Majalah Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 27 No.

2 Agustus 2012: 131-141

Metamorphic Hosted Low Sulphidation Epithermal Gold System at

Poboya, Central Sulawesi: A General Descriptive Review
Sistem Emas Epitermal Sulfidasi Rendah dalam Batuan Metamorf di
Poboya, Sulawesi Tengah: Tinjauan Deskriptif Umum
Muhammad Farid Wajdi, STJ. Budi Santoso, Damar Kusumanto, and Sumardiman Digdowirogo
Bumi Resources Minerals, Wisma Bakrie 2, 15th Floor Jln. H.R. Rasuna Said Kav. B-2 Jakarta 12920
ABSTRACT Poboya Prospect is located in Block I of PT. Citra Palu Minerals Contract of Work
Generation VI, 12 km northeast of Palu City, Central Sulawesi. The prospect was discovered in 1993 by
Rio Tinto. It occurs on the east margin of a major pull-apart basin related to the Palu Koro sinistral strike
slip fault system that forms part of the Neogene Northern Sulawesi Island Arc. Mineralization at Poboya
is interpreted as a low sulphidation epithermal gold system hosted in/by metamorphic rock units. The vein
Zona system comprises a series of gently southwest dipping sheet-like, low sulphidation epith- ermal
quartz-carbonate vein Zona. Mineralised quartz-carbonate Au-Ag vein Zona shows epithermal textures
such as colloform-crustiform banding, bladed calcite pseudomorphs, chalcedonic quartz, to cocks comb
banded quartz with evidence of multiple fluid phases and brecciation. With no volcanics associated and
study on alteration assemblages, it is suggested that the best possibility for mineraliza- tion in this area
rests with the retrogressive chlorite stage which is likely to have generated its own hot water circulation
system as the heat source cooled. The extensive development of low to intermediate grade mineralization
Zonas associated with some minor banded chalcedonic quartz-carbonate stock- works with commonly
grey sulphide lines at the edge of the veinlets are regularly found adjacent to the main veins and
interpreted formed in the same (?) mineralization stage. Further more comprehen- sive exploration work
is required and now being undertaken by CPM to get better understanding of mineralization regard to
structure, validate the ore bodies model, and reliable resources estimation. Keywords: low sulphidation,
epithermal gold system, Poboya, Central Sulawesi
SARI Prospek Poboya terletak di Blok I Daerah Kontrak Kerja Generasi VI PT. Citra Palu Mineral, 12
km timur laut kota Palu, Sulawesi Tengah. Prospek itu ditemukan pada tahun 1993 oleh PT. Rio Tinto,
dan berada di tepi timur cekungan besar tarik-pisah yang berkaitan dengan sistem sesar mendatar
mengiri Palu-Koro yang membentuk bagian busur kepulauan Sulawesi Utara pada Neogen. Mineral-
isasi di Poboya ditafsirkan sebagai sistem emas epitermal sulfida rendah yang berinduk pada satuan
batuan metamorf. Sistem zona urat terdiri atas serangkaian zona urat karbonat-kuarsa epitermal sulfida
rendah berbentuk lembaran yang agak miring ke barat-daya. Zona urat Ag-Au termineralisasi
karbonat-kuarsa memperlihatkan tekstur-tekstur epitermal seperti colloform-crustiform banding, bladed
calcite pseudomorphs, chalcedonic quartz, hingga cocks comb banded quartz sebagai bukti adanya
fasa-fasa fluida berulang dan breksiasi. Ketidakhadiran asosiasi vulkanik dan studi tentang kekerabatan
alterasi, menunjukkan bahwa kemungkinan terbaik untuk mineralisasi di daerah ini ter- letak pada tahap
retrogresif klorit yang agaknya telah menghasilkan sistem sirkulasi air panas sendiri sebagai sumber
panas yang mendingin. Perkembangan zona-zona mineralisasi derajat rendah yang ekstensif hingga
menengah berkaitan dengan beberapa jaringan minor urat berupa banded chalcedonic quartz-carbonate
yang umumnya bergaris-garis sulfida abu-abu pada ujung-ujung urat-urat halus dan biasanya ditemukan
berdekatan terhadap urat-urat utama. Hal ini diinterpretasikan terbentuk dalam tahapan mineralisasi
yang sama. Selanjutnya, pekerjaan eksplorasi yang lebih komprehensif
Naskah diterima: 02 Januari 2012, revisi terakhir: 03 Agustus 2012, disetujui 06 Agustus 2012
131

Majalah Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 27 No. 2 Agustus 2012: 131-141

diperlukan dan saat ini PT. Citra Palu Mineral sedang melakukannya untuk mendapatkan pemaha- man
yang lebih baik mengenai mineralisasi dalam kaitannya dengan struktur, memvalidasi model tubuh bijih,
dan mengestimasi sumber daya yang terpecaya. Kata kunci: sistem emas epitermal sulfidasi rendah,
Poboya, Sulawesi Tengah
INTRODUCTION
PT Citra Palu Minerals Minerals (PT CPM) Contract of Work (CoW) is located in Su- lawesi,
Indonesia(Figure1),coveringare-tainedtotalcontractareaof138,889hectaresmadeupoffive
blocksinCentralSulawesiandoneblockinSouthSulawesi.BlockIwherethePoboyaoccurs,is
the focus of the exploration beside several regional and pros- pect scale exploration programs
undertaken by the company. Poboya isadministrativelysituatedinPaluTimurSubregency,Palu
Regency, Central Sulawesi Province.
REGIONAL GEOLOGICAL SETTING
Sulawesi is situated in the northern Indo- nesian archipelago that is associated with the
interaction complex of the Southeast Asian, Pacific, and Indian-Australian plates (Kavalieris et
al., 1992). The numerous oc- currences of several precious and base-metal porphyry and
epithermal mineralization in Sulawesi are associated with this tectonic setting. The eastern
margin of the South- east Asian Plate was involved in at least three major subduction events,
which has contributed to the evolution of Sulawesi. The earliest Early Cretaceous event (110
Ma) is represented by basement complexes preserved in southern and central Sulawesi
(Kavalieris et al.,1992).Thesecondmid-Oligoceneevent(28-31Ma)isattributedtoblueschist
and ophiolite complexes in Eastern Sulawesi(formingtheeastandsoutheastarmsoftheisland).
In Central Sulawesi, basaltic and andesitic volcanics of the Tinombo Formation, and potentially
132

coeval basaltic dykes, are also related to this subduction event. The third subduc- tion event
during the Lower Miocene (16 - 24 Ma) produced calc-alkaline magmatic intrusions and
associated porphyry and epi- thermal mineralization in North Sulawesi (Figure 2).
Carlile (1983) divides Sulawesi into two dis- tinct Zonas; eastern and western geological
Zonas.The western Zona is dominated by calc-alkaline volcanic and intrusive rocks of the
Miocene magmatic arc. The eastern Zona, including the east and southeast island arms, is
characterized by metasediments and ultrabasic units, and obducted ocean floor ophiolites,
predominantly related to the second event above. Thecompanysprojectareasarelocatedinthe
western Zona which include the north and south arms of the island and the neck of Sulawesi.
This Zona hosts several well mineralized porphyry Cu-Au, Mo-Cu and epithermal Au-Ag type
mineralizations. On regional scale, the deposition of gold mineralization at the Poboyaprospect
is likely to have been associated with the early history of the Palu Fault; a sinistral transfer fault.
HISTORY AND CURRENT EXPLORA- TION OVER THE BLOCKS
Prior to the 1990s, exploration of Central and Northern Sulawesi focussed on the po- tentialfor
porphyry copper-gold style min- eralization. The neck ofCentralSulawesiaroundPalureceived
little exploration attention as previous explorers considered that the active Palu-Koro fault
system and

