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Brewing Yeast
Brewing Yeast
Yeast Appearance
Yeast Structure
Yeast Reproduction
Yeast Nutrition
Yeast Flavour Production
Selecting Yeast for Fermentation
Genetic Characteristics
Brewing Yeast
Brewing Yeast
Brewing Yeast
A Brewers Yeast CV
Name: Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
Age: circa 1000 million years
Size: circa 5 by 8m
Experience: 5000 years of
brewing (fermentation)
Marital status:single
Qualifications: good at making
ethanol
Brewing Yeast
Yeast Appearance
Brewing Yeast
Yeast Cytology
KEY:
BS Bud Scar
N Nucleus
ER Endoplasmic Reticulum
F Filament
G Golgi Body
I Invagination of the
plasmalemma
L Lipid Granule
M Mitochondria
Mt Thread like Mitochondrion
N Nucleus
Nc Centriolar Plaque
Nm Nuclear Membrane
Nu Nucleolus
P Plasmalemma
PG Polymetaphospahte
Granules
V Vacuole
W Cell Wall
Brewing Yeast
Cell Functions
Cell wall:
multifunctional organelle of protection, shape, cell
interaction, reception, attachment, and specialised
enzyme activity
- 15-25% dry weight of cell, comprising 31%
phosphomannan and 29% glucan
Plasma membrane:
- Acts as a barrier to separate internal and external of cell
- Equal amounts of lipid and protein and a small amount
of carbohydrate
- Role in regulating uptake of nutrients and excretion of
metabolites
- Site of cell wall synthesis
Brewing Yeast
Cell Functions II
Nucleus:
- Roughly spherical and 2m in diameter
- Contains 16 linear chromosomes
- Nuclear membrane is perforated at intervals with pores
Mitochondria:
- Round or elongated structures with two distinct
membranes
- Cristae within the mitochondria are formed by the
folding of the membrane
- Most enzymes for the TCA cycle are present in the
matrix
- Enzymes involved in electron transport and oxidative
phosphorylation are associated with the inner membrane
Brewing Yeast
Cell Functions III
Vacuole:
- Part of the intramembranous structure
- Mature cells contain large vacuoles which fragment into
small vesicles when bud formation is initiated
- Contain proteases and hydrolases an are a store of
amino acids
Endoplasmic Reticulum:
- Sometimes covered with Ribosomes
- Rough ER produces and stores proteins
- Main functions are to partition the cytoplasm, provide a
relatively large surface area for metabolic reactions, and
to act as an active transport system for conveying
materials in and out the cell
Brewing Yeast
Cell Functions IV
Golgi Body:
- Appears as a set of closely-packed, parallel curved pockets
- Forms glycoproteins
Lysosomes:
- Digest materials made in the cell or brought into the cell
- In old cells enzymes released by lysosomes cause autolysis
Ribosomes:
- Small dense, spherical bodies containing protein and RNA
- Synthesise proteins
Brewing Yeast
Yeast Structure
Brewing Yeast
Budding Yeast Reproduction
Brewing Yeast
Stages of Yeast Growth and Budding
Yeast growth - cell numbers
Brewing Yeast
Yeast - nutritional requirements
Brewing Yeast
Yeast Nutrition
Sugars Heat
(Melibiose)
Energy Waste products
Nitrogen (Alcohol & Carbon dioxide)
(amino acids)
Flavour compounds
Initial Oxygen
Vitamins and
Mineral ions
Brewing Yeast
Genetic Tests for Typing Yeast
Strains
DNA Fingerprinting
This method uses hybridization with a DNA probe which
allows identification of specific DNA fragments. The result is
a pattern or profile, resembling a bar code, which is
characteristic for each yeast strain.
Karyotyping
This is an electrophoretic technique that separates whole
chromosomes based on their different sizes.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
This is an in vitro method for amplifying very small
amounts of selected nucleic acids by several orders of
magnitude over a very short period of time. This technique
permits the detection of specified DNA fragments by
making multiple copies.
Brewing Yeast