M5QA Journal Version 1.

0 July 2017

Modelling and Analysis in the Correlation of Ni-Cr, Mn-S

and Mn-Si Ratios to the Tensile and Yield Strengths of
Grade 415W Rebars of Billet 2382
Lisondra, Arniel Vhien A.
arniel.lisondra@g.msuiit.edu.ph
Bachelor of Science in Metallurgical Engineering
Mindanao State University Iligan Institute of Technology

Abstract

Chemical analysis of reinforcing bars in Steel Asia Davao was made to ascertain standard chemical ratios
for observing its effect on the mechanical properties. A universal testing machine (UTM) was used to determine the
tensile, and yield strengths of the samples, in newton per square millimetre. In the case of chemical composition, an
optical emission spectrometer (OES) was used to take direct readings. All the bars showed conspicuous presence of
vital alloying minerals such as Mn, Ni, Cr and etc that have been indicated by PNS 49:2002 as strength and
coefficient of weldability determinants. The nickel-chromium, manganese-silicon, and manganese-sulphur ratios
were acquired. These three chemical ratios were then correlated to the behaviour of the bars mechanical properties.

Introduction Materials

Reinforcing bars plays a key role as a Ten sample reinforcing bars: 700 850 mm
construction material whose properties must be Knitted gloves
known to the users before application in either design Steel tongs
or construction purposes. Philippine National Steel ruler
Standard and American Society for Testing and Digital calliper
Materials have many codes and have specified limits Weighing balance
on the properties of reinforcing bars and its testing
procedures amongst others. Reinforcing bars tests in Equipments
most construction sites have been restricted to tensile
and bend tests with little or no information about Blower (Three Speed Portable)
chemical composition as they relate to the structural Universal Testing Machine (Shimadzu)
performances of the bars. This research is aimed at Optical Emission Spectrometer (Spectromaxx)
the determination of the chemical ratios which are
seldom specified and checked. The research is also to Methodology
enlighten any industry on the need to properly
examine these ratios as these may affect the A total of ten (10) samples were brought
mechanical behaviour of the rebars. A part from fresh from the Production Area to the Quality
igniting the curiosity and further research into Assurance Department. The samples were fed to a
controls during steel manufacturing process, the blower for a few minutes to accelerate the bar
study will assist in having a clearer understanding of temperature drop. The lengths and weights of the
the place of steel composition in engineering works samples were measured after. A universal testing
and its suitability for various applications. machine (UTM) of Shimadzu brand was used for the
mechanical testing. The specimens were subjected to
loading until breakage and subsequently, results were
Analysis on the Correlation of Standard Chemical Ratios to the Mechanical Properties of Reinforcing Bars in Steel Asia Davao. Lisondra, A.V.A.
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 M5QA Journal Version 1.0 July 2017

recorded. Afterwards, the ruptured bars were safely OES sampling length: >3MM
cut and ground into dimensions with
diameter>13mm, width>13mm, and length>3mm for Table 1. Mechanical Properties
the chemical analysis which was carried out by the
optical emission spectrometer (OES) of Spectromaxx Sample TS YS EL Elongation, %
brand. No samples produced a bad burn, thus, there 1 596.839 464.521 22175.2 18.815
was none subjected to re-grind or re-sampling and so 2 589.954 456.513 27370.7 16.085
results were recorded effectively. 3 585.829 459.412 34943.9 20.345
4 581.243 454.993 14610.2 18.025
5 587.193 454.675 18211.3 20.765
Sample Preparation for Physical and 6 589.837 457.574 13480.3 18.860
Mechanical Testing
7 589.809 456.832 12173.0 17.375
8 591.055 458.055 10482.1 22.875
9 585.701 455.033 17925.3 19.315
10 590.490 458.441 40010.6 19.330
Physical Testing, i.e. Weight and Length
Checking
Table 1 shows the reading from the UTM.
Note that the tensile and yield strengths along with
the elastic limits were read in units of N/mm.