 Metamorphic Hosted Low Sulphidation Epithermal Gold System at Poboya, Central Sulawesi: A General
Descriptive Review (M. F. Wajdi et al.)
120 o 121 o 120 o 121 o Block I
37.020 Ha
N
PT CITRA PALU MINERALS Block II
36.380 Ha Block III
5.009 Ha Block IV
28.420 Ha

Contact of Work Map

Block V Block VI
15.390 Ha 16.670 Ha 0 TOTAL PERMIT AREA
138.889 Ha
20 40 60 80 100
Author : MFW Date : 22'10/2011
Scale :1:1,500,000
Kilometers
Drawn : EAP
Ofice : Palu
Revised : Date :
Ow9 tt< >- R1-11102201
WGS 84 Enetno
Figure 1. Tenement location map of PT. Citra Palu Minerals CoW areas.
133

Majalah Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 27 No. 2 Agustus 2012: 131-141

134
119,5 o 120 o 120,5 o 121 o 121,5 o 122 o N
0 10 20 40 60 80
km
PT CITRA PALU MINERALS
Contract of Work Regional Geology
Figure 2. Regional geological map of northern and central parts of Sulawesi (Sukamto et al. 1973, and Ratman
1976).

apparent absence of any related volcanic activity made this area less favourable.
However in 1992, Rio Tinto undertook re- gional bulk leach extractable gold (BLEG) Au/Ag
sampling across accessible areas of Central Sulawesi and identified the Poboya area for
follow-up sampling, based on a 27ppbAu,51ppbAgBLEGanomaly.ThePoboyaProspectwas
discovered in 1993, when a large clay alteration area was outlined and quartz vein outcrops in
the Palu river valley were chip sampled returning highly elevated gold gradesincluding55mat
47 ppm Au and 115 m at 15 ppm Au.
LEGEND Age
Rock Unit Recent
Alluvium Pliocene - Pleistocene
Molasse L Miocene - E. Pliocene
Lariang Bone - Bone Sediments ? Pliocene
Garnet - Peridote Upper Miocene - ? Pliocene
High - K - Diorite and Syenite ? Pliocene
Lempelero Ukn Potassic Volcanics Upper Miocene - ? Pliocene
Dendo Kamarora Intrusives Upper Miocene - ? Pliocene
Ongka Volcanics U. Oligocene - M. Miocene
Wobodu Breccia Middle Late Miocene
Talaya - Tineba Rampi Volcanics Eocene Oligocene
Papayato Volcanics M. Eocene - U. Oligocene
Tinombo Formation Upper Cretaceous
Lamojang Formation Cretaceous
Toboli Metamorphics Cretaceous
Pompangeo Metamorphics River Fault Thrust Fault Contrack of Work
119,5 o 120
o 120,5 o 121 o 121,5 o 122

o Summary of what have already been under- taken are:

 Ground magnetic and orientation induced polarisation (IP) surveying in 1993.
Evaluation of the Palu mineralization with 11 diamond drill holes completed for 2.861m in
1996. Additional mapping, sampling and ground magnetic surveying were also carried out.
A 22 diamond drill holes campaign to- talling
4494 m, were carried out in 1998, leading to preliminary resource estimations for the Poboya
mineralization.
Block II
Block VI
Block I
Block III
Block IV
Block V

 Metamorphic Hosted Low Sulphidation Epithermal Gold System at Poboya, Central Sulawesi: A General
Descriptive Review (M. F. Wajdi et al.)

Controlled source audio-magneto tel-

POBOYA PROJECT luride (CSAMT) surveying
was also conducted over the Poboya Prospect,
Location and Property Background
with 18 lines totalling 27 km collected).
Poboya Prospect is located in Block I of PT This
survey resulted some highly poten-
CPM CoW Generation VI, 12 km northeast tial for
such mineralization type down
of Palu, Central Sulawesi. In general, Cen- dip from
the existing Zona.
tral Sulawesi forms a thin north-south trend-
Since Bumi legally took control PT CPM, the company has conducted several explora- tion
activities. These include:
Relogging of the Poboya drilled holes
ing mountain range with rugged topography and elevations ranging from 1470 to 1764 m above
sea level. Steep, short rivers directly flow into the ocean. in Block I; for better understanding of
lithology, alteration, and mineralization at Poboya prospect.
Light Detected and Ranging (LIDAR) surveying in over area of the Block I and IV, to get an
accurate elevation and topography contouring.
Desktop study on the deposit including resource calculation and come up with more
conservative numbers than the one claimed by previous company.
Induced Polarization survey (IP) cover- ing epithermal gold prospect Anggasan in Block IV.
Follow up ground mapping, grid soil sampling in Block IV and V.
Regional surface geology mapping and
The prospect was discovered by Rio Tinto in 1993, explored and drill tested in 1994, 1996, and
1998. Rio Tinto decided to divest the project in 1999 and Newcrest Mining put forward a
proposal to purchase PT CPM hopeful that it could gain access for both ex- ploration and future
mining. However, New- crest also divested the project in late 2004 due to the concentration of
the resouces to the new discovery in Halmahera, having completed very limited exploration,
none of which was associated with the Poboya Prospect. PT. Bumi Resources Tbk, lately
converted to PT Bumi Resources Minerals Tbk (Bumi) acquired the project at this time and is
 now seeking to advance exploration. geochemistry sampling over Block I, II, IV and V.
Geology
While the systematic resource and reserve delineation drilling campaign at Poboya was started
on early September 2011 and is planned to be completed in the mid 2012.
The Poboya Prospect is located on the east margin of a major pull-apart basin related to the
Palu-Koro sinistral strike-slip fault sys- tem that forms part of the Neogene Northern Sulawesi
island arc (Kavalieris et al., 1992). This basin and associated infilled with mo-
METHODOLOGY
lasse-style conglomerates largely occurs to the southeast of Palu, possibly related to the This
paper is the result of a review and evaluation of the data that has been available
termination of a releasing bend in the fault system (Marten, 1999). The local geology is since the
prospect of Poboya was discov-
complex, represented by the Tinombo For- ered.
The data used comes from a variety
mation sediments and metavolcanics to the of
field activities and laboratory analysis;
west of vein and gneissic and metamorphic
mapping of alteration / mineralization, geo-
rocks of the Toboli Complex to the east.
chemical analysis and geophysical analysis,
Structural observations interpreted that the and
drilling program.
the Poboya vein system formation is along
135

Majalah Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 27 No. 2 Agustus 2012: 131-141

gently SW dipping normal fault that most likely formed in the transtensional stress regime
associated with the opening of the Gulf of Palu. The fault is interpreted to be postdated the
mineralization event.
Mineralization at Poboya is interpreted as a low sulphidation epithermal system hosted in/by
metamorphic rock units. The vein system was formed within a north- northwesttrendingbeltof
Toboli meta- morphic rocks to the east of the Palu Fault. The Toboli Complex comprises
gneissic and metamorphic rocks, including biotite gneisses intercalated with schists.Thesehave
been intruded by granodiorite, feld- spar porphyry, and monzonite toformthebasement(Figure
3) which makes up the highlandsalongthespineofthenorthernarmofSulawesi(Muhardjoand
Kaschul, 1999). The prospect itself is interpreted to be located close to the base of the uplift
essen- tially at the molasse unconformity (Figure 4). Clastsofveinmaterialarenotedwithinthe
molasse suggesting mineralization is
136

at least in most part, pre-molasse in timing (Marten,1999).Interestingly,thePoboyaProspectis

notable in its absence of volca- nic or sub-volcanic rocks that are normally closely associated
with epithermal systems. Instead the vein Zona, which do show clas- sical low-sulphidation
epithermal textures, are generally hosted by biotite gneiss, fore- most in lithology contact Zona
with schist as underlie rock (Figure 5). The Poboya vein Zona system comprises a series of
gently southwest dipping sheet-like, low sulphida- tion epithermal quartz-carbonate vein Zona.
Our current relogging over historic drill holes concluded with general agreement with the
geology interpreted of previous workers particularly related to alteration and mineralization.
Moreover, beside the better known LS epithermal highly mineralized main quartzveinfromthe
re-loggingweidentifiedquiteextensivedevelopmentoflowtointermediategrademineralization
Zonas associated with some minor banded chalcedonic quartz-carbonate stockworks Zona with
commonly grey sulphide lines at
826000 827000 828000 829000
N
0 250 500 1,000 M
Gravels & sands Gravels, sand & muds Molasse Hydrothermal Breccia Reef Granodiorite Clay altered rock
Porphyroid Rock Biotite schist & amphibolite Fault Landslide River Tahura Boundary Drill Hole CSAMT Resistivity
Poboya Prospect Interpretative Geology and Drill Hole Location
Figure 3. Poboya geological interpreted map (modified from RTI).
Legend
Monzonite
826000 827000 828000 829000

20.0 to 30.0 30.0 to 40.0 40.0 to 50.0 50.0 to 75.0 75.0 to 100.0 >= 100.0
Figure 5. Typical cross section of mineralization at Poboya prospect.

the edge of the veinlets (Figure6).Theminorveinsandveinletsareintherangeof1cmto5cm

in thickness and 0.60 g/t to 3.8 g/t gold
in grade. The Zonas are commonly found/ mapped adjacent to the main veins.TheZonascould
reach up to 20 meters beyond
Figure 4. Photograph of Palu discovery outcrop, showing multiple phases of quartz veining, silicification, and
brecciation at Poboya River.
Metamorphic Hosted Low Sulphidation Epithermal Gold System at Poboya, Central Sulawesi: A General
Descriptive Review (M. F. Wajdi et al.)
Legend
Lithology :
Borehole Lithology :
Assays : Vein
Alluvial
< 0.0 Gneiss
Fault Breccia
0.0 to 1.0 Vein
Vein
1.0 to 4.0 Gneiss
Gneiss
4.0 to 7.0 Schilst
Hydrothermal Breccia
7.0 to 10.0 Fault Breccia
Mollase
10.0 to 20.0 Monzonite Schist
137

Majalah Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 27 No. 2 Agustus 2012: 131-141

138
DD96PA02 (119-120 cm) GRADE Au 0.95 ppm
3
1
6
DD96PA02 (120-121cm) GRADE Au 24-3 ppm
4
No.
Core Photo
DD96PA02 (116 - 117 cm) GRADE Au 0.69 ppm
2
5
Figure 6. Textures and mineralization showing at Poboya.
bladed-massive
DD96PA02 (117 - 118 cm) GRADE Au 0.63 ppm
DD96PA02 (122-123 ppm GRADE Au 0.56 ppm
DD96PA02 (120-125 cm) GRADE Au 2.5 ppm
Bladed within weakly banded
Stockworks
Bladed within weakly banded
Banded (Crustiform- colloform-bladed)
Banded (crustiform- colloform)-bladed
Description Texture
Au mineralization associated with bladed-weakly banded quartz- carbonate vein and stockworks set in silisified monzonite.
Au mineralization associated with quartz-carbonate stockworks, shown weakly banded quartz-carbonate vein, locally found
multiphase veining. Chloritised shist as wallrock.
Au mineralization associated within chalcedonic quartz-carbonate stockworks, locally found grey sulphide line at the edge of
veinlet, sets in altered gneiss.
Au high grade mineralization associated with banded chalcedonic quartz - carbonate vein, show strong grey sulphide line at the
edge of vein. Note locally found multiphase veining.
Au high grade mineralization associated with banded chalcedonic quartz- carbonate vein, dominantly composed by quartz (70%),
shown strong grey suphide line at the edge of vein.
Au mineralization associated with bladed quartz-carbonate vein and weak stockworks, note show weak grey sulphide at the edge
of veinlet. Altered gneiss as wallrock.

 Metamorphic Hosted Low Sulphidation Epithermal Gold System at Poboya, Central Sulawesi: A General
Descriptive Review (M. F. Wajdi et al.)

the main vein and preliminarily interpreted

magmatic processes in the intrusive formed
in the same mineralization stage but
host rocks. In all of the samples, this is
could probably otherwise. There is no clear
postdated by the development of contact
crosscutting relationship between those two
metamorphism; the samples show the and no
specific dating undertaken to date.
development of strain fabrics, shear- ing, and mineralogies typical of contact Alteration
metamorphism. This sees the formation
Petrology study (Lan Zhang and Ray Mer- chant, 1996) outlined the summary which are:
Four samples from one diamond drill- hole into the Palu prospect, Central Sulawesi were
studied (Figure 7)
139 at 87.2 m of epidote, of allanite at 101.8 m, of garnet +
allanite at 103.35 m, and of garnet + allanite + sphene at 117.3 m. This variation downhole
suggests that the hole is drilled towards the source of the contact metamorphism.
The prograde mineralogies are in most part replaced by retrogressive epidote and then
retrogressive chlorite reflect- A
ing cooling of the system. Later stages see the development of relatively strong veining
consisting of quartz + chlorite + pyrite, and later calcite, chabazite, and chlorite-smectite.
It is proposed that the area was the site of original potassic intrusion and that there original
subsequent reintrusion; this rein-
B
trusion contact metamorphosed the older intrusives creating both prograde and then retrograde
assemblages. This gave rise to retrograde observed replacement series of garnet-epidote
-chlorite-calcite.
It is suggested that the best possibility for mineralization in this area rests with the retrogressive
chlorite stage which is likely to have generated its own hot wa- Figure 7. Photograph of quartz
monzonite with
ter circulation system as the heat source albitisation
of plagioclase, development of epidote
 cooled. The presence of quartz in this in wispy
fractures chlorite and garnet in vein (A); Showing the quartz monzonite with creamy white albite replacement of
plagioclases, garnet, epidote, and chlorite are in crosscutting fractures (B).

assemblage is testimony to the develop- ment of an aqueous system and, at the likely lower
temperatures of this phase of the evolution, epithermal/ mesothermal
At the top of the hole, the rock is a quartz pyroxene monzonite and the three other samples
downhole are mafic poor quartz
mineralization could well have developed in the fracturing of this generation, clearly evident in
these samples.
monzonites
The rocks have undergone an early al-
Mineralization bitisation which is well developed
and
The main mineralization is hosted within probably
relates to the deuteric or late
a biotite gneiss. Surface alteration is not

Majalah Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 27 No. 2 Agustus 2012: 131-141

well documented due to cover sequence of molasse obscuring much of thesurfaceprojectionof

the prospect. Several vein Zona areas are described termed the Hill Zona and RiverZonas,they
are:
Hill Vein Zona 1, strike length 2.5 km, apparent width up to 200 m.
River Vein Zona, located 500 m south of Hill Vein Zona 1 comprising two quartz vein Zonas.
Hill Vein Zona 2, located 1.2 km north- east of Hill Vein Zona 1,withstrikelengthof1.5km
and slightly steeper dip.
Mineralised quartz-carbonate Au-Ag vein Zona shows epithermal textures such as
colloform-crustiform banding, bladed cal- cite pseudomorphs,chalcedonicquartz,tocockscomb
banded quartz with evidence of multiple fluid phases and brecciation (Figure 7). Gold
mineralization is interpreted to be hosted within bladed and banded chalced- ony
quartz-carbonate veins with variable thickness ranging from 1cm to >10 m and having a wide
range of orientations (Figure 4) and grade. Mineralizationtexturesandmineralogyaretypicalof
low-sulphidation epithermal systems with elevated Ag, Sb (antimony), and As (arsenic) levels
and low base metal values.
Gold occurs as anhedral crystalsupto50micronsinsizeandasinclusionsinpyrite.Preliminary
metallurgical testwork was un- dertaken by Rio Tinto, 1997 and the results indicated that there
was general agreement between metallurgical and geological assays carbon in leach Au
recoveries varied from 63 to 94%, with six of the 13 composites achieving Au recoveries >85%.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
The deposit characteristics of Poboya Pros- pect indicate the vein formed at low tem- perature
and near netral pH condition, typi-
140

cally of low sulphidation epithermal deposit. Structurally, Palu-Koro Fault has formed a host
structure and fluid conduits (pathways) for the mineralization. Metamorphic rocks of Toboli
Formation is the dominanthostrockofmineralization.ThemineralisedZonaisas-sociatedwith
quartz-carbonate vein and vein breccia within dominantly banded, chalche- donic, and bladed
textures. The vein contains multiple episode of quartz-carbonate phase.
With no volcanics associated and study on alteration assemblages, it is suggested that the best
possibilityformineralizationinthisarearestswiththeretrogressivechloritestagewhichislikely
to havegenerateditsownhotwatercirculationsystemastheheatsourcecooled.Thepresenceof
quartz in this as- semblage is evident to the development of an aqueous system at the likely
lower tempera- tures of this phase of the evolution which in this environment of
epithermal/mesothermal mineralization could well have developed in the fracturing of this
generation
Significant additional potential in Poboya could be represented by the extensive devel- opment
of low to intermediate grade miner- alization Zonas associated with some minor banded
chalcedonic quartz-carbonate stock- works Zona with commonly grey sulphide linesattheedge
of the veinlets. The Zonas are commonly found/mapped adjacent to the main veins and
preliminarily interpreted formed in the same mineralization stage but could probably otherwise.
Further comprehensiveexplorationworkisrequiredtogetbetterunderstandingofmineralization
regard to structure, validate the ore body model, and reliable resources estimate.
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
May thanks to CPM management for use and publish the internal data, all of personnel at Block I who

 Metamorphic Hosted Low Sulphidation Epithermal Gold System at Poboya, Central Sulawesi: A General
Descriptive Review (M. F. Wajdi et al.)
have contributed and assisted in providing informa-
Muhardjo and Kaschul, 1999. Central Sulawesi Con- tion
and for all of my colleagues for the discussion
tract of Work. Report on Geology and Exploration and
support.
of the Palu Prospect. Rio Tinto Internal Company Report by HP, dated September 1999. Volume I and II only. Rio
Tinto, unpublished. REFERENCES
Puhle, E., 1997. Palu Carbon in Leach Metallurgical
Carlile, J.C., 1983. Geology, Exploration Geochem-
Testwork. Rio Tinto Internal Company Report byRio istry
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Tinto, dated August 1997,unpublished. Sulawesi,
Indonesia.
Sillitoe, R.H., 1997. Characteristics and Controls of
Kavalieris I, van Leeuwen, TM., and Wilson, M.,
the Largest Porphyry Copper-Gold and Epithermal 1992.
Geological setting and styles of mineraliza-
Gold Deposits in the Circum- Pasific Region. Aus- tion,
north arm of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of
tralian Journal of Earth Sciences, 44, p. 373-388.
Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 7, p. 113-129.
SRK Consulting, 2007. Geological Review Explo-
Marten, B.E., 1999. Report on a visit to the Palu
ration Project in Sulawesi Indonesia. Confidential
Prospect, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. In : Rio Tinto,
report to PT Citra Palu Minerals. Structural study of 1999.
Central Sulawesi of Contract Work. Report on
the Palu Gold Prospect, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Geology and Exploration of the Palu Prospect. Rio
Confidential report to CRA Exploration Pty Limited.
Tinto Internal Company Report by HP, Muhardjo and N Kaschul, dated September 1999.
141