Thermal Guide

IB Physics Course Booklet Unit 3: Thermal Physics
IB Physics Booklet
UNIT 3: Thermal Physics
Internal Energy, Temperature, Specific Heat Capacity and Latent Heat

Specification
I can:
Describe temperature change in terms of internal energy
Understand the molecular theory of solids, liquids and gases
Use Kelvin and Celsius temperature scales and convert between them
Understand the notion of absolute temperature
Apply the calorimetric techniques of specific heat capacity or specific latent heat
experimentally
Describe phase change in terms of molecular behaviour
Sketch and interpret phase change graphs
Calculate energy changes involving specific heat capacity and specific latent heat of
fusion and vaporization
My notes
My notes
My notes
Questions (from easy hard)
Specific heat capacity of water 4200 J kg1 K1

Specific latent heat of fusion of water = 3.4 105 J kg1
1 Describe the arrangement of atoms, the forces between the atoms and the motion of the
atoms in:
a a solid [3]
b a liquid [3]
c a gas. [3]
2 A small amount of gas is trapped inside a container. Describe the motion of the gas atoms
as the temperature of the gas within the container is increased. [3]
3 a Define the internal energy of a substance. [1]

b The temperature of an aluminium block increases when it is placed in the flame of a
Bunsen burner. Explain why this causes an increase in its internal energy. [3]
c A lump of metal is melting in a hot oven at a temperature of 600 C.

Explain whether its internal energy is increasing or decreasing as it melts. [4]
4 Write a word equation for the change in the thermal energy of a substance in terms of its
mass, the specific heat capacity of the substance and its change of temperature. [1]
5 The specific heat capacity of a substance is measured in the units J kg1 K1, whereas
its specific latent heat of fusion is measured in J kg1. Explain why the units are different. [2]
6 During a hot summers day, the temperature of 6.0 105 kg of water in a swimming pool
increases from 21 C to 24 C. Calculate the change in the internal energy of the water. [3]
7 A 300 g block of iron cools from 300 C to room temperature at 20 C. The specific heat
capacity of iron is 490 J kg1 K1. Calculate the heat released by the block of iron. [3]
8 Calculate the energy that must be removed from 200 g of water at 0 C to convert it all
into ice at 0 C. [2]
9 a Change the following temperatures from degrees Celsius into kelvin.

i 0 C
ii 80 C
iii 120 C [3]
b Change the following temperatures from kelvin into degrees Celsius.
i 400 K
ii 272 K
iii 3 K [3]
10 An electrical heater is used to heat 100 g of water in a well-insulated container at a steady
rate. The temperature of the water increases by 15 C when the heater is operated for a
period of 5.0 minutes. Determine the change of temperature of the water when the same
heater and container are individually used to heat:
a 300 g of water for the same period of time [3]
b 100 g of water for a time of 2.5 minutes. [3]
11 The graph below shows the variation of the temperature of 200 g of lead as it is heated
at a steady rate.
a Use the graph to state the melting point of lead. [1]

b Explain why the graph is a straight line at the start. [1]
c Explain what happens to the energy supplied to the lead as it melts at a constant
temperature. [1]
d The initial temperature of the lead is 0 C. Use the graph to determine the total
energy supplied to the lead before it starts to melt. [3]
(The specific heat capacity of lead is 130 J kg1 K1.)
e Use your answer to d to determine the rate of heating of the lead. [2]
f Assuming that energy continues to be supplied at the same rate, calculate the
specific latent heat of fusion of lead. [3]
12 The diagram shows piped water being heated by an electrical heater.
The water flows through the heater at a rate of 0.015 kg s1. The heater warms the water
from 15 C to 42 C. Assuming that all the energy from the heater is transferred to
heating the water, calculate the power of the heater. [5]
13 A gas is held in a cylinder by a friction-free piston. When the force holding the piston in
place is removed, the gas expands and pushes the piston outwards.
Explain why the temperature of the gas falls. [2]
14 Hot water of mass 300 g and at a temperature of 90 C is added to 200 g of cold water
at 10 C. What is the final temperature of the mixture? You may assume there are no
losses to the environment and all heat transfer takes place between the hot water and
the cold water. [5]
15 A metal cube of mass 75 g is heated in a naked flame until it is red hot. The metal block is
quickly transferred to 200 g of cold water. The water is well stirred. The graph shows the
variation of the temperature of the water recorded by a datalogger during the experiment.
The metal has a specific heat capacity of 500 J kg1 K1. Use the additional information
provided in the graph to determine the initial temperature of the metal cube. You may
assume there are no losses to the environment and all heat transfer takes place between
the metal block and the water. [5]
Total: Score: %
71
Exam Questions (MC)
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Exam Questions (EA)