Mechanical Testing via UTM Table 2. Chemical Composition, %

Sample C Si Mn P
1 0.3230 0.2020 0.6070 0.02600
2 0.3290 0.1990 0.6120 0.02600
3 0.3170 0.1810 0.7070 0.03300
Sample preparation for Chemical Analysis 4 0.3110 0.1820 0.6090 0.03500
5 0.3100 0.1850 0.6050 0.03300
6 0.3200 0.1950 0.6020 0.02400
7 0.3140 0.1960 0.6050 0.02400
8 0.3110 0.1980 0.6020 0.02600
Chemical Analysis via OES 9 0.3210 0.1790 0.7110 0.03300
10 0.3350 0.1940 0.6210 0.02700

Sample S Cr Ni Mo
Data Analysis 1 0.0213 0.0208 0.0089 0.00115
2 0.0213 0.0215 0.0092 0.00095
3 0.0348 0.0185 0.0079 0.00080
Figure 1. Process flow sheet
4 0.0254 0.0273 0.0089 0.00095
5 0.0244 0.0292 0.0098 0.00095
Results and Discussion 6 0.0194 0.0207 0.0094 0.00095
7 0.0190 0.0227 0.0092 0.00090
I. Notes and Equipment Readings 8 0.0205 0.0199 0.0090 0.00090
9 0.0342 0.0188 0.0075 0.00060
The following are the findings of the experiment: 10 0.0206 0.0207 0.0086 0.00080
Grade: PNS 415W
Batch length: 16MM
UTM sampling length: 700 850MM
OES sampling diameter, and width: >13MM

Analysis on the Correlation of Standard Chemical Ratios to the Mechanical Properties of Reinforcing Bars in Steel Asia Davao. Lisondra, A.V.A.
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of these ratios to the mechanical properties of

Sample Cu V Ca Co reinforcing bars.
1 0.0084 0.0022 0.0013 0.00815
2 0.0076 0.0011 0.0017 0.00725 II. Correlation Analysis
3 0.0052 0.0032 0.0007 0.00795
4 0.0084 0.0016 0.0012 0.00690 With help from Minitab18 software,
5 0.0086 0.0014 0.0011 0.00685 regression and variance analysis was formulated to
6 0.0076 0.0015 0.0011 0.00715 provide comprehension of the relationship of
7 0.0076 0.0015 0.0012 0.00705 chemical ratios to the bars mechanical properties.
8 0.0073 0.0016 0.0010 0.00680 The statistical test was divided to different categories
9 0.0052 0.0030 0.0013 0.00760 namely A, and B; given as tensile strength, the other
10 0.0077 0.0014 0.0019 0.00700 as yield strength. TS and YS readings are in N/mm.

Table 2 shows the reading that was recorded A. Tensile Strength

from the OES. The iron content was on the average
98.68%. Moreover, note that the other contents were A.1 TS versus Ni/Cr
not indicated in this study for these elements gave
very least traces. With the following equation the The regression equation
TS = 564.0 + 60.77 Ni/Cr
carbon equivalence of each sample was determined:
Model Summary
%Mn %Cu %Ni %Cr %Mo %V
CEQ = %C + + + + S R-sq R-sq(adj)
6 40 20 10 50 10
3.37775 40.77% 33.37%
The carbon equivalence for samples 1 to 10
was 0.4311, 0.4335, 0.4364, 0.4156, 0.4143, 0.4224, Analysis of Variance
0.4175, 0.4138, 0.4411, and 0.4405 respectively. This
Source DF SS MS F P
was computed to verify if the samples follow PNS
Regression 1 62.839 62.8393 5.51 0.047
29:2002 prior to further analysis, in which favourably
they do. Error 8 91.274 11.4092
Total 9 154.113
Table 3. Primary Chemical Ratios
Sample Ni/Cr Mn/S Mn/Si Fitted Line Plot
TS = 564.0 + 60.77 Ni/Cr
1 0.42548 28.47418 3.00248
598 S 3.37775
2 0.42657 28.77647 3.08060 596
R-Sq 40.8%
R-Sq(adj) 33.4%
3 0.42547 20.34532 3.91690 594

