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c
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R5=K<8A=?U
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P D;4= <I4< 4=2<I8=> <I4< K4= 1; KADS5<;@ K4= 1; ;TS:;??;@ 8= <I8? 64=>54>;U
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]A >8Q; 2A5 4= 8@;4 AR GI4< 2A5 K4= @A G8<I <I; <AA6? G; I4Q; 6;4:=;@ ?A
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<I; R4K<A:846 AR aU JA B 8? <8D;? &BM GI8KI 8? & <8D;? aBM GI8KI 8? a <8D;?
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8=<;>;:v
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aUUU
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R4K<A:846 AR aUUU
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DA:; :;K5:?8Q; K466?U
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<I; :;?56< 8? :;<5:=;@U
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8? :;<5:=;@U
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:;<5:=;@ <A mno M A: GIA;Q;: K466;@ s tpn i] j U
H;:; 8? GI4< <I; ?<4KF @84>:4D 6AAF? 68F; RA: <I8? ?;5;=K; AR R5=K<8A= K466?v
main
6
n: 3 recurse: 2 result: 6 factorial
2
n: 2 recurse: 1 result: 2 factorial
1
n: 1 recurse: 1 result: 1 factorial
1 factorial
n: 0
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KA=<;=<? AR <I; KA=<48=;:M 4? ?IAG= 8= <I; >5:;v
int fred = 5; fred = 7;
fred fred
5 5 7
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6AAS 4:; K466;@ <I; x AR <I; 6AASU
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AR 4D5?;D;=< RA: KADS5<;: ?K8;=<8?<? 8? <I; A1?;:Q4<8A= <I4< <I; @8:;K<8A=? A=
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GI8KI G866 D4F; <I; KA=@8<8A= R46?;U
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GI;<I;: 8< 8? ;Q;= A: A@@U PR 8< 8? ;Q;=M <I; Q465; AR o 8? o@8Q8@;@ 12 <GAU PR
8< 8? A@@M <I; Q465; 8? :;S64K;@ 12 W aU A: ;T4DS6;M 8R <I; ?<4:<8=> Q465; L<I;
4:>5D;=< S4??;@ <A eggosg O 8? M <I; :;?56<8=> ?;5;=K; 8? M aM M aM cM M
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?<4:<8=> G8<I aU
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8< EH @8?S:AQ; 8<B
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A1?A6;<;U
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i: 1 printMultTable
n: 1 i: 3 printMultiples
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P :;S64K;@ <I; GA:@ e ps G8<I <I; GA:@ see 4=@ :;DAQ;@ <I; fpnh g
641;6U ]I8? :;?56< AR <I; <GA @;=8<8A=? 8? ;T4K<62 <I; ?4D;U
P= R4K<M 4=2<I8=> <I4< K4= 1; G:8<<;= 4? 4 e ps K4= 46?A 1; G:8<<;= 4? 4
see M X5?< 12 4@@8=> A: :;DAQ8=> 641;6?U ]I;:; 8? =A :;46 :;4?A= <A KIAA?; A=;
AQ;: <I; A<I;:M ;TK;S< <I4< 4? 4 ?<268?<8K KIA8K;M DA?< VWW S:A>:4DD;:? 5?;
see U
C6?AM 8< 8? KADDA= <A :;R;: <A 466 5?;:[@;=;@ <2S;? 8= VWW 4? K64??;?M\
:;>4:@6;?? AR GI;<I;: <I;2 4:; @;=;@ 4? 4 e ps A: 4 see U
Q !
C? 4 :5==8=> ;T4DS6; RA: <I; :;?< AR <I8? KI4S<;: G; G866 KA=?8@;: 4 K64?? @;R[
8=8<8A= RA: KADS6;T =5D1;:?U VADS6;T =5D1;:? 4:; 5?;R56 RA: D4=2 1:4=KI;?
