
15
1. Explain the planetary model of the atom as given by Rutherford.
2. How does a charged particle lose energy when undergoing accelerated motion?
3. What feature of electromagnetic radiation did Young's double slit experiment explore?
4. Write down the characteristics of a wave.
5. Define the terms

i. Frequency.
ii. Wave number.
6. What do you understand by the term 'Electromagnetic Spectrum'?
7. What were the observations under which the wave theory of light appears to fail?
8. What is an ideal black body?
9. What was the observation made upon the study of the intensity vs. wavelength graph?
10. What did the classical theory of EM radiations state?
11. What is the photoelectric effect?
12. What were the observations made by Albert Einstein after his experiments with the photoelectric
effect?
13. What is observed with respect to Kinetic Energy when the intensity of the incident radiation is
increased?
14. Define the term 'Work Function'.
15. Write down the equation which relates the energy of the incident radiation to the kinetic energy of
the ejected electrons.
SUBTOPIC: NEILS BOHRS MODEL OF AN ATOM

1. What was the model of the atom as suggested by Neils Bohr?
2. What was Neils Bohrs proposition on the positioning of electrons in an atom?
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3. What is an absorption spectrum?
4. Define the term emission spectrum.
5. Write down the postulates of Bohrs model of the atom.
6. Discuss the limitations of Bohrs model of the atom.
7. What is the Lyman series?
8. Write down the general formula of wave number for Balmer, Paschen, Brackett, Pfund and
Humphrey series.
9. IVQ: Calculate the wavelength of limiting line of the Balmer series.
10. What do you understand by the term ionization energy?
11. IVQ: In the Rydberg equation a spectral line corresponds to n 1 = 3 and n2 = 5.

(a) Calculate the wavelength and frequency of this line.
(b) To which spectral series does this line belong?
(c) In which region of the Electromagnetic Spectrum will the line fall?
12. Why are there some dark lines in the emission spectrum of hydrogen gas?
13. Derive the equation for calculating the de Broglie wavelength of any matter with mass m and
moving with a velocity of v.
14. IVQ: An electron revolves around the nucleus at a velocity of 5 x 10 6 m/s. Find its de Broglie
wavelength. (mass of e- = 9.1 x 10-31 kg, Plancks constant = 6.63 x 10-34 J/s).
15. IVQ: A baseball of mass 145 g is thrown with a velocity of 156 km/hr. Find its de Broglie wavelength.
16. Derive Bohrs postulate on quantization of angular momentum from de Broglie relation.
17. What was Heisenbergs take on the position and momentum of an electron moving around a
nucleus?
18. Write down the equation to understand the uncertainty in the position and velocity of an electron.
19. What was the cause of the failure of Bohrs model of the atom?
20. Explain the cause behind Heisenbergs uncertainty principle.
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21. What is the effect of the presence and absence of an observer on the experiment conducted by
Heisenberg?
SUBTOPIC: QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL OF AN ATOM

1. What was the right question to be asked regarding electrons according to Max Born?
2. The electrostatic force of attraction between a proton and an electron in a hydrogen atom
corresponds to which component of energy possessed by the electron?
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3. What is probability density?
4. How do we calculate the probability of finding an electron using probability density?
5. What is an orbital? Explain using radial probability distribution.
6. How does the radial probability distribution vary as the radius increases across successive orbitals?
7. Draw the shapes of s and p orbitals.
8. Draw the shape of d orbital.
9. What are degenerate orbitals?
10. Explain the penetration effect.
11. What information does the principal quantum number provide? How is it denoted?
12. What is azimuthal quantum number? What is its range?
13. Define the term magnetic quantum number. What is its range?
14. Explain the n+l rule.
15. What does the Aufbau principle state? Arrange the following orbitals in accordance with the same
2s, 5d, 3p, 4f, 3s, 5p, 6s, 5p.
16. What does Paulis exclusion principle state?
17. What is Hunds rule of maximum multiplicity? How does it explain the stability of an atom?
18. Write down the electronic configuration of elements till Neon (atomic number - 10).
19. What is the electronic configuration of Chromium? Why is it different than expected?
20. Why are half filled and fully filled degenerate orbitals relatively more stable?
OPEN SUMMARY
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20
PERIODIC
CLASSIFICATI
ON OF
ELEMENTS
SUBTOPIC: RECAP
1. Which column elements have their octet completed?
2. How many electrons are there in outermost shell of Halogens and Alkali metals?
3. What is Dobereiners triad law?
4. On what basis did Mendeleev arrange the elements?
5. On what basis elements are arranged in modern periodic table?
6. How many elements are found in nature?
7. Explain isotopes with example.
8. Write down the names of all metalloids?
SUBTOPIC: HIGHER ELEMENTS, OXIDATION STATE, ATOMIC RADIUS
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Class 11 Periodic classification of elements Chemistry
1. Who arranged the elements in the modern periodic table?
2. Explain Mosleys experiment.
3. How was nomenclature of elements having atomic no. more than 100 done? Explain with two
examples.
4. What could be the oxidation state of an element having 4 valence electrons?
5. One what basis elements are divided in blocks in periodic table?
6. What is periodicity?
7. What is atomic radius?
8. Why is finding atomic radius difficult?
9. What is the general trend of atomic size along the period from left to right and down the group?
10. Arrange the following in increasing order of their size

Na+ F- O2- Mg Mg+ Mg2+
11. Why is the size of noble gas maximum in its respective period?
12. What are isoelectronic species? Give an example.
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SUBTOPIC: IONIZATION ENTHALPY, ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY,
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
1. Define ionization energy (IE).
2. What do you mean by 2nd ionization energy?
3. Why is 1st ionization energy less than 2nd ionization?
4. Write down the factors on which ionization enthalpy depends?
5. What is penetration effect? Arrange s, p, d and f in increasing penetration effect?
6. How does shielding effect affect the ionization enthalpy?
7. Write down the trend of IE along a period and group?
8. Define electron gain enthalpy (EGE).
9. Write down factors affecting EGE.
10. What is electron affinity (EA)? How it is related to EGE?
11. Why EA of Cl is more than F?
12. Why is EGE zero for Group II elements?
13. Why is 2nd EGE always positive?
14. Define Electronegativity.
15. On what factors does electronegativity depend?
16. Write general trend of electronegativity along a period and group.
17. Which is the most electronegative element?
18. Which group has highest electronegativity?
19. Write the general trend of metallic and non-metallic character along a period.
20. What is diagonal relationship?
21. How is chemical reactivity determined?

OPEN SUMMARY
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Class 11 Periodic classification of elements Chemistry
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CHEMICAL
BONDING
Class 11 Chemical bonding Chemistry
SUBTOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL BONDING
1. Why do atoms from bonds?
2. What is the octet rule?
3. What is a covalent bond?
4. Draw lewis structure of ammonia and methane.
5. Write down the exceptions of octet rule with examples.
6. What is a hypervalent molecule? Give one example.
7. Why is octet rule not followed in noble gas molecule? Explain with two examples.
8. Define ionic bond.
9. Write conditions for an atom to make an ionic bond.
10. Define lattice enthalpy.
11. What is metallic bond?
12. Define dative bond.
13. Identify the donor and acceptor in a dative bond in NH 4+.
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SUBTOPIC: BOND PARAMETERS AND VSEPR THEORY
1. Define bond length.
2. Define bond order.
3. Define bond energy.
4. Arrange the single, double and triple bonds in ascending order of:
bond length:
bond order:
bond energy:
5. Define:
bond pair:
lone pair:
6. What is order of strength of repulsion between different bond pairs?
7. What is VSEPR theory used for?
8. State VSEPR theory.
9. Make the table of geometry and hybridization as shown.
10. Draw the structure of following compound and mention the structure and shape of molecules.
a) NH3 b) H2O c) PCl5 d) CH4
11. Why do we have different types of bonds in PCl 5?
12. Why are axial bonds larger than equatorial bonds?
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13. Why do we place lone pairs on equatorial positions in trigonal bipyramidal structure?
14. Draw the structure of the following:
15.
SF4: SF6
ClF3: BrF5:
ICl4-: IF7:
XeF2: XeF4:
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SF6: XeOF4:
SUBTOPIC: DIPOLE MOMENT
1. Define dipole moment with an example.
2. Is dipole moment a vector?
3. What is the SI unit of dipole moment?
4. How dipole moment explains the polarity of a molecule?
5. Compare the dipole moments of NH3 and NF3.
6. Arrange the following in increasing order of dipole moment:

