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Solutions to Assignment # 11
Completion Date: Tuesday June 10, 2014
Solution:
1
so the residue at z = 0 is .
2!
(c) For z 6= 0, we have
z sin z 1 z3 z5 z2 z4
= z z + + = + ,
z z 3! 5! 3! 5!
z2 z4 z6
cot z cos z 1 + +
4
= 4 = 2! 3 4! 5 6! .
z z sin z 4
z z
z z + +
3! 5!
Now let
z2 z4 z6
w= + + ,
3! 5! 7!
then for z 6= 0 such that |w| < 1, we have
z2 z4 z6
cot z 1 + + 1 z2 z4
= 2! 4! 6! = 1 + + 1 + w + w 2
+ w 3
+ .
z4 z 5 (1 w) z5 2! 4!
Therefore, for 0 < |z| < , we have
cot z 1 z2 z4 z2 1 1
4
= 5 1 + + 1+ + z4 + ,
z z 2! 4! 3! (3!)2 5!
that is,
cot z 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 5 + + +
z4 z 2! 3! z3 (3!)2 5! 4! 2!3! z
for 0 < |z| < , and
cot z 1 1 1 1 1
Res = + = .
z=0 z4 (3!) 2 5! 4! 2!3! 45
sinh z 1 z2 z4
4 2
= 3
1 + + + 1 + z2 + z4 + ,
z (1 z ) z 3! 5!
so that
sinh z 1 1 2
= 3 1+ 1+ z + + higher order terms ,
z 4 (1 z 2 ) z 3!
that is,
sinh z 1 7 1
= 3 + +
z 4 (1 z 2 ) z 6 z
for 0 < |z| < 1, and
sinh z 7
Res = .
z=0 z (1 z 2 )
4 6
exp(z)
z2
around the circle |z| = 3 in the positive sense.
Ans: 2i.
ez
Solution: The function has an isolated singularity at z = 0 which is inside the circle |z| = 3, and since
z2
ez 1 z2 z3 1 1 1 z
= 1 z + + = 2 + +
z2 z2 2! 3! z z 2! 3!
Ans: i/3.
1
Solution: The function z 2 exp has an isolated (essential) singularity at z = 0 which is inside the circle
z
|z| = 3, and since
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
z 2 exp = z2 1 + + 2 + 3 + 4 +
z z 2! z 3! z 4! z
for 0 < |z| < , then
1 1
Res z 2 exp = .
z=0 z 3!
2 1
Now, since z exp is analytic inside and on |z| = 3, except at z = 0, then
z
I
1 1 1 i
z 2 exp dz = 2i Res z 2 exp = 2i = .
|z|=3 z z=0 z 3! 3
Ans: 2i.
z+1 z+1
Solution: The function 2
= has isolated singularities at z = 0 and z = 2, both of which lie
z 2z z(z 2)
inside the circle |z| = 3, so that
I
z+1 z+1 z+1
2
dz = 2i Res + Res
|z|=3 z 2z z=0 z 2 2z z=2 z 2 2z
Now, since
z+1 1 1 3 1 1 1
= + = ,
z(z 2) z 2 z(z 2) 2 z2 2 z
1
and since is analytic at z = 0, then
z2
z+1 1
Res = ,
z=0 z 2 2z 2
1
while since is analytic at z = 2, then
z
z+1 3
Res = ,
z=2 z 2 2z 2
and I
z+1 1 3
dz = 2i + = 2i.
|z|=3 z 2 2z 2 2
In each case, write the principal part of the function at its isolated singular point and determine whether
that point is a pole, a removable singular point, or an essential singular point:
1 z2 sin z cos z 1
(a) z exp ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) ; (e) .
z 1+z z z (2 z)3
Soution:
and the isolated singular point z = 0 is an essential singular point since the principal part has
infinitely many nonzero terms.
(b) For z 6= 1, we have
z2 1
=1+z2+
z+1 1+z
| {z }
principal part
the isolated singular point z = 1 is a simple pole, that is, a pole of order 1.
(c) For 0 < |z| < , we have
sin z z2 z4 z6
=1 + + ,
z 3! 5! 7!
and the isolated singular point z = 0 is a removable singular point, since there are no nonzero
terms in the principal part.
(d) For 0 < |z| < , we have
cos z 1 z z3 z5
= + +
z z
|{z} 2! 4! 6!
principal part
and the isolated singular point z = 0 is a simple pole, that is, a pole of order 1.
(e) For z 6= 2, we have
1 1
=
(2 z)3 (z 2)3
| {z }
principal part
Show that the singular point of each of the following functions is a pole. Determine the order m of that pole
and the corresponding residue B.
Solution:
1
and the isolated singularity z = 0 is a simple pole, that is, a pole of order 1, with residue B = .
2!
(b) For z 6= 0, we have
1 e2z 1 2z 22 z 2 23 z 3 24 z 4 1 1 4 1 2 4
= 1 1 + + + + + = 2 3 2 2 z ,
z4 z4 1! 2! 3! 4! z z 3 z 3 15
4
and the isolated singular point z = 0 is a pole of order 3, with residue B = .
3
(c) For z 6= 1, we have
e2z e2 2(z1) e2 22 (z 1)2 23 (z 1)3
= e = 1 + 2(z 1) + + +
(z 1)2 (z 1)2 (z 1)2 2! 3!
and the isolated singular point z = 1 is a pole of order 2 with residue B = 2e2 .
In each case, show that any singular point of the function is a pole. Determine the order m of each pole,
and find the corresponding residue B.
3
z2 + 2 z exp(z)
(a) ; (b) ; (c) .
z1 2z + 1 z 2 + 2
Solution:
Also,
ez 2 (z)
=
z 2 + 2 z + i
where
ez
2 (z) =
z i
ei ez
is analytic at z = i, and 2 (i) = 6= 0, so that 2 has a simple pole at z = i and
2i z + 2
ez ei 1 i
B2 = Res 2 2
= = = .
z=i z + 2i 2i 2
Solution:
Show that
z sinh z i
(a) Res = ;
z=i z 2 sinh z
exp(zt) exp(zt)
(b) Res + Res = 2 cos t.
z=i sinh z z=i sinh z
Solution:
z sinh z p(i) i i
B = Res 2
= 0 = 2 = .
z=i z sinh z q (i)
(1)n ezt
lim (z ni)f (z) = lim = (1)n enit ,
zni zni sinh(z ni)
z ni
and f has a simple pole at the isolated singularity z = ni for each n = 1, 2, . . . with residue
(1)n enit .
Therefore,
exp(zt) exp(zt)
Res + Res = eit eit = 2 cos t
z=i sinh z z=i sinh z