AR D4<I;D4<8K? 4=@ ;=>8=;;:8=>M 4=@ D4=2 KADS5<4<8A=? 4:; S;:RA:D;@ 5?8=>
KADS6;T 4:8<ID;<8KU C KADS6;T =5D1;: 8? <I; ?5D AR 4 :;46 S4:< 4=@ 4= 8D4>[
8=4:2 S4:<M 4=@ 8? 5?54662 G:8<<;= 8= <I; RA:D W M GI;:; 8? <I; :;46 S4:<M
8? <I; 8D4>8=4:2 S4:<M 4=@ :;S:;?;=<? <I; ?54:; :AA< AR [aU
]I; RA66AG8=> 8? 4 K64?? @;=8<8A= RA: 4 5?;:[@;=;@ <2S; K466;@ tmfg v
see tmfg
k
htg pg n nmq o
fns
tmfg k p
tmfg ijihtg p n htg n j k pg p o nmq n o p
p o
7;K45?; <I8? 8? 4 @;=8<8A=M <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;? pg 4=@ nmq 4:;
S:8Q4<;M 4=@ G; I4Q;see
<A 8=K65@; <I; 641;6 fns <A 466AG K68;=< KA@; <A 8=QAF;
<I; KA=?<:5K<A:?U
C? 5?546M <I;:; 4:; <GA KA=?<:5K<A:?v A=; <4F;? =A S4:4D;<;:? 4=@ @A;?
=A<I8=> <I; A<I;: <4F;? <GA S4:4D;<;:? 4=@ 5?;? <I;D <A 8=8<8468; <I; 8=?<4=K;
Q4:8416;?U
JA R4: <I;:; 8? =A :;46 4@Q4=<4>; <A D4F8=> <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;? S:8Q4<;U
^;<? D4F; <I8=>? 4 68<<6; DA:; KADS68K4<;@ <I;= <I; SA8=< D8>I< 1; K6;4:;:U
]I;:; 8? 4=A<I;: KADDA= :;S:;?;=<4<8A= RA: KADS6;T =5D1;:? <I4< 8? ?AD;[
<8D;? K466;@ SA64: RA:D\ 1;K45?; 8< 8? 14?;@ A= SA64: KAA:@8=4<;?U P=?<;4@ AR
?S;K8R28=> <I; :;46 S4:< 4=@ <I; 8D4>8=4:2 S4:< AR 4 SA8=< 8= <I; KADS6;T S64=;M
SA64: KAA:@8=4<;? ?S;K8R2 <I; @8:;K<8A= LA: 4=>6;O AR <I; SA8=< :;64<8Q; <A <I;
A:8>8=M 4=@ <I; @8?<4=K; LA: D4>=8<5@;O AR <I; SA8=<U
]I; RA66AG8=> >5:; ?IAG? <I; <GA KAA:@8=4<; ?2?<;D? >:4SI8K4662U
a
9 : ~
positive y
positive x
negative x positive x
positive y
negative y
VADS6;T =5D1;:? 8= SA64: KAA:@8=4<;? 4:; G:8<<;= $% M GI;:; 8? <I; D4>[
=8<5@; L:4@85?OM 4=@ & 8? <I; 4=>6; 8= :4@84=?U
A:<5=4<;62M 8< 8? ;4?2 <A KA=Q;:< R:AD A=; RA:D <A 4=A<I;:U ]A >A R:AD
V4:<;?84= <A SA64:M
U X W X
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fpno tp 8=QAF;? qg g M 8< G866 ?;; <I4< <I; SA64: KAA:@8=4<;? 4:; Q468@
4=@ :;<5:= 8DD;@84<;62U
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^ ]n
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C =4<5:46 AS;:4<8A= G; D8>I< G4=< <A S;:RA:D A= KADS6;T =5D1;:? 8? 4@@8<8A=U
PR <I; =5D1;:? 4:; 8= V4:<;?84= KAA:@8=4<;?M 4@@8<8A= 8? ;4?2v 2A5 X5?< 4@@ <I;