CH3Cl, CH2Cl 2, CHCl3, CCl4
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SUBTOPIC: RESONANCE AND HYDROGEN BONDING
1. What is resonance?
2. Define resonating or contributing structure.
3. What is a hybrid?
4. Draw all resonating structures of Ozone, Carbonate ion and Sulphate ion. Also draw the hybrids.
5. Write all the misconceptions regarding resonance.
6. What are the conditions for H-Bonding?
7. Mention factors on which strength of H-bonding depends.
8. Which electronegative elements can form H-bond?
9. Give two examples of compounds showing H-bonding.
10. Write down the types of H-bonding and explain each.
11. Draw the structures of ortho and para isomers of nitro phenol.
12. How boiling point differs for above two compounds and why?
13. Why do carboxylic acids dimerize?
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SUBTOPIC: VALENCE BOND THEORY AND ORBITAL OVERLAP
1. What are the assumptions of Valence bond theory (VBT)?
2. What is internuclear axis?
3. In how many ways can atomic orbitals overlap?
4. How are Sigma and Pi bonds formed by orbital overlapping?
5. How can s-s overlap take place?
6. Why can the structure of CH4 not be explained with the help of VBT?
7. What is hybridization?
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SUBTOPIC: HYBRIDIZATION
1. What are the characteristics of hybridization?
2. What are conditions for orbitals to take part in hybridization?
3. If we use one s and one p for hybridization then which and how many hybridized orbitals will be
formed?
4. What will be the angle between sp hybridized orbitals?
5. Explain the formation of BeF2 according to hybridization concept?
6. What will be the angle between sp2 hybridized orbitals?
7. What will be the s and p character in sp2 hybridized orbitals?
8. What will be the orientation of sp3 hybridized orbitals?
9. Explain the formation of CH4, NH3 and H2O according to hybridization concept.
10. Explain the formation of C2H4.
11. Explain the formation of C2H2.
12. What will be the hybridization of central atom in PCl 5?
13. Explain the formation of PCl5.
14. Explain the formation of SF6.
15. Explain the formation of IF7.
16. Which d-orbitals participate in sp3d2 and sp3d3 hybridization?
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17. What will be the hybridization of N in NH 4+?
SUBTOPIC: MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY
1. What are the salient features of Molecular orbital theory (MOT)?
2. What is LCAO?
3. How can molecular orbitals be formed according to LCAO?
4. What are bonding and antibonding orbitals and how they are formed according to LCAO?
5. What is non-bonding orbital?
6. What do you mean by homonuclear diatomic molecules? Give an example.
7. Explain the formation of H2 according to MOT?
8. Give the formula for bond order calculation?
9. How to find the magnetic property of a molecule?
10. What is the bond order of H2+?
11. Why is H2 more stable than H2+?
12. Why He2 doesnt exist?
13. Explain the bonding order of Li 2.
14. Explain the energy diagram for C2 .Also calculate the bond order and what type of bonds will be
formed?
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15. Calculate the bond order and determine the magnetic properties of following compounds/radicals:
N2:
N2+:
N2-:
O2:
O2+:
O2-:
CN:
NO:
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CN-:
Ne2:
OPEN SUMMARY
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STATES OF
MATTER
SUBTOPIC: CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER AND GAS LAWS

1. Write the differences between solids, liquids and gases.
2. Write the major assumptions for defining ideal gas.
3. Define Boyles law.
4. Define Charless law.
5. Define Avogadros law?
6. Write ideal gas equation. Mention value of R in SI unit.
7. IVQ: A balloon blown at 5C has a volume of 480 ml. At this stage the balloon is at 7/8th of its
maximum stretching capacity.
a) Will the balloon burst if it is brought to a room of temperature 30C?
b) Calculate the temperature at which the balloon will burst?
8. IVQ: A mixture of C2H6 and C2H4 occupies 40 liters at 1 atm and 400K . The mixture reacts completely
with 130 g of O2 to produce CO2 and H2O. Assuming ideal gas behavior, calculate the mole fractions
of C2 H4 and C2H6 in the mixture.
SUBTOPIC: GRAHAMS LAW OF EFFUSION AND DIFFUSION AND

DALTONS LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE
38
Class 11 States of matter Chemistry
1. What are effusion and diffusion?
2. What do you mean by rate of effusion or diffusion?
3. State Grahams law of effusion and diffusion.
4. IVQ: A straight glass tube has two inlets x and y at two ends. The length of the tube is 200 cm. HCl
gas (through inlet x) and NH3 gas (through inlet y) are allowed to enter the tube at the same time.
White fumes appear at a point P inside the tube. Find the distance of P from x.
5. What do you mean by partial pressure?
6. State Daltons law of partial pressure.
7. How is partial pressure related to mole fraction?
8. What is the condition for a gaseous mixture to follow Daltons law?
9. IVQ: The total pressure of a gaseous mixture of 2.8 g N 2, 3.2 g O2 and 0.5 g H2 is 4.5 atm. Calculate
the partial pressure of each gas.
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SUBTOPIC: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES AND MAXWELL DISTRIBUTION
OF MOLECULAR SPEED
1. Write down all the postulates of kinetic theory of gases.
2. Define:
root mean square speed
average speed
most probable speed
3. Write down the formulae of all the speeds and their ratio.
4. IVQ: Calculate the rms speed of O2 molecules at 27C. (R= 8.314 JK-1 mol-1)
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SUBTOPIC: VAN DER WAALS EQUATION AND COMPRESSIBILITY

FACTOR
1. Explain pressure and volume correction.
2. Write real gas equation and explain the significance of Van der Waals constants a and b?
3. Determine the unit of a and b.
4. IVQ: Calculate the diameter of Helium molecule using Van der Waals constant .( b=24 cm 3 mol-1)
5. IVQ: If volume occupied by CO molecules is negligible, then calculate pressure (P/5.277) exerted by
one mole of CO2 gas at 300K. (a=3.592 atm L2 mol-2).
6. Define compressibility factor (Z).
7. Determine value of Z for different pressure conditions.
8. Show that the value of Z is always greater than 1, at all pressures, for He and H 2.
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SUBTOPIC: LIQUEFACTION OF GASES AND INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
1. Define critical temperature, pressure and volume.
2. Write down the formulae of critical constants.
3. Explain all intermolecular forces with suitable examples.
OPEN SUMMARY
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43
CHEMICAL
THERMODYNAMI
CS
Class 11 Chemical thermodynamics Chemistry
SUBTOPIC: INTRODUCTION
1. What is thermodynamics?
2. What is a system?
3. What do we mean by surroundings?
4. What is a boundary?
5. Explain the types of systems.
6. Explain homogeneous and heterogeneous system.
7. Explain intensive and extensive properties with examples.
8. Explain state and path variables.
9. Explain reversible and irreversible process.
10. What is heat?
11. What is work?
12. What is PV work?
13. Explain the sign convention for heat and work.
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SUBTOPIC: HEAT CAPACITY AND ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
1. Define heat capacity.
2. What is the unit of heat capacity?
3. Define:
4. Is heat capacity a path or state function?
5. Explain molar heat capacity at
6. Write down the expressions
7. Derive the relation between Cp and Cv.
8. What is the zeroth law of thermodynamics?
SUBTOPIC: FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

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1. Explain internal energy.
2. State 1st law of thermodynamics.
3. What is a process?
4. Explain:
5. What is a cyclic process?
6. Represent the all processes on PV graph.
7. Derive work done for:
8. IVQ: One mole of an ideal gas is heated at constant pressure from 0 to 100C.
a) Calculate work done.
b) If the gas were expanded isothermally & reversibly at 0C from 1 atm to some other pressure P0 ,
what must be the final pressure if the maximum work is equal to the work involved in (a).
9. IVQ: 14 g of Oxygen at 0C and 10 atm is subjected to reversible adiabatic expansion to a pressure of