Ideal Gases
Specification
I can:
Solve problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas and gas laws
Sketch and interpret changes of state of an ideal gas on pressurevolume, pressure

temperature and volumetemperature diagrams
Investigate the gas laws experimentally
My notes
My notes
My notes
Questions (from easy hard)
Data needed to answer questions can be found in the Data, formulae and relationships sheet.
1 Determine the number of atoms or molecules in each of the following.
a 1.0 mole of carbon [1]
b 3.6 moles of water [1]
c 0.26 moles of helium [1]
2 The molar mass of helium is 4.0 g.
Determine the mass of a single atom of helium in kilograms. [2]
3 The molar mass of uranium is 238 g.
a Calculate the mass of one atom of uranium. [2]
b A small rock contains 0.12 g of uranium. For this rock, calculate the number of:
i moles of uranium [2]
ii atoms of uranium. [1]
4 Explain what is meant by the absolute zero of temperature. [3]
5 a Write the ideal gas equation in words. [1]
b One mole of an ideal gas is trapped inside a rigid container of volume 0.020 m3.
Calculate the pressure exerted by the gas when the temperature within the
container is 293 K. [3]
6 A fixed amount of an ideal gas is trapped in a container of volume V.
The pressure exerted by the gas is P and its absolute temperature is T.
a Using a sketch of PV against T, explain how you can determine the number of moles
of gas within the container. [4]
b Sketch a graph of PV against P when the gas is kept at a constant temperature.
Explain the shape of the graph. [3]
7 A rigid cylinder of volume 0.030 m3 holds 4.0 g of air. The molar mass of air is about 29 g.
a Calculate the pressure exerted by the air when its temperature is 34 C. [4]
b What is the temperature of the gas in degrees Celsius when the pressure is twice
your value from part a? [4]
8 The diagram shows two insulated containers holding gas.
The containers are connected together by tubes of negligible volume.
The internal volume of each container is 2.0 102 m3.

The temperature within each container is 13 C. The gas in container A exerts a pressure
of 180 kPa and the gas in container B exerts a pressure of 300 kPa.
a Show that the amount of gas within the two containers is about 4.4 moles. [3]
b The valve connecting the containers is slowly opened and the gases are allowed to mix.
The temperature within the containers remains the same.
Calculate the new pressure exerted by the gas within the containers. [3]
9 The diagram shows a cylinder containing air
at a temperature of 5.0 C.
The piston has a cross-sectional area 1.6 103 m2
It is held stationary by applying a force
of 400 N applied normally to the piston.
The volume occupied by the compressed air
is 2.4 104 m3.
The molar mass of air is about 29 g.
a Calculate the pressure exerted by the compressed air. [2]
b Determine the number of moles of air inside the cylinder. [3]
c Use your answer to b to determine:
i the mass of air inside the cylinder [1]
ii the density of the air inside the cylinder. [2]
10 The mean speed of a helium atom at a temperature of 0 C is 1.3 km s1. Estimate the mean
speed of helium atoms on the surface of a star where the temperature is 10 000 K. [6]
11 The surface temperature of the Sun is about 5400 K. On its surface, particles behave like the
atoms of an ideal gas. The atmosphere of the Sun mainly consists of hydrogen nuclei.
These nuclei move in random motion.
a Explain what is meant by random motion. [1]
b i Calculate the mean translational kinetic energy of a hydrogen nucleus
on the surface of the Sun. [2]
ii Estimate the mean speed of such a hydrogen nucleus.
(The mass of hydrogen nucleus is 1.7 1027 kg.) [3]
12 a Calculate the mean translational kinetic energy of gas atoms at 0 C. [2]
b Estimate the mean speed of carbon dioxide molecules at 0 C.
(The molar mass of carbon dioxide is 44 g.) [5]
c Calculate the change in the internal energy of one mole of carbon dioxide gas when its temperature changes
from 0 C to 100 C. [3]
13 The diagram below shows three different types of arrangements of gas particles.
A gas whose particles consist of single atoms is referred to as monatomic for example
helium (He). A gas with two atoms to a molecule is called diatomic for example oxygen
(O2). A gas with more than two atoms to a molecule is said to be polyatomic for example
water vapour (H2O).
A single atom can travel independently in the x, y and z directions: it is said to have three
degrees of freedom. From the equation for the mean translational kinetic energy of the atom,
1
we can generalise that a gas particle has mean energy of kT per degree of freedom.
2
Molecules can also have additional degrees of freedom due to their rotational energy.
a Use the diagram above to explain why:
5
i the mean energy of a diatomic molecule is kT [2]
2
ii the mean energy of a polyatomic molecule is 3kT. [2]
b Calculate the internal energy of one mole of water vapour (steam) per unit kelvin. [3]
Total: Score: %
75
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Exam Questions (EA)
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IB Physics Course Booklet Unit 3: Thermal Physics

Internal Energy, Temperature, Specific Heat Capacity and Latent Heat

Understand the molecular theory of solids, liquids and gases

Understand the notion of absolute temperature

Sketch and interpret phase change graphs

Questions (from easy hard)

Specific heat capacity of water 4200 J kg1 K1

3 a Define the internal energy of a substance. [1]

c A lump of metal is melting in a hot oven at a temperature of 600 C.

9 a Change the following temperatures from degrees Celsius into kelvin.

a Use the graph to state the melting point of lead. [1]

12 The diagram shows piped water being heated by an electrical heater.

Exam Questions (MC)

Exam Questions (EA)

Sketch and interpret changes of state of an ideal gas on pressurevolume, pressure

Investigate the gas laws experimentally

Questions (from easy hard)

The internal volume of each container is 2.0 102 m3.

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