:;46 S4:<? <A>;<I;: 4=@ <I; 8D4>8=4:2 S4:<? <A>;<I;:U PR <I; =5D1;:? 4:; 8=
SA64: KAA:@8=4<;?M 8< 8? ;4?8;?< <A KA=Q;:< <I;D <A V4:<;?84= KAA:@8=4<;? 4=@
<I;= 4@@ <I;D U
C>48=M 8< 8? ;4?2 <A @;46 G8<I <I;?; K4?;? 8R G; 5?; <I; 4KK;??A: R5=K<8A=?v
tmfg hh i tmfg n tmfg j
k
htg pg rqg g ij ^^ rqg g ij o
htg
tmfg nmq rqg mq ij rqg mq ij o
em ipg n nmq j o
p
pg po em o
A<8K; <I4< <I; 4:>5D;=<? <A 4:; =A< 1;K45?; <I;2 D8>I< 1; DA@8;@
GI;= G; 8=QAF; <I; 4KK;??A:?Uhh]A 8=QAF;stoe<I8? R5=K<8A=M G; GA56@ S4?? 1A<I
AS;:4=@? 4? 4:>5D;=<?v
tmfg sk i r n ] r j o
tmfg s i] r n r j o
tmfg em hh isk n s j o
em rfpno p geno ij o
]I; A5<S5< AR <I8? S:A>:4D 8?
^ n
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C=A<I;: AS;:4<8A= G; D8>I< G4=< 8? D56<8S68K4<8A=U =68F; 4@@8<8A=M D56<8S68[
K4<8A= 8? ;4?2 8R <I; =5D1;:? 4:; 8= SA64: KAA:@8=4<;? 4=@ I4:@ 8R <I;2 4:; 8=
V4:<;?84= KAA:@8=4<;? LG;66M 4 68<<6; I4:@;:M 4=2G42OU
P= SA64: KAA:@8=4<;?M G; K4= X5?< D56<8S62 <I; D4>=8<5@;? 4=@ 4@@ <I; 4=[
>6;?U C? 5?546M G; K4= 5?; <I; 4KK;??A: R5=K<8A=? G8<IA5< GA::28=> 41A5< <I;
:;S:;?;=<4<8A= AR <I; A1X;K<?U
a
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pg p o nmq n o
p
sp geno pg o ftp eg o
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h tnh fpno tp ij o
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htg qg mq ij o
htg qg q ij o
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h tnh eg p geno ihtg p n htg n j o
h tnh eg tp ihtg m n htg j o
po
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Q t u
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z}x yxy C R5=K<8A= <I4< S:AQ8@;? 4KK;?? L:;4@ A: G:8<;O <A 4 S:8Q4<;
8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;U
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R5=K<8A=?U
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R5=K<8A=U PR <I; S:;KA=@8<8A= 8? =A< <:5;M <I; R5=K<8A= D42 =A< GA:FU P< 8?
AR<;= 4 >AA@ 8@;4 RA: R5=K<8A=? <A KI;KF <I;8: S:;KA=@8<8A=?M 8R SA??816;U
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8= <I8? 1AAF 4:; S:AK;@5:46M R5=K<8A=46M 4=@ A1X;K<[A:8;=<;@U C6<IA5>I VWW 8?