4 0.32844 24.00394 3.35262 592

5 0.33562 24.79508 3.27027 590

TS

6 0.45169 31.11111 3.08718 588

7 0.40397 31.81579 3.08418 586

584
8 0.45340 29.43765 3.04040
582
9 0.39894 20.78947 3.97207
580
10 0.42857 30.19465 3.20672 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46
Ni/Cr

Table 3 in which the above chemical ratios
of each specimen were indicated was obtained from
the readings of nickel, chromium, manganese,
sulphur and silicon of Table 2. The study was then set
for further investigation to comprehend the relation
Figure2. Fitted line plot for A.1
From the Minitab18 software, the
regression analysis for the tensile strength versus
nickel-chromium ratio was obtained. It is observed
that with p<0.05, the relationship of TS and Ni/Cr is

Analysis on the Correlation of Standard Chemical Ratios to the Mechanical Properties of Reinforcing Bars in Steel Asia Davao. Lisondra, A.V.A.
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significant. Moreover, 40.77% of the variation in

tensile strength can be explained by the regression
model. Lastly, a positive correlation coefficient of A.3 TS versus Mn/Si
0.64 produced by the software indicates that when
Ni/Cr increases, TS also tends to increase. (Note a The regression equation is
TS = 1033 - 250.6 Mn/Si + 34.76 Mn/Si^2
statistically significant relationship does not strongly
imply Ni/Cr causes TS, yet further research could be
Model Summary
done to support these findings.)
S R-sq R-sq(adj)
A.2 TS versus Mn/S 2.25393 76.93% 70.33%
Analysis of Variance
The regression equation is
TS = 571.9 + 0.6263 Mn/S Source DF SS MS F P
Regression 2 118.551 59.2757 11.67 0.006
Model Summary
Error 7 35.562 5.0802
S R-sq R-sq(adj) Total 9 154.113
3.39175 40.28% 32.82%
Analysis of Variance Fitted Line Plot
TS = 1 033 - 250.6 Mn/Si
Source DF SS MS F P + 34.76 Mn/Si^2
598
S 2.25393
Regression 1 62.081 62.0810 5.40 0.049 596
R-Sq 76.9%
R-Sq(adj) 70.3%
594
Error 8 92.032 11.5040
592
Total 9 154.113 590
TS

588

586
Fitted Line Plot
TS = 571.9 + 0.6263 Mn/S 584

598 S 3.391 75 582

R-Sq 40.3%
596 R-Sq(adj) 32.8% 580
3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0
594
Mn/Si
592

590
Figure4. Fitted line plot for A.3
TS

588

586 All ratios greater than 3.0 to less of 3.6

584 portrayed a falling curve, and then a rise for values
582 greater than 3.6. Figure4 showed a quadratic
580
20 22 24 26 28 30 32
relationship between Mn/Si and TS. This was
Mn/S formulated and could possibly explain 76.93% of the
Figure3. Fitted line plot for A.2
variation in tensile. Moreover, p value resulted to
0.006, thus a significant relationship was observed.
The regression analysis for the tensile
strength versus manganese-sulphur ratio was B. Yield Strength
obtained. Value of p resulted as 0.049 which is less
than . This explains a minute yet significant B.2 YS versus Ni/Cr
relationship within the groups and is supported by a
The regression equation is
correlation coefficient of 0.63. Moreover, it was YS = 442.9 + 36.13 Ni/Cr
found that an increase in Mn/S could give increment
to TS. Note 40.28% of the variation in tensile Model Summary
strength can be explained by the regression model
above. S R-sq R-sq(adj)
2.58843 29.30% 20.46%

Analysis on the Correlation of Standard Chemical Ratios to the Mechanical Properties of Reinforcing Bars in Steel Asia Davao. Lisondra, A.V.A.
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465.0 S 2.98757
R-Sq 5.8%
R-Sq(adj) 0.0%
Analysis of Variance
462.5

Source DF SS MS F P
Regression 1 22.2115 22.2115 3.32 0.106 460.0

YS
Error 8 53.5998 6.7000
Total 9 75.8113 457.5

465.0 455.0
S 2.58843
R-Sq 29.3%
R-Sq(adj) 20.5% 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Mn/S
462.5

Figure6. Scatter plot for B.2

460.0
Results showed that a correlation coefficient
YS

of 0.24 between yield strength and manganese-

457.5
sulphur ratio was statistically insignificant with p
value of 0.502. A regression line was not drawn as it
455.0 only provides 5.81% explanation for the variation of
0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 yield strength.
Ni/Cr

Figure5. Scatter plot for B.1 B.3 YS versus Mn/Si

From Figure5, the analysis between yield The regression equation is

strength and nickel-chromium ratio gave a correlation YS = 464.9 - 2.195 Mn/Si
coefficient of 0.54 yet it is statistically insignificant
for p>0.05, A regression line was not drawn as the Model Summary
model only provides 29.30% explanation for the S R-sq R-sq(adj)
variation of yield strength. 2.96469 7.25% 0.00%
Analysis of Variance
B.2 YS versus Mn/S
Source DF SS MS F P
The regression equation is Regression 1 5.4960 5.49603 0.63 0.452
YS = 453.1 + 0.1669 Mn/S
Error 8 70.3152 8.78941
Model Summary Total 9 75.8113

S R-sq R-sq(adj)
465.0 S 2.96469
2.98757 5.81% 0.00% R-Sq 7.2%
R-Sq(adj) 0.0%

462.5
Analysis of Variance

Source DF SS MS F P 460.0
YS

Regression 1 4.4065 4.40655 0.49 0.502

457.5
Error 8 71.4047 8.92559
Total 9 75.8113
455.0

3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0

Mn/Si

Figure7. Scatter plot for B.3

Analysis on the Correlation of Standard Chemical Ratios to the Mechanical Properties of Reinforcing Bars in Steel Asia Davao. Lisondra, A.V.A.
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A correlation coefficient of -0.21 was

negated by a p value of 0.452, sufficient to state that
the relationship of manganese-silicon ratio to the
yield strength was not significant. Also an R-squared
value of 7.25% produced no evident linear or
quadratic relation.

Figure8. Contour
plot for Ni/Cr on
TS and YS.
(N/mm)

Figure9. Contour
plot for Mn/S on
TS and YS.
(N/mm)

Figure10. Contour
plot for Mn/Si on
TS and YS.
(N/mm)

Analysis on the Correlation of Standard Chemical Ratios to the Mechanical Properties of Reinforcing Bars in Steel Asia Davao. Lisondra, A.V.A.
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Conclusion and Recommendations

In this journal, the nickel-chromium,

manganese-sulphur and manganese-silicon ratios
show significant relationship on tensile strength, in
contrast to yield strength. More to the point, it states
that Ni/Cr, Mn/S and Mn/Si, in fact, cause evident
yet minute effect on TS variation.

Below are the fitted equations for the linear

models that describe the relationship on TS.

TS = 564.0 + 60.77 Ni/Cr

TS = 571.9 + 0.6263 Mn/S

TS = 1033 - 250.6 Mn/Si + 34.76 Mn/Si^2

If the models fit the data well, these

equations can be used to predict TS for a value of
Ni/Cr, Mn/S or Mn/Si that correspond to a desired
value or range of values for TS.

Sample size (n = 10) was not large enough

to provide a very precise estimate of the strength of
the relationships. Measures of the strength of the
relationship, such as R-Squared and R-Squared
(adjusted), can vary a great deal. To obtain a more
precise estimate, larger samples (typically 40 or
more) should be used.

Note also that a statistically significant

relationship does not strongly imply a variable causes
another, however further research could be done to
support these findings.

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