1 atm. Calculate the work done in (a) Litre atm (b) Calorie (given C p / Cv = 1.4)
10. IVQ: When 1 mol of a monoatomic ideal gas at T K undergoes an adiabatic change, under constant
pressure at 1 atm, it changes volume from 1L to 2L. The final temperature in Kelvin is:
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SUBTOPIC: ENTHALPY
1. What is enthalpy?
2. Why do we calculate enthalpy at constant pressure?
3. How is enthalpy change related to internal energy and work done?
4. Is enthalpy state or path function?
5. Is enthalpy an extensive or intensive property?
6. For a reaction how is change in enthalpy related to change in internal energy?
7. What is the limitation of 1st law of thermodynamics?
8. IVQ: For which of the following reactions shown is H< U? Tick the correct option
9.
Carbon monoxide reacting with Oxygen to form Carbon Dioxide.
Nitrogen reacting with hydrogen to form ammonia.
Phosphorous pentachloride dissociates to give phosphorous trichloride & Chlorine.
None of these.
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SUBTOPIC: THERMOCHEMISTRY
1. What is the heat of reaction?
2. Define heat of formation.
3. What is enthalpy of combustion?
4. Define enthalpy of solution.
5. Define enthalpy of neutralization.
6. What is Hesss law? Explain.
7. IVQ: The heats of combustion of ammonia and hydrogen are 9.06 and 68.9 kcal respectively.
Calculate the heat of formation of ammonia.
8. IVQ: Calculate enthalpy of formation of ethane at 25C if the enthalpies of combustion of carbon,
hydrogen and ethane are 94.14, 68.47 and 373.3 kcal respectively.
9. IVQ: The molar heats of combustion of C2H2, C (graphite) and H2 are 210.62 kcal, 84.05 kcal and
69.32 kcal respectively .Calculate the standard heat of formation of C 2H2.
10. IVQ: Given the following standard heats of reaction at constant pressure: Heat of formation of water
= -68.3 kcal, Heat of combustion of acetylene = - 310.6 kcal, Heat of combustion of ethylene = -337.2
kcal. Calculate the heat of reaction for the hydrogenation of acetylene at constant volume (25C).
11. IVQ: The standard enthalpy of combustion at 25C of hydrogen, cyclohexane (C6H10) and cyclohexane
(C6H12) are -241, -3800 and -3920 kJ/mol respectively. Calculate the heat of hydrogenation of
cyclohexane.
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SUBTOPIC: SPONTANEITY AND ENTROPY
1. What is entropy?
2. What is 2nd law of thermodynamics?
3. What will the entropy change of system be in a process?
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SUBTOPIC: SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
1. What is Clausius statement of 2nd law of thermodynamics?
2. What is Carnots statement of 2nd law of thermodynamics?
3. What is Boltzmanns statement of 2nd law of thermodynamics?
4. What is Plancks statement of 2nd law of thermodynamics?
5. What is the difference between the 1 st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics?
6. Calculate entropy change for reversible:
7. Calculate entropy change of the system in fusion, vaporization and sublimation.
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8. IVQ: The direct conversion of A to B is difficult, hence it is carried out by the following path
(ACDB). Given SAC = 50 eu, S CD = 30 eu , SBD = 20 eu . Find SAB.
9. IVQ: 5 mol of an ideal gas expands reversibly from a volume of 8 dm 3 at a temp of 27C. Calculate
the entropy.
SUBTOPIC: THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND GIBBS FREE

ENERGY
1. What is 3rd law of thermodynamics?
2. What is its significance?
3. Define Gibbs free energy.
4. How is change in free energy of system related to enthalpy change and entropy change? Also derive
that relation.
52
OPEN SUMMARY
53
CHEMICAL
EQUILIBRI
UM
SUBTOPIC: INTRODUCTION AND LAW OF MASS ACTION
1. What do you mean by extent of reaction?
2. What is freezing point?
3. What is sublimation?
4. What are the necessary conditions for chemical equilibrium?
5. Define reversible and irreversible reactions. Give some examples.
6. What do you mean by dynamic equilibrium?
7. What are the characteristics of chemical equilibrium?
8. State the law of mass action.
9. Derive expression for equilibrium constant for a general equation.
10. IVQ: The concentrations of A,B & C in a reaction of type 3A + B 2 C + D are 0.03, 0.01 & 0.08
mol/l respectively. Find initial concentrations of A& B.
SUBTOPIC: EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS

1. What is reaction quotient and how it is different from equilibrium constant?
56
Class 11 Chemical equilibrium Chemistry
2. What is KP?
3. Derive the relation between KP and KC.
4. IVQ: For the hypothetical reaction , the equilibrium constant K values are given
A B K1 = 2 , B C K2 = 4 , CD K3 = 3
Find equilibrium constant K for reaction A D.
5. IVQ: For which of the following reactions is KP = KC?

a) H2 + I2 2HI
b) N2 + 3H2 2NH3
c) PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2
6. IVQ: The equilibrium constant of the reaction H2 + I2 = 2HI

at 426 degree Celsius is 55.3 , what will be the value of the equilibrium constant
a) if the reaction is reversed.
b) if the reaction is represented as 3H 2 + 3I2 6HI.
7. IVQ: For a reversible reaction A + B C, (dx / dt) = 2 x 10 3 Lmol-1s-1 [A] [B] 1 x 102[C] s-1 ,
where x is amount of A dissociated . Find the value of equilibrium constant.
8. IVQ: What will be effect on equilibrium constant for the reaction

H 2 + 3 I2 2 NH3 ; H = - 22.4 kcal when
a) Pressure is increased
b) Concentration of N2 is increased
c) Temperature is increased at equilibrium
9. What is Vant hoff equation? Write its significance.
10. How do we express the concentration of a solid in equilibrium expression?
11. What will be the equilibrium constant if reaction is reversed?
12. What will be new equilibrium constant if a chemical equation is multiplied by n?
SUBTOPIC: DEGREE OF DISSOCIATION & CALCULATION OF KC AND KP
57
1. What is degree of dissociation?
2. IVQ: KC for the reaction SO2 + O2 SO3 at 600C is 61.7. Find KP and give units of KP . (R =
0.0821 latm mol-1/degree)
3. IVQ: For reaction CO + 2H2 CH3OH, hydrogen gas is produced in a five liter flask at 327C ,
containing 0.2 mole of CO2 & a catalyst until the pressure is 4.92 atm. At this point 0.1 mol of CH 3OH
is formed. Find KP & KC .
4. IVQ: From these equations

CaO + H2 CO + H2O (K1 = 67)
CaO + CO CO + CO2 (K2= 490)
Find equilibrium of constant of CO2 + H2 CO + H2O
5. IVQ: For the reaction PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2.

Which sketch may represent the above equation? Assume equation can be achieved from either
side.
58
59
6. IVQ: Formation of ammonia from nitrogen & hydrogen gases is given by the following equations:
a) 1/2 N2 + 3/2 H2 NH3
b) 1/3 N2 + H2 2/3 NH3
These two equations have constants K1 & K2 respectively, find relation between them.
7. IVQ: NH2COONH4 2 NH3 + CO2. In a closed vessel solid ammonium carbonate is in equilibrium
with its dissociation products. At equilibrium, Ammonia is added such that partial pressure of NH 3 at
new equilibrium now equals the original total pressure. Calculate ratio of total pressure at new
equilibrium to that of total pressure at new equilibrium. Also find partial pressure of NH 3 gas added.
8. IVQ: The equilibrium constant of A2 + B2 2AB at 100C is 50. If a one liter flask containing
one mole of A2 is connected to a two liter flask containing two moles of B 2, how many moles of AB
will be formed at 373K?
60
SUBTOPIC: LE CHATELIERS PRINCIPLE
1. What is Le Chtelier's principle?
2. If n=0, then how will the change in volume and pressure affect the equilibrium?
3. If n<0, then how will the change in volume and pressure affect equilibrium?
4. If n>0, then how will the change in volume and pressure affect equilibrium?
61
5. What will be the effect of addition of inert gas at constant volume?
6. What will be effect of addition of inert gas at constant volume if:
7. What is the Van't Hoff equation?
8. If temperature is increased then what will be the effect on equilibrium constant and equilibrium if
reaction is:
9. How is G related to equilibrium constant?
10. IVQ: Using these equations:

i) H2 + CO H2O + CO2 K (at 2000k) = 4.40
ii) 2H2O 2H2 + O2 K (at 2000K) = 5.32 x 10 -10
iii) 2CO + O2 2CO2 K (at 200k) = 2.24 x 10 22
Show whether (iii) is endothermic or exothermic.
OPEN SUMMARY
62
IONIC
EQUILIBRI
UM
SUBTOPIC: ACIDS AND BASES
1. What is an Arrhenius Acid?
2. Why is HCl gas not an Arrhenius acid?
3. What is Arrhenius Base? Give example.
4. What are acids and bases according to Bronsted and Lowry? Give examples.
5. What are acids and bases according to Lewis? Give examples.
6. Define conjugate acid and base.
7. Write the conjugate bases of:
8. Write conjugate acids of:
SUBTOPIC: OSTWALDS DILUTION LAW
64
Class 11 Ionic equilibrium Chemistry
1. What is Ostwalds dilution law?
2. State Ostwalds dilution law mathematically.
3. IVQ: Calculate the pH of a 10-5 M HCl solution, if 1 ml of it is diluted to 1000 ml .Kw = 1 x 10-14 .
SUBTOPIC: pH AND pOH

65
1. What is autoprotolysis of water?
2. What is Kw? Give its value at 250C.
3. Define:
4. What is the sum of pH and pOH at 25 0C?
5. IVQ: An acid-Base Indicator HIn differs in colour from its conjugate base (In). The human eye is
sensitive to colour differences only when the ratio [ In -] / [In+] is greater than 10 or smaller than 0.1.
What should be the minimum change in pH of the solution to observe a complete colour change?
Ka = 1 x 10-5 ?
6. IVQ: 20 ml of 0.2 M sodium hydroxide is added to 50ml of 0.2 M acetic acid to give 70 ml of solution.
What is the pH of this solution? Calculate the additional volume of 0.2M NaOH required to make the
pH of the solution 4.74. The ionization constant of acetic acid = 1.8 x 10-5.
SUBTOPIC: DEGREE OF DISSOCIATION
66
1. How does the degree of dissociation depend on the nature of electrolyte and solvent?
2. What is common ion effect? Explain with example.
3. IVQ: 40 ml solution of a weak base BOH is titrated with a 0.1 N HCl solution. The pH of the solution
is found to be 10.04 and 9.14 after addition of 5 ml and 20 ml of acid respectively. Find the
dissociation constant of the base.
SUBTOPIC: SOLUBILITY AND SOLUBILITY PRODUCT
67
1. What is solubility product? Explain by taking an example of salt.
2. What is the condition for precipitation in terms of ionic and solubility product?
3. IVQ: For the reaction Ag (CN)2- Ag+ + 2 CN- , the equilibrium constant at 25 C is 4 x 10-14 .
Calculate Ag+ concentration in a solution which was originally 0.1 M in KCN and 0.03 M in AgNO 3.
4. IVQ: The solubility product of Ag2C2O4 at 25 C is 1.29 x 10-11 mol3 L-3 . A solution of K2C2O4 containing
0.1520 moles in 500 ml water is shaken at 25C with excess Ag2CO3 till the following equilibrium is
reached: Ag2CO3 + K2C2O4 Ag2C2O4 + K2 CO3. At equilibrium the solution contains 0.0358
mole K2 CO3. Assuming degree of dissociation to be equal, calculate solubility product of Ag 2CO3.
5. IVQ: Ionization constant of NH+ in water is 5.6 x 10-10 at 25 C . Rate constant for the reaction of NH +
and OH- to form NH3 & H2O at 25 C is 3.4 x 1010 l/mol . Calculate rate constant of the proton transfer
from water to NH3.
6. IVQ: Calculate the concentrations of all species of significant concentration present in 0.1 M H 3PO4
solution. K1 = 7.5 x10-3, K2 = 6.2 x 10-8, K3 = 3.6 x 10-13.
7. IVQ: Calculate the solubility of PbI2 in water at 25 C which is 90% dissociated.

Ksp (PbI2) = 1.39 x 10-8 at 25 C.
8. IVQ: The solubility of Mg(OH)2 in pure water is 9.57 x 10-3 g/l . Calculate its solubility (in gram per
liter ) in 0.02 M Mg(NO3)2 solution.
9. IVQ: What is the pH of the solution when 0.2 mole of HCl is added to one liter of a solution
containing:
i) 1 M each of CH3COOH and acetate ion.
ii) 0.1 M each of CH3COOH and acetate ion. ( Ka CH3COOH = 1.8 x 10-5 )
68
SUBTOPIC: HYDROLYSIS OF SALT
1. What is hydrolysis of salt?
2. Define:
3. Why is hydrolysis of salt of weak acid and strong base called anionic hydrolysis?
4. Derive the expression for Kh and pH in hydrolysis of salt of weak acid and strong base.
5. Derive the expression for Kh and pH in hydrolysis of salt of weak base and strong acid.
6. Derive the expression for Kh ,h and pH in hydrolysis of salt of weak acid and weak base.
7. What will be nature of solution of salt of weak acid and weak base?
8. Why does hydrolysis of salt of strong acid and strong base not take place?
9. IVQ: Calculate H+ ion concentration in the following solutions:

a) Mixture of 5 ml of N/10 CH3COOH and 5 ml of N/10 NaOH.
b) Mixture of 5 ml of N/10 Ammonia and 5 ml of N/10 HCl.
Assume Ka (CH3COOH ) = Kb (NH3 ) = 1 x 10-5.
69
SUBTOPIC: BUFFER SOLUTIONS
1. What is meant by a buffer solution?
2. What constitutes an acidic buffer? Give an example.
3. What constitutes a basic buffer? Give an example.
4. Explain the buffer action of acidic buffer.
5. What is the significance of Henderson Hasselbalch equation?
6. Derive the expression for pH and pOH of: acidic and basic buffer respectively.
7. IVQ: Freshly precipitated Aluminum & magnesium hydroxide are stirred vigorously in a buffer
solution containing 0.25 mole/ liter of Ammonium Chloride and 0.05 mole / liter of ammonium
hydroxide. Calculate the concentration of Aluminum & Magnesium ions in the solution.
Kb (NH4OH) = 1.8 x 10-5, Ksp ( Mg(OH)2 ) = 6 x 10-10, Ksp ( Al (OH)3 ) = 6 x 10-32.
70
OPEN SUMMARY
71
REDOX
REACTION
Class 11 Redox reaction Chemistry
SUBTOPIC: INTRODUCTION, OXIDATION AND REDUCTION, VALENCY

AND OXIDATION NUMBER
1. What is a redox reaction?
2. Write all definitions of oxidation and reduction.
3. Determine the valency of hydrogen in H 2O and carbon in CO2.
4. What is oxidation number?
5. What are the differences between valency and oxidation number?
73
SUBTOPIC: CALCULATION OF OXIDATION NO., OXIDIZING AGENT AND
REDUCING AGENT
1. Write down rules for finding oxidation number.
2. Determine oxidation no. of central atom in following compounds:
3. Define oxidizing agents and reducing agents.
SUBTOPIC: BALANCING OF REDOX REACTION
74
1. Write down rules for balancing redox reaction according to ION-Electron method.
2. Balance the reactions given in videos.
SUBTOPIC: TYPES OF REDOX REACTION
75
1. What is a combination reaction? Give example.
2. What is decomposition reaction? Give example.
3. What is displacement reaction? Give example.
4. What is auto oxidation reaction? Give example.
5. Define the following with examples:
OPEN SUMMARY
76
77
HYDROGEN
Class 11 Hydrogen Chemistry
SUBTOPIC: POSITION OF HYDROGEN IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
1. Which element has the simplest atomic structure?
2. State whether the facts regarding hydrogen are true or false. If false than mention the correct fact:
(a) It is the third most abundant element present in universe.
(b) It may prove to be the potent source of clean energy in near future.
3. Why is the position of hydrogen debatable in modern periodic table?
4. To which group does hydrogen finally belong?
79
SUBTOPIC: DIHYDROGEN- OCCURRENCE AND ISOTOPES AND NUCLEAR
ISOMERS OF HYDROGEN
1. List the three different isotopes of hydrogen.
2. Which scientist won the Nobel Prize for separating isotopes of hydrogen of mass no.2 by physical
methods?
3. Which is the 2nd most abundant isotope of hydrogen, in what concentrations is it present relative to
Protium?
4. Which isotope of hydrogen is radioactive in nature? What is its half-life?
5. Why do isotopes of hydrogen have different rates of reactivity?
80
SUBTOPIC: PREPATION OF DIHYDROGEN, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES,

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND USES OF DIHYDROGEN
1. Write the methods by which dihydrogen can be prepared in laboratory.
2. Name the electrolytes which are used in preparation of dihydrogen via electrolytic process.
3. Which gas is produced when hot steam is allowed to pass through hydrocarbons? Also write the
complete chemical reaction for the process.
4. What are the uses of water gas?
5. Write the name of the process which is used to prepare water gas from coal.
6. Describe water gas shift reaction.
7. Tick mark the correct physical properties of dihydrogen:-
a) Colourless
b) Tasteless
c) Odourless
d) Soluble in water.
8. What are the ways in which hydrogen atom attains stability?
9. Which mononuclear diatomic molecule has the highest bond dissociation enthalpy?
10. What is the prerequisite condition for reactivity of all elements with a dihydrogen molecule?
11. Why is dihydrogen inert at room temperature?
12. Write the reaction of hydrogen with the following:-
81
13. Metal hydrides are formed when metals reacts with _____________. In this process the metals get
reduced.
14. Write the various uses of dihydrogen?
SUBTOPIC: HYDRIDES
1. On what basis hydrides are classified into ionic, covalent and metallic hydrides?
2. Which elements of alkaline earth metals along with all the elements of alkali metals form ionic
hydrides?
3. Tick the correct physical properties of ionic hydrides among the following: -
a) Metal hydrides are lighter than the corresponding elements
b) Their crystal structures show no directional bonding in lattices.
c) In fused state they do not conduct electricity
4. Which metal in group-1 does not form a purely ionic compound?
5. Write the chemical reaction of metal hydrides with water?
6. What type of metal hydrides will be formed when hydrogen will react with elements of resembling
electronegativity such as boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine? Give some examples of such
hydrides?
7. Classify molecular/covalent hydrides and define each one of them.
82
SUBTOPIC: WATER - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

1. What are the physical properties of water?
2. What is the reason for highest polarity of water among hydrides of group 16?
3. Why are ionic salts highly ionized in in water but covalent salts not?
4. What is the dielectric constant of water?
5. Give two examples of ionic salts which are not soluble in water.
6. What is the shape and bond angle of the water molecule?
7. In which shape does water crystallizes to ice at
8. Discuss amphoteric nature of water.
83
SUBTOPIC: WATER HARDNESS AND TREATMENT OF WATER
1. What do you mean by hardness of water? Discuss its different types.
2. Elaborate different treatments to remove temporary hardness.
3. Elaborate various methods to remove permanent hardness.
4. What is the chemical formula for:
5. Discuss ion exchange method in detail.
84
SUBTOPIC: HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

1. What is the molecular formula of hydrogen peroxide?
2. What are the important uses of H2O2 in
a) Pollution control?
b) Synthesis of chemicals?
3. Which fact is used for catalytic free radical mechanisms in organic chemistry?
4. Why is hydrogen peroxide stored in a wax lined glass bottle?
5. Enlist the physical properties of hydrogen peroxide.
6. What is the industrial process of producing hydrogen peroxide?
85
SUBTOPIC: HEAVY WATER
1. What is the difference between heavy water and water?
2. What are the uses of heavy water?
86
OPEN SUMMARY
87
S-BLOCK
ELEMENTS
Class 11 s-block elements Chemistry
SUBTOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO S-BLOCK ELEMENTS
1. Which groups make up the s-block elements?
2. Why are group 1 and 2 counted amongst s-block elements?
3. Which element of group-1 is radioactive?
4. Why do period-2 elements show anomalous behavior?
5. What is diagonal relationship?
6. Why do period-2 and period-3 elements show diagonal relationship?
7. Which is the 2nd most abundant isotope of hydrogen? In what concentration is it present relative to
protium?
8. Which isotope of hydrogen is radioactive in nature? What is its half-life?
9. Why do isotopes of hydrogen have different rates of reactivity?
89
SUBTOPIC: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKALI METALS
1. What is the crystal structure of Li and other group 1 elements?
2. What is trend of atomic radii and 1st ionization energy in group-1? Explain the reason for that trend.
3. What is the trend of electronegativity and conductivity in group-1? Explain the reason.
4. Why do period-2 elements show anomalous behavior?
5. Why does Li not show photoelectric effect?
6. What is the trend for the following in group-1: (Also give reasons).
7. What is hydration energy?
8. What is the trend of hydration energy in group-1? Give reason.
90
SUBTOPIC: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GROUP-1
1. Why are group-1 elements very reactive?
2. Why are alkali metals kept in kerosene?
3. What oxides do group-1 elements give with air?
4. How do group-1 elements react with water?
5. Explain the reactivity of group-1 elements with dihydrogen?
6. How do group-1 elements react with halogens?
7. Why are Lithium halides covalent in nature?
8. Explain the reaction of alkali metals with liquid ammonia?
9. Why are alkali metals reducing agents?
10. Why is Li the most powerful reducing agent?
91
SUBTOPIC: USE OF ALKALI METALS, SODIUM OXIDE
1. List down all the uses of Li.
2. List down all the uses of:
3. Write equations for preparation of Na2O.
4. List the important reactions related to Na20 mentioned.
92
SUBTOPIC: SODIUM HYDROXIDE, SODIUM PEROXIDE, SODIUM

CARBONATE, SODIUM BICARBONATE AND NaCl
1. In which cell is NaOH prepared?
2. Write down the uses of NaOH.
3. Explain the preparation of NaOH in the cell, with relevant equations.
4. List the reactions of Na2O2 mentioned.
5. Explain the Solvay process?
6. Write uses of Na2CO3.
7. Write the formula for baking soda.
8. How is baking soda prepared? Write its uses.
93
9. Write down the properties and uses of NaCl.
SUBTOPIC: PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF K2O, KOH, K2O2, KO2
1. Write preparation methods for potassium oxide?
2. How does K2O react with water?
3. How is KOH prepared?
4. Write down the properties and uses of KOH.
5. How are K2O2 and KO2 prepared?
6. List down properties of KO2.
94
SUBTOPIC: K2CO3, KHCO3, K2SO4 AND POTASH ALUM
1. How is K2CO3 prepared? Discuss all methods.
2. Write down properties and uses of K2CO3.
3. Explain preparation of K2SO4.
4. Write uses of K2SO4.
95
5. How is KHCO3 prepared? Also describe the heating effect.
6. Write the formula of Potash alum and general formula for Alums.
7. Write all methods used to prepare Potash alum.
8. List the properties and uses of Alum.
SUBTOPIC: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKALINE EARTH METALS
1. List the elements belonging to group-2.
2. What is the trend of atomic radii and 1 st ionization energy for group-2? Explain the reason for the
trend.
3. What is the trend of hydration energy in group-2? Give reasons.
96
4. What is the trend for lattice energy for group-2? Give reasons.
5. What is the trend for the following in group-2: (Also give reasons).
6. What is the trend for electronegativity?
7. How do Li and Mg resemble each other?
SUBTOPIC: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GROUP 2
1. Why does the reactivity of group-2 elements increase down the group? Compare this with group-1.
2. Explain the reactivity of alkaline earth metals with air.
97
3. How do group-2 metals react with water?
4. How do group-2 metals react with halogens?
5. Explain how group-2 metals react with hydrogen?
6. Why are group-2 elements good reducing agents?
7. Explain the reaction of alkaline earth metals with liquid ammonia?
8. How are halides of alkaline earth metals formed?
9. Explain properties of Be halides.
SUBTOPIC: BERYLLIUM HALIDES, CaO, Ca(OH)2 ,CaCO3
1. How are beryllium halides prepared?
2. Explain the structure of BeCl2 in vapor and solid states.
98
3. Write down the reactions of CaO listed.
4. Write down the formula of Nitrolim.
5. Write down the uses of slaked lime.
6. Write down uses of CaCO3.
7. How can CaCO3 be prepared?
SUBTOPIC: CaSO4, CEMENT
1. Describe heating effect of Gypsum.
99
2. What is the chemical name of plaster of Paris?
3. List the uses of plaster of Paris.
4. Describe heating effect of Calcium sulphate.
5. How is bleaching powder prepared? Write its general formula.
6. Mention the composition of cement.
7. How is cement obtained?
8. What are the ingredients of Portland cement?
SUBTOPIC: COMPOUNDS OF CALCIUM, USES OF ALKALINE EARTH

METALS
100
1. List down important compounds of Ca.
2. How does slaked lime turn lime water milky? Give reaction.
3. Write the equations for the reaction of Ca(OH)2 with chlorine at various temperatures.
4. List the uses of:
101
OPEN SUMMARY
102
Class 11 P-block elements Chemistry
This booklet given to you is for taking down pre-class notes as you watch the video. Keep filling
this sheet as the video proceeds. At the end of this session, you will have your notes ready. Also,
solve In Video Questions (IVQ), that you find while watching the video, in the designated
space.
SUBTOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO P-BLOCK ELEMENTS, PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES OF BORON FAMILY, CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BORON
FAMILY, BORON
1. What are P-block elements?
2. What is the general electronic configuration of 13 th group elements?
3. Why is the atomic radius of Gallium less than Aluminum?
4. What is the trend of density in group-13?
5. Why does gallium have exceptionally low melting point?
6. What is the trend of ionization enthalpy in group-13?
7. What is the trend of electronegativity in group-13?
8. What is the common oxidation state of 13th group elements?
9. What is inert pair effect?
10. Write the reactions involved when Boron reacts with air?
11. Write a note on the reactivity of group-13 with water?
12. Explain the amphoteric nature of Aluminum with suitable chemical reactions.
13. Explain the anomalous behavior of Boron.
14. What is allotropy? Explain allotropes of Boron.
15. Why does Boron not exist as ion in water?
Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd. 86


SUBTOPIC: BORAX, DIBORANE, ORTHOBORIC ACID, ALUMINIUM

CHLORIDE
1. How is Borax prepared from Tincal?
2. How is Borax prepared from Colemanite ore? Write reactions.
3. Write the reactions involved in the preparation of Borax from orthoboric acid.
4. What are the three forms of Borax?
5. What is the nature of aqueous solution of Borax?
6. Write a short note on Borax bead test.
7. List down uses of Borax.
8. Draw the structure of Diborane.
9. What is banana bonding?
10. Write down the reactions involved in preparation of Diborane.
11. How is potassium meta borate obtained from diborane?
12. What is known as inorganic Benzene and why?
13. What are the uses of Diborane?
14. Write the methods of preparation of Orthoboric acid.
15. Explain the acidic nature of Orthoboric acid.
16. Write the reactions involved in heating of orthoboric acid.
17. Describe the preparation methods of Aluminium Chloride.
18. Draw the dimeric structure of AlCl3.

SUBTOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO CARBON FAMILY, PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES, CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1. What are the 14th group elements?
2. What is the general electronic configuration of 14 th group elements?
3. What are the important isotopes of Carbon?
4. What is Silica? Explain the method of preparation of Silica.
5. Write the trend of atomic radii in group-14.
6. Write the trend of ionization enthalpy in group-14.
7. Write the trend of electronegativity in group-14.
8. Write the trend of metallic character in group-14.
9. Why does Carbon show strong catenation property?
10. What is the common oxidation state of 14th group elements?
11. Why is Pb(II) more stable than Pb(IV)?
12. Explain the nature of Oxides of 14 th group elements?
13. Why is PbF4 ionic in nature?
14. How does Si show more than four coordination number?
15. Explain the nature of Monoxide and Dioxide of group-14 elements.
16. Explain the reactivity of each group-14 elements towards water.
17. Explain the stability of dihalides and tetrahalides of group-14.

18. Why does the ionic nature of halides increase down the group?

SUBTOPIC: ALLOTROPES OF CARBON, CARBON MONOOXIDE, CARBON
DIOXIDE, CARBONIC ACIDS AND CARBONATES
1. What are the crystalline allotropes of Carbon?
2. Explain the structure of Diamond.
3. Write down uses of Carbon.
4. Draw and explain the structure of Graphite.
5. Why graphite can be used as lubricant?
6. Write uses of Graphite.
7. Write any four differences between Diamond and Graphite?
8. How are Fullerenes prepared?
9. Describe the structure of Buckminster Fullerene.
10. What are the amorphous allotropes of Carbon and how are they obtained?
11. What are water gas and producer gas and how are they obtained?
12. Describe the structure of CO?
13. List down the properties of CO.
14. Why CO should not be inhaled?
15. Write down the preparation methods of CO2.
16. Describe the structure of CO2.
17. List down the properties of CO2.
18. Write down the reaction involved in photosynthesis.
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19. What is dry ice? Write its uses also.
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19. List down the uses of CO2.
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SUBTOPIC: SILICA AND CARBORUNDUM, SILICATES, ORGANOSILICATE

COMPOUNDS, SILICONES, COMPOUNDS OF TIN, COMPOUNDS OF
LEAD
20. What are the crystalline forms of Silicon?
21. Draw and explain the structure of Silica.
22. Write the reactions of Silica with HF and NaOH.
23. Write down uses of Silica.
24. What is Carborundum? Write down its properties.
25. Draw structure of SiC and list down its uses.
26. What are Silicates? Draw the basic structure of Silicate.
27. How are Silicates classified?
28. Draw structure of Orthosilicate and mention their general formula with examples.
29. Draw the structure of Pyrosilicate and mention its general formula.
30. Write general formula of cyclic silicates. Draw the structure of it of three units.
31. What is the general formula of chain Silicates.
32. Write the general formula of 2-D Silicates.
33. What do you mean by Organosilicon compound?
34. What are Silicones? Explain the method for preparing Silicones.
35. What are the uses of Silicones?
36. Explain the reducing properties of Stannous Chloride.
37. What are the properties of Stannic Chloride?

38. Write any two methods for preparing Lead Monoxide.
Write down properties of PbO.

39. What are the different Oxides present in Pb 3O4?
Write down the formula of basic lead carbonate. List down its properties also.
91
OPEN SUMMARY
92
Class 11 Nomenclature of Organic compounds Chemistry
SUBTOPIC: INTRODUCTION
a.i.1. Who proposed the vital force theory?
a.i.2. Which was the first organic compound synthesized in the laboratory?
a.i.3. What is vinegar?
What is an organic compound?
94
SUBTOPIC: PROPERTIES OF CARBON
1. The electronic configuration of Carbon is:
2. The valency of Carbon is:
3. No. of bonds formed between the Carbon atoms in C 2 according to MOT are:
4. Quadruple bond is not possible. Why?
5. What is the hybridization of Carbon in:
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
95
SUBTOPIC: STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1. Draw the structural formula of C4H8O.
2. What is condensed formula? Explain with an example.
3. What is the bond line formula? Give an example.
4. What is the open form of an organic compound? Give an example.
5. Number of Sigma and Pi bonds present in:
96
SUBTOPIC: CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1. What are open chain and closed chain compounds? Give an example of each.
2. What are the types of cyclic compounds?
3. What are aromatic compounds? Give an example.
4. What is aromaticity?
5. What is Huckels rule? Give an example.
Explain the aromatic nature of Naphthalene.
97
SUBTOPIC: HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
a.i.1. What are Alkynes?
a.i.2. What is Homologous series? Give an example.
What is the homologue of CH3OH?
98
SUBTOPIC: NOMENCLATURE OF SATURATED HYDROCARBONS
1. The trivial name of CH3OH is:
2. The trivial name of HCOOH is:
3. Full Form of IUPAC is:
4. What do we mean by root word?
5. What is Suffix?
6. What is the significance of primary suffix?
7. What is the significance of secondary suffix?
8. Draw the structures of:
Isopentane Neopentane
9. What is Ethenyl group?
10. What do you mean by parent chain?
11. What is lowest locantrule? Explain with an example.
12. What is lowest sumrule? Explain with an example.
Draw the structure of 3-ethyl- 2,3-dimethyl Pentane.
99
13. Write the IUPAC name of
100
SUBTOPIC: NOMENCLATURE OF CYCLIC COMPOUNDS
1. What is the difference between open chain compounds and cyclic compounds?
2. Draw the structure of 1,3-dimethylcyclobutane.
3. Write the IUPAC name of :

H3C CH3
CH2CH3
4. Write the IUPAC names of the following compounds.
101
SUBTOPIC: NOMENCLATURE OF UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS
1. What is the IUPAC name of

CH2= CH CH2 CH = CH2

H2C= CH C CH = CH2
CH2
What is Vinyl group?
102
SUBTOPIC: NOMENCLATURE OF COMPLUNDS INVOLVING
FUNCTIONAL GROUP
1. What do you mean by functional group?
2. Write the suffix, prefix of the alcoholic group.
3. Write the IUPAC name of CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3.
4. Write the suffix of Aldehydes and Ketones.
5. What is the simplest possible Ketone?
6. What is IUPAC name of:
7. What is the IUPAC and common name of H 3C-CH2-CO-CH2-CH3?
8. What is the IUPAC name of the following.
CH3CH2-O-CH3
CH3COCl
HCOOCH3
CH3COOCH3
CH3CONHCH3
CH3-CH2-CO-O-CO-CH3
CH3CH2N(CH3)2
CH3CH2NC
103
9. Write the priority order of the functional groups?

CH3-CH(OH)-CH2-COOH.
104
SUBTOPIC: NOMENCLATURE OF SIMPLE AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

Toluene Chloro benzene
Naphthalene Anthracene

Benzyl chloride Phenol Benzal chloride

o-cresols m-cresols p-cresols
105
Catachol Salicylaldehyde
Benzo quinol Resoricinol
Anisole Picric acid
N-methyl benzamide
5. What are mono and di substituted aromatic compounds?
106
SUBTOPIC: NOMENCLATURE OF BICYCLO AND SPIRO COMPOUNDS
1. What are bridge head compounds?
2. Write the name of the following compounds.

a)
b)
c)
3. What are Spiro compounds?
4. Write the names of the following.
107
OPEN SUMMARY
words. Use any format you want: points, paragraphs etc.! But ensure that all the concepts covered
are included. Also note down any questions/doubts you have in the chapter.
108
Class 11 Isomerism Chemistry
space.
SUBTOPIC: INTRODUCTION, CHAIN ISOMERISM, POSITION

ISOMERISM,METAMERISM, FUNCTIONAL ISOMERISM
1. What is isomerism?
2. Explain the classification of isomerism.
3. What is chain isomerism?
4. What are the chain isomers of pentane?
5. What is position isomerism?
6. What are the position isomers of dichloro benzene?
7. What is metamerism? Give an example.
8. What are the metamers of the compound with the molecular formula C 4H10O?
9. What is functional isomerism?
10. What are the functional isomers of the compound with the molecular formula C 2H6O?
Define primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
110
SUBTOPIC: TAUTOMERISM, RING CHAIN ISOMERISM
1. What is tautomerism?
2. Explain keto-enol tautomerism with an example.
3. What are the factors determining the stability of tautomers? Explain with example.
4. What is ring chain isomerism?
5. What is the formula for degree of unsaturation?
6. What are the rules for calculating degree of unsaturation?
Calculate degree of unsaturation for C4H6. Also draw the structure of all possible isomers of C 4H6.
111
SUBTOPIC: CONFOROMATIONAL ISOMERISM, GEOMETRICAL
ISOMERISM
1. What is conformational isomerism?
2. Draw the Newmann projection of conformers of ethane. Name all the conformers.
3. What is dihedral angle?
4. Discuss the stability of conformers of ethane. Also explain with the help of graph.
5. Draw the Newmann projection of conformers of butane. Also discuss the stability with the help of
graph.
6. Why are cycloprpane and cyclobutane not stable?
7. Draw the conformers of cyclohexane.
8. Draw chair conformer of cyclohexane and show the axial and equatorial hydrogens.
9. Discuss the stability of conformers of cyclohexane? Draw the graph.
10. Why is free rotation not allowed around a double bond?
11. What is geometrical isomerism?
12. What are the conditions for geometrical isomerism?
13. Draw the geometrical isomers of but-2-ene.
14. Write the CIP rules.
Explain E-Z isomerism with an example.
112
OPEN SUMMARY
113
Class 11 Organic Chemistry Chemistry
space.
SUBTOPIC: INTRODUCTION, HOMOLYTIC AND HETROLYTIC CLEAVAGE,

ATTACKING SPECIES
1. What is bond fission?
2. What is homolytic bond fission?
3. What is heterolytic bond fission?
4. What are the conditions for homolytic and hetrolytic cleavage?
5. What are Electrophiles? Explain the types of Electrophiles with examples.
6. Why is NH4+ not an Electrophile?
What are Nucleophiles? Explain the types of Nucleophiles with examples.
115
SUBTOPIC: REACTION INTERMEDIATE-FREE RADICAL, REACTION
INTERMEDIATE-CARBOCATION, REACTION INTERMEDIATE-
CARBANION, REACTION INTERMEDIATE-CARBENE
1. What are free radicals? Explain the classification of free radicals.
2. Explain the order of stability of 1, 2 and 3 free radicals.
3. Explain the hybridization and structure of free radicals.
4. What is Carbocation? Explain the classification of Carbocations.
5. Explain the order of stability of 1, 2 and 3 carbocations.
6. What is the shape of Carbocation?
7. What is Carbanion? How is it formed?
8. Explain the order of stability of 1, 2 and 3 Carbanions.
9. Explain the structure of Carbanion.
10. Explain the structure of Carbene.
11. How are Carbenes formed?
12. Explain the types of Carbenes. Draw the structure of singlet and triplet Carbene.
13. Why the bond angle in triplet is more than singlet Carbene?
14. Why is triplet more stable than singlet Carbene?
15. What is Nitrene?
How is Nitrene formed?
116
SUBTOPIC: INDUCTIVE EFEECT, ELECTROMERIC EFFECT, MESOMERIC
EFFECT, HYPERCONJUGATION
1. What is inductive effect? What are the types of inductive effect?
2. Explain +I and I effect with examples.
3. What is electromeric effect?
4. Explain +E and E effect with examples.
5. What is the resonance effect?
6. Explain +R and R effect with examples.
7. What is resonance energy?
8. What is the hyper conjugation effect? Explain with an example.
9. How does the number of hyperconjugative structures affect stability?
10. Explain the hyperconjugative structures of Ethyl Carbocation.
11. Explain the stability of Carbocations based on hyper conjugation effect.
Explain the stability of Alkenes based on hyper conjugation effect.
117
SUBTOPIC: SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS, ADDITION REACTIONS,
ELIMINATION REACTIONS, REARRANGEMENT REACTION,
CONDENSATION REACTION, PERICYCLIC REACTION
1. What is a substitution reaction? Explain with an example.
2. Explain the types of substitution reactions with an example.
3. What is an addition reaction? Give an example.
4. What is an elimination reaction? Give an example.
5. Explain the types of elimination reactions.
6. What is a rearrangement reaction? Give an example.
7. Explain Wagner Meerwein rearrangement?
8. What is a condensation reaction?
9. What are pericyclic reactions?
What is the Diels Alder reaction? Give an example.
118
OPEN SUMMARY
119
Class 11 Hydrocarbons Chemistry
SUBTOPIC: ALKANES- INTRODUCTION
1. What are hydrocarbons?
2. Explain the classification of hydrocarbons.
3. What are saturated hydrocarbons? Give an example.
4. What are unsaturated hydrocarbons? Give an example.
What are aromatic hydrocarbons? Give an example.
121
SUBTOPIC: ALKANES- PREPARATION
1. What is the general formula of alkanes?
2. Explain catalytic hydrogenation reaction?
3. What are the catalysts used in catalytic hydrogenation?
4. What is Raney Ni ?
5. Why is it not ponilile to produce methane by catalytic hydrogenation reaction?
6. What is the Sabatier Senderens reaction?
7. What is the Wurtz reaction?
8. What is the Frankland reaction?
9. Why is water not used in Wurtz reaction?
10. Explain Corey House synthesis.
11. Explain the reaction of Grignard reagent with water.
12. Explain Kolbes electrolysis for the preparation of alkanes.
13. What is a decorboxylating agent?
How is alkane prepared by reduction of carboxylic acid?
122
SUBTOPIC: ALKANES- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1. How does the physical state of alkane change with number of Carbon?
2. Explain the trend of boiling and melting point of alkanes.
3. Why are alkanes more soluble in non-polar solvent?
4. Write Swarts reaction.
5. Explain the mechanism of chlorination of methane?
6. Explain the aromatization of alkanes.
What is isomerization.
123
SUBTOPIC: ALKENES- INTRODUCTION, PREPARATION
1. What is the general formula of alkenes?
2. On which factor does the stability of alkenes depends upon? Explain with an example.
3. Write dehydration of alcohol reaction and explain the mechanism of dehydration of alcohols.
4. Write the alternative methods for dehydration of alcohols.
5. What do you mean by following reaction? Explain the mechanism.
Dehydrohalogenation
Dehalogenation
124
6. What is the reactivity order of alkyl halides towards dehydrohalogenation?
7. Draw the structure of geminal and vicinal dihalides.
8. Explain the dehalogenation reaction of geminal and vicinal dihalides.
9. Write Kolbes electrolysis for the preparation of alkenes.
10. What is Lindlars catalyst?
11. Explain the controlled hydrogenation processes for preparation of alkene.
12. Write the reaction of copper alkyl with vinyl chloride.
What is Wittig reaction? Explain with an example.
125
SUBTOPIC: ALKENES- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1. How does physical state change with increasing number of carbons in alkene?
2. Why do alkenes have higher melting point than alkanes?
3. Why does trans have higher melting point than cis isomer?
4. What is the trend of boiling point with the increase in carbon numbers?
5. Compare the boiling points of cis and trans isomers.Explain.
6. Why is alkene more reactive than alkane?
7. Why does alkene undergo electrophilic addition reaction?
8. Explain the mechanism of halogenation reaction of alkene.
9. Explain Bromine-water test.
10. Explain the halohydrin reaction with mechanism.
11. Explain the addition of HBr on Propene.
12. Explain Markonikovs rule with an example.
13. Explain Peroxide effect with mechanism?
14. Why does HCl not show Peroxide effect? Explain.
15. Explain 1,2-hydride shift with an example.
16. Write the reaction of Ethane with water, H2SO4.
126
17. Explain oxymercuration and demercuration reaction with mechanism.
18. Explain Hydroboration reaction of propene with mechanism.
Write the reaction of Ethene with alkaline KMnO 4 and hot KMnO4.
126
19. Write the catalytic oxidation reaction of ethene.
20. Draw the structure of intermediate formed in Ozonolysis.
21. What is Ozonolysis?
22. Explain the insertion of methylene group into an alkene.
What is Polymerization?
127
SUBTOPIC: ALKYNES- INTRODUCTION, PREPARATION
1. What are Alkynes?
2. Why are alkynes less reactive than Alkenes?
3. What types of isomerism can be shown by Alkynes?
4. Explain the action of water on Calcium Carbide.
5. Explain the dehydrohalogenation and dehalogenation for the preparation of alkynes? Also discuss
the mechanism.
6. How can Alkynes be formed by alkenes?
7. How are alkynes are formed from tetrahalide?
8. Explain Synthesis of higher alkynes from lower alkynes.
9. Explain the formation of alkynes by Kolbes method.
10. Explain the dehalogenation of haloform for preparation of alkynes.
Explain Berthalots synthesis.
128
SUBTOPIC: ALKYNES- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1. Discuss the physical state, solubility, melting and boiling point of alkynes.
2. Explain the acidic nature of terminal alkynes.
3. Arrange water, ethyne and ammonia in decreasing order of acidity.
4. How would you distinguish terminal & non-terminal alkynes?
5. Explain the halogenation of alkyne. Write the reactivity order of halogen towards this reaction.
6. Explain the hydrogenation of alkyne.
7. Explain the addition of halogen acid in alkynes.
8. Discuss the addition of HOX in alkyne.
9. Explain the reaction of ethyne with water in the presence of sulphuric acid and mercuric sulphate.
10. Explain Ozonolysis, combustion & oxidation of alkynes with suitable reactions.
11. Explain polymerization of Ethyne.
Explain isomerization of alkyne.
129
SUBTOPIC: AROMATIC COMPOUNDS- INTRODUCTION, PREPARATION,
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1. What are the aromatic hydrocarbons?
2. What are the facts supporting resonance structure of Benzene?
3. What are ortho, meta and para?
4. Explain the resonance structures of Benzene.
5. Discuss the various preparation methods of Benzene and Benzene derivatives.
List down the physical properties of aromatic compounds.
130
SUBTOPIC: AROMATIC COMPOUNDS- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES,
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1. Why does Benzene not undergo electrophilic addition reaction?
2. Discuss the general mechanism of electrophilic substitution reaction.
3. Discuss the halogenation reaction of Benzene with the mechanism.
4. Explain the mechanism of sulphonation of Benzene.
5. Explain the mechanism of nitration of Benzene.
6. What are Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation?
7. Convert benzene into Acetophenone and Benzophenone.
8. Explain the chlorination of Benzene in the presence of sunlight.
9. Write ozonolysis reaction of Benzene.
10. Discuss oxidation of side chain in Benzene.
11. Explain Etards reaction.
12. What are o,p-directing groups? Give an example.
What are m-directing groups? Give an example.
131
OPEN SUMMARY
132
Class 11 Environmental Chemistry Chemistry
space.
SUBTOPIC: INTRODUCTION, OXIDES OF NITROGEN AND SULPHUR
1. What is environmental science?
2. What is pollution and pollutants?
3. What is Air pollution?
4. Define Primary pollutants with example.
5. Define secondary pollutants with examples.
6. What is tropospheric pollution?
7. What are the sources of Nitrogen oxides?
8. What do you mean by sink of NOX?
9. Discuss the harmful effects of NOX.
What are the sources of sulphur oxides?
134
SUBTOPIC: PARTICULATE POLLUTATNS, ACID RAIN
1. What are particulate pollutants?
2. Discuss Smoke, Mists, Fumes and Dust.
3. What do you mean by SMOG?
4. Define Classical SMOG. Why it is called reducing SMOG?
5. What is photochemical SMOG? How are they formed?
6. What are the two most dangerous substances in SMOG?
7. How is PAN formed?
8. Discuss the harmful effects of SMOG.
9. How do you control Photochemical SMOG?.
10. What do you understand by Acid rain?
11. What are the reactions involved in formation of HNO 3 and H2SO4.
12. Discuss harmful effects of Acid rain.
How is ozone layer formed?
135
SUBTOPIC: DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER
1. How is N2O responsible for ozone layer depletion?
2. How d0es CFC (Freons) act upon depletion of ozone layer?
3. List down the effects of depletion of ozone layer.
4. Why is ozone hole depletion happening more over Antartica?
What is Montreal protocol?
136
SUBTOPIC: WATER POLLUTION, LAND POLLUTION
1. What do you mean by water pollution?
2. Discuss the sources of water pollutants?
3. What do you mean by Biological oxygen demand and Chemical oxygen demand?
4. Why do you understand by land/soil pollution?
5. What are the major soil pollutants?
6. What does pesticide contain?
Discuss green house effect.
137
SUBTOPIC: GREEN CHEMISTRY
1. What do you mean by green chemistry?
2. How does green chemistry lead to sustainable ecosystem?
List down the twelve principles of green chemistry.
138
OPEN SUMMARY

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SUBTOPIC: NATURE OF MATTER, MEASUREMENTS AND SIGNIFICANT

1. Define element, compound and mixture.

2. Write SI unit of length, mass, time, electric current and temperature.

3. Explain the difference between precision and accuracy.

4. Explain significant figures.

5. Write down the rules for finding significant number.

6. Determine the significant no. in following numbers

1.01, 2.56, 2.560, 1.10, 43.

7. Write the number 123543 in scientific notation.

8. Add 1.2 x 105 and 2.8 x 107.

1. State the law of conservation of mass.

2. State the law of definite proportion/constant composition. Take one example.

3. State the law of multiple proportions. Explain with one example.

4. Explain Gay-Lussacs law with the help of an example.

5. Write Avogadros law with an example.

6. Differentiate between homoatomic and heteroatomic molecules with examples.

8. What is molecular mass? Also define formula mass.

9. Write Avogadros number.

10. What is a mole?

11. How many atoms will be there in 2 mole of X atoms?

12. How many moles of atoms will be present in 1 mole of O 3?

14. IVQ: Calculate the mass of :

1. IVQ: Calculate the mass percentage of each element in H2SO4.

2. IVQ: Calculate the mass percentage of each element in Na 2SO4.

3. Define empirical formula and molecular formula with some examples.

1. What do you mean by stoichiometric coefficients? Take one example.

3. IVQ:. Balance the chemical reaction: C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O.

SUBTOPIC: STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS, LIMITING REAGENT

1. Define limiting reagent.

2. IVQ: 3 g of H2 reacts with 29 g of O2 to yield H2O. Which is the limiting reagent?

3. IVQ: 50 Kg of N2 & 10 Kg of H2 are mixed to produce NH3.

1. Define solute and solvent.

2. What is molarity (M)?

3. Define molality (m). How it is different from molarity (M)?

4. Which depends on temperature: molarity or molality and how?

9. IVQ: Commercially available concentrated HCl contains 38% by mass.

2. What was Democritus' perspective on the composition of all matter?

3. What was ancient Indian perspective on matter?

10. What were the postulates given by Neils Bohr?

11. Explain the features of Bohr's model of the atom.

SUBTOPIC: HISTORY OF MATTER

1. What did Michael Faraday observe in the discharge tube experiment?

8. How were the neutral particles of the atom found?

SUBTOPIC: ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

4. Write down the characteristics of a wave.

5. Define the terms

ii. Wave number.

6. What do you understand by the term 'Electromagnetic Spectrum'?

8. What is an ideal black body?

10. What did the classical theory of EM radiations state?

11. What is the photoelectric effect?

14. Define the term 'Work Function'.

SUBTOPIC: NEILS BOHRS MODEL OF AN ATOM

2. What was Neils Bohrs proposition on the positioning of electrons in an atom?

3. What is an absorption spectrum?

4. Define the term emission spectrum.

5. Write down the postulates of Bohrs model of the atom.

6. Discuss the limitations of Bohrs model of the atom.

7. What is the Lyman series?

9. IVQ: Calculate the wavelength of limiting line of the Balmer series.

10. What do you understand by the term ionization energy?

11. IVQ: In the Rydberg equation a spectral line corresponds to n 1 = 3 and n2 = 5.

20. Explain the cause behind Heisenbergs uncertainty principle.