5?54662 <IA5>I< AR 4? 4= A1X;K<[A:8;=<;@ 64=>54>;M 8< 8? SA??816; <A G:8<; VWW
S:A>:4D? 8= 4=2 ?<26;U ]I; ?<26; P I4Q; @;DA=?<:4<;@ 8= <I8? 1AAF 8? S:;<<2
D5KI S:AK;@5:46U T8?<8=> VWW S:A>:4D? 4=@ VWW ?2?<;D 681:4:8;? 4:; G:8<[
<;= 8= 4 D8T<5:; AR 466 <I:;; ?<26;?M 15< <I;2 <;=@ <A 1; DA:; A1X;K<[A:8;=<;@
<I4= <I; S:A>:4D? 8= <I8? 1AAFU
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4= A1X;K<O :4<I;: <I4= =A=D;D1;: R5=K<8A=? L<I; F8=@ 2A5 X5?< 8=QAF;OU
JA R4: 466 <I; R5=K<8A=? G; I4Q; G:8<<;= I4Q; 1;;= =A=D;D1;: R5=K<8A=?U
P= <I8? KI4S<;: G; G866 G:8<; ?AD; D;D1;: R5=K<8A=?U
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8? y{}zy}U P G866 KAQ;: 8=I;:8<4=K; 64<;: 8= <I8? KI4S<;:U
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4:; S;AS6; GIA K648D <I4< 8< 8? ?5S;:8A: <A A<I;: ?<26;? 8= Q4:8A5? G42?U P IAS;
<I4< 12 ;TSA?8=> 2A5 <A 4 Q4:8;<2 AR ?<26;? P I4Q; >8Q;= 2A5 <I; <AA6? 2A5 =;;@
<A 5=@;:?<4=@ 4=@ ;Q4654<; <I;?; K648D?U
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}} yxyU JA R4:M ;Q;:2 R5=K<8A= G; I4Q; G:8<<;= I4? 1;;= 4 =A=[
D;D1;: R5=K<8A=U ;D1;: R5=K<8A=? 4:; @;K64:;@ 8=?8@; K64?? @;=<8A=?U C=2
R5=K<8A= @;K64:;@ A5<?8@; AR 4 K64?? 8? 4 =A=D;D1;: R5=K<8A=U
C6<IA5>I G; I4Q; =A< G:8<<;= 4=2 D;D1;: R5=K<8A=?M G; I4Q; 8=QAF;@ ?AD;U
ZI;=;Q;: 2A5 8=QAF; 4 R5=K<8A= A=\ 4= A1X;K<M 8<? 4 D;D1;: R5=K<8A=U C6?AM
<I; R5=K<8A=? G; 8=QAF;@ A= fe pnoq ? 8= VI4S<;: G;:; D;D1;: R5=K<8A=?U
C=2<I8=> <I4< K4= 1; G:8<<;= 4? 4 =A=D;D1;: R5=K<8A= K4= 46?A 1; G:8<<;=
4? 4 D;D1;: R5=K<8A=M 4=@ Q8K; Q;:?4U JAD;<8D;? 8< 8? X5?< DA:; =4<5:46 <A 5?;
A=; A: <I; A<I;:U A: :;4?A=? <I4< G866 1; K6;4: ?AA=M D;D1;: R5=K<8A=? 4:;
AR<;= ?IA:<;: <I4= <I; KA::;?SA=@8=> =A=D;D1;: R5=K<8A=?U
c d !
ZI;= 2A5 8=QAF; 4 R5=K<8A= A= 4= A1X;K<M <I4< A1X;K< 1;KAD;? {} }y
x}U P=?8@; <I; R5=K<8A=M 2A5 K4= :;R;: <A <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;? AR <I; K5::;=<
A1X;K< 12 =4D;M G8<IA5< I4Q8=> <A ?S;K8R2 <I; =4D; AR <I; A1X;K<U
EA5 K4= 46?A :;R;: <A <I; K5::;=< A1X;K< <I:A5>I <I; F;2GA:@ ne U Z; I4Q;
46:;4@2 ?;;= ne 8= 4= 4??8>=D;=< AS;:4<A: 8= J;K<8A= aaU&U HAG;Q;:M <I;
F;2GA:@ 8? 8DS68K8< DA?< AR <I; <8D;M ?A 2A5 G866 :4:;62 =@ 4=2 =;;@ RA: 8<U ne
c Q !
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8=8<8A= RA: KADS6;T =5D1;:?U VADS6;T =5D1;:? 4:; 5?;R56 RA: D4=2 1:4=KI;?
AR D4<I;D4<8K? 4=@ ;=>8=;;:8=>M 4=@ D4=2 KADS5<4<8A=? 4:; S;:RA:D;@ 5?8=>
KADS6;T 4:8<ID;<8KU C KADS6;T =5D1;: 8? <I; ?5D AR 4 :;46 S4:< 4=@ 4= 8D4>8[
=4:2 S4:<M 4=@ 8? 5?54662 G:8<<;= 8= <I; RA:D W M GI;:; 8? <I; :;46 S4:<M
8? <I; 8D4>8=4:2 S4:<M 4=@ :;S:;?;=<? <I; ?54:; :AA< AR [aU ]I5?M U aU
]I; RA66AG8=> 8? 4 K64?? @;=8<8A= RA: 4 =;G A1X;K< <2S; K466;@ tmfg v
see tmfg
k
fpnh g
htg pg n nmq o
fns
tmfg k
pg ij r o nmq r o
p
tmfg ihtg p n htg n j k
pg p o nmq n o
bb aa
p
po
]I;:; ?IA56@ 1; =A<I8=> ?5:S:8?8=> I;:;U ]I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;? 4:; <GA ?
<I4< KA=<48= <I; :;46 4=@ 8D4>8=4:2 S4:<?U ]I; <GA KA=?<:5K<A:? 4:; <I;htg5?546
F8=@v A=; <4F;? =A S4:4D;<;:? 4=@ 4??8>=? @;R456< Q465;? <A <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8[
416;?M <I; A<I;: <4F;? S4:4D;<;:? <I4< 4:; 8@;=<8K46 <A <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;?U
P= M A: 4=2GI;:; ;6?; G; G4=< <A K:;4<; tmfg A1X;K<?M G; I4Q; <I;
AS<8A=mnoAR K:;4<8=> <I; A1X;K< 4=@ <I;= ?;<<8=> <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;?M A: @A8=>
1A<I 4< <I; ?4D; <8D;v
tmfg o
rpg kr o
rnmq r] o
tmfg i i r n r j o
c c ( !
^;<? 6AAF 4< ?AD; AR <I; AS;:4<8A=? G; D8>I< G4=< <A S;:RA:D A= KADS6;T
=5D1;:?U ]I; 41?A65<; Q465; AR 4 KADS6;T =5D1;: 8? @;=;@ <A 1; X W X U
]I; e R5=K<8A= 8? 4 S5:; R5=K<8A= <I4< KADS5<;? <I; 41?A65<; Q465;U Z:8<<;=
4? 4 =A=D;D1;: R5=K<8A=M 8< 6AAF? 68F; <I8?v
otomgmgp os nto
htg e i tmfg s j k
p
pg po ep is rpg s rpg ^ s rnmq s rnmq j o
]I8? Q;:?8A= AR e K46K564<;? <I; 41?A65<; Q465; AR s M <I; tmfg A1X;K< 8<
:;K;8Q;? 4? 4 S4:4D;<;:U ]I; =;T< Q;:?8A= AR 8? 4 D;D1;: R5=K<8A= 8<
K46K564<;? <I; 41?A65<; Q465; AR <I; K5::;=< A1X;K<eL<I; A1X;K< <I; R5=K<8A= G4?
8=QAF;@ A=OU ]I5?M 8< @A;? =A< :;K;8Q; 4=2 S4:4D;<;:?v
see tmfg
k
fpnh g
htg pg n nmqg o
fns
rrrstoe ps tpe
mgmgp os nto
htg e ij k
p
pg po ep ipg pg ^ nmq nmq j o
po
a&
b :
P :;DAQ;@ <I; 5==;K;??4:2 S4:4D;<;: <A 8=@8K4<; <I4< <I8? 8? 4 D;D1;: R5=K<8A=U
P=?8@; <I; R5=K<8A=M P K4= :;R;: <A <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;? pg 4=@ nmq 12 =4D;
G8<IA5< I4Q8=> <A ?S;K8R2 4= A1X;K<U VWW F=AG? 8DS68K8<62 <I4< P 4D :;R;::8=>
<A <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;? AR <I; K5::;=< A1X;K<U PR P G4=<;@ <A D4F; 8< ;TS68K8<M
P KA56@ I4Q; 5?;@ <I; F;2GA:@ ne v
see tmfg
k
fpnh g
htg pg n nmqg o
fns
rrrstoe ps tpe
mgmgp os nto
htg e ij k
p
pg po ep i ne g pg ne gpg ^ ne g nmq ne g nmq j o
po
75< <I4< GA56@ 1; 6A=>;: 4=@ =A< :;4662 4=2 K6;4:;:U ]A 8=QAF; <I8? R5=K<8A=M
G; 8=QAF; 8< A= 4= A1X;K<M RA: ;T4DS6;
tmfg i i] r n r j o
htg pge i re ij o
c s ( !
C=A<I;: AS;:4<8A= G; D8>I< G4=< <A S;:RA:D A= KADS6;T =5D1;:? 8? 4@@8<8A=U
EA5 K4= 4@@ KADS6;T =5D1;:? 12 4@@8=> <I; :;46 S4:<? 4=@ 4@@8=> <I; 8D4>8[
=4:2 S4:<?U Z:8<<;= 4? 4 =A=D;D1;: R5=K<8A=M <I4< 6AAF? 68F;v
tmfg hh i tmfg n tmfg j k
p
pg po tmfg i rpg ^ rpg n rnmq ^ rnmq j o
]A 8=QAF; <I8? R5=K<8A=M G; GA56@ S4?? 1A<I AS;:4=@? 4? 4:>5D;=<?v
tmfg em hh i n i j o
Z:8<<;= 4? 4 D;D1;: R5=K<8A=M 8< GA56@ <4F; A=62 A=; 4:>5D;=<M GI8KI 8< GA56@
4@@ <A <I; K5::;=< A1X;K<v
tmfg hh i tmfg j k
p
pg po tmfg ipg ^ rpg n nmq ^ rnmq j o
b : a
C>48=M G; K4= :;R;: <A <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;? AR <I; K5::;=< A1X;K< 8DS68K8<62M
15< <A :;R;: <A <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;? AR G; I4Q; <A =4D; ;TS68K8<62 5?8=>
@A< =A<4<8A=U ]A 8=QAF; <I8? R5=K<8A=M 2A5 8=QAF; 8< A= A=; AR <I; AS;:4=@? 4=@
S4?? <I; A<I;: 4? 4= 4:>5D;=<U
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pg po e pnoq pegh rpgen g i j o
tp ino n n o n e pnoq rgoq ij o n^^ j
k
n ie pnoq n } hgnm e pnoq n } o j
e pnoq pegh ^ e pnoq n o
geg
k
goh o
st^^ o e pnoq pegh
p
e pnoq pegh rpgen g i ^ k j o
p
p
pg po e pnoq pegh o
g os nto t h g ssgf e fe pnoq t g fpegh oh s p
t g egh e hgnmn gp n et gog h gp g hgnm s ps gp
ffgpe no g e pnoq n g s o ne e h gh e og fe pnoq
ggmgo f h gs tp fe pnoq g r
eenoqno eg pnoq
th tt ng ne ptq g os nto n efsg hgnmn gp
fe pnoq e pnoq lm gpg pg tp tgoe rl o
f h gs tp fe pnoq g fpeg ie pnoq n j o
g t f t g fpegp ne
m gpg
pgtp
tgoe r
tp fpenoq gfpgeentoe n g h g g tf nto t efgsn inoq
hhn nto s ps gpe n g egh e hgnmn gpe
tt s gs gnm is p s n fe pnoq hgnm j k
tp ino n o n hgnm rgoq ij o n^^ j
k
n is hgnm n j
p
pg po pg o
&
p
pg po eg o
f h gs tp fe pnoq g fpeg ife pnoq e pnoq n fe pnoq hgnm j k
f h gs tp fe pnoq g e pnoq pegh o
n ie pnoq rgoq ij j
pg po e pnoq pegh rpgen g i j o
tp ino n n o n e pnoq rgoq ij o n^^ j
k
n i}s gs gnmie^pnoq n n hgnm j e pnoq n } o j
e pnoq pegh e pnoq n o
geg
k
goh o
st^^ o e pnoq pegh
p
e pnoq pegh rpgen g i ^ k j o
p
p
pg po e pnoq pegh o
o gmfg t enoq g t h g os ntoe so g eggo
gt enoq g t h g os ntoe th
fe pnoq e pnoq l l^kk l^]] l o
fe pnoq hgnm o
f h gs tp fe pnoq g e pnoq pegh fpeg ie pnoq n hgnm j o
g og os nto s gs gnm s gse tp g gp tp ot qnh go
s p ne hgnmn gp r t g t f ne
kk
]]
s d
og t g ohmgo qte t o ne t egfp g g
no gpge e t g fpt h nhgp n t pn ge g sthg nmfgmgo e
g n oh g sngo n t ege g r g fpt h nhgp toi e
t g gp g nmfgmgo nto ne stppgs no sstph
tn tppi
g efgsn ns nto t g oh ot t n n g egh r
: &a
hg en g ne k n gme r gp g n stoenhgp g gp ie t
ohnoq ne r
gsnoq tp o gmf i e s ne pnh n r
tt gmf i ij k
p
pg po ppi rgoq ij o
n nmftp o t pgmgmgp n tq n g omgp t ggmgo e
no g e s ne ot g emg e g en g t g ppi r on ni
g en g ne k n g omgp t ggmgo e ne r
g nmfgmgo ntoe t fe oh ftf tt o pi ptm g
efgsn ns nto r
h tnh fe i n gm j k
ppi ^^nohg n gm o
p
nohg o
ftf ij k
nohg o
pg po ppi nohg o
p
ge geg mg the n g so g h h o qg t g sngo sthg
tg egh fe s r
g h gpit ggpsneg
noq qtge sstphnoq t fo n g fptqpm e th tp
n t oi hhn nto s oqge r qno n tog t g e pgoq e
t enoq o ne it so s oqg nmfgmgo ntoe n t
s oqnoq sngo sthg r
u
gogee t ne nmfgmgo nto ne n s ttege o pn ppi
en g tp g ppi go g s ne spg gh r g egp
fe ge mtpg o k n gme to t g e s n n n seg o
ppi ohg tohe gsgf nto r
o gpo nh g ne t g g sngo sthg efgsn i g en g t
g ppi r ne g h n ge g fptgm n n pgnpge g
sngo t ot gh t nmg t moi n gme pg ogghgh n oh
ne ot ie fteeng r
g gp et nto ne t s gs g gp g ppi ne oh
mg n nqqgp go ogsgeepi r nosg g h g ot nhg t nq g
ppi ogghe t g n n ne pgetog e p gqi t e p n
em en g oh nospgeg g en g i k gs nmg n t h gp t e r
m gpg e g nmfpt h gh h gpento t fe
&
h tnh fe k
n i i ijj pgenn g gmijj o
ne ftno g so fpt h g nohg ppi rgoq
ppi ^^nohg n gm o
p
nohg o
g tpg f noq g og n gm no g ppi n g s gs n g ppi
ne r et n g no h tg pgen g r gp g n e gmgo n g
ot gn gp ik j gpg e pttm no g ppi n tp ij g
ppi e ggo pgen gh oh gpg ne pttm r oh pgen g
pg stppgs n go g so fpt h g nohg ppi rgoq n oh
gpg tpg g og e gmgo soot seg o gsgf nto r
t g h g t ht ne nmfgmgo oh pgen g r
fpnh g
tt ij k
p
pg po nohg ippi rgoq ij k j o
h tnh pgen g ij k
p
ppi rpgen g ippi rgoq ij^ k j o
t mg the pg hgspgh fpnh g n ns mgoe gi soot
g no h tgh ptm ot gp see n toi ptm n no ne tog r ne
ne ssgf g n enosg gpg ne ot pgeto tp sngo sthg t eg
geg os ntoe n oh hgenpg n enosg n go tpsge g tohpi
g ggo g nmfgmgo nto oh g sngo r
g nmfgmgo nto t ne pnh n o n e s gse g gp
g nohg e qtog gitoh g poqg t h nh nohnsge r
g nmfgmgo nto t pgen g ne e pnq tp ph n n g
s h g n eemge g th ppi ne r o t gp
tphe n eemf nto ne fpgstohn nto t ne mg th r ne
t egg ne fpgstohn nto ne e ne ngh n enosg g toi
gei
i pgen g ne no h tgh ne n pg poe pg n ns so toi
ffgo n nohg ppi rgoq r
g goh t pgen g n g pgfsg g th ppi n g
og tog isenoq g th t g qpqg stgs gh j r g og
ppi rgoq ne nsg e nq e g th n oh nohg eo
s oqgh n et ot n me g pg nohg ppi rgoq r ne
eegp nto ne xxyxy t pgen g etmg noq me g
go g mg th ne stmfg g ie toq e n e fpgstohn ntoe
pg
gpg e ne ngh j r
&
..0 )z - + ,( + ,* ..0
d D d
g gg ne hg nogh i g tt noq tfgp ntoe
xyx pg g og n gmf i gg r
noegp hh og n gm t g gg r
pgmt h g gmt h g oh pg po o n gm ptm g gg r g n gm
ne pg pogh ne g npe tog e hhgh r
gmf i gs g gp g gg ne gmf i r
gg nmfgmgo nto n n g h h o qg
t t ghgmtoe
noghp neg see ptm f gp k r et n n eemg
g h g see omgh e tmgp hg noge g
no tpm nto t gs se tmgp n oh g tfgp ntoe g so
fgp tpm to se tmgpe r
e p e tp nmfgmgo nto qtge n n htge ot m gp m
noh t t gs ne no g gg n et g so mg n qgogpns r gpg
ne g nmfgmgo nto tte ng r
see gg k
fns
nogh ne ne o
gg ij k
p
ne og ne ij o
tt gmf i ij k
p
pg po ne rgmf i ij o
o nto ng ne ne sgh }y}} r o pg
n gnmfgmgo
n h goggp ne no st noq t qtth n i tth egh no
pon pg mnoq t nhg t gp n i tth ohgpog r tmf gp
esngo ne e eg ne mg f tp t hgespng em fngsg t sthg
nhge g hg ne t o nmfgmgo nto oh fpt h nhge
enmfgp n tp mtpg e ohph n no gp sg r
ne gmfg hgmtoe p ge tog t g onsg noqe t
h goggp n ns ne n ne gei t nmfgmgo n oh tog t g
hoqgpe
tpmit enoq
go g h nogoggp n ns ne g }xzy} {z z }
h tg mg th g pg ot stosgpogh n
t n e nmfgmgo nto r gpg ne tog ))hg n
g gmnqhg ne
o t ot g fgp tpmosg s ps gpne nse t g
mg th r m t toq htge n g n e os nto t g omgp t
n gme no g ne |
npe g e tt pgmt h g npe r
thg pgmt h g npe ij k
thg pge gh o
n i gh } o j k
gh gh gog o
p
p
pg po pge o
gpg pg ot ttfe tp os nto se gpg n et eqqge e
g po nmg t ne mg th ne g emg g h gpi nmg r s
mg th ne sgh xyzy } tfgp nto r o pgn i n g
mg th mnq g enq i e gp go g ne ne gmf i n enosg
n enfe g thi t g stohn nto n hn gpgosg ne ot
enqon nso r
g fgp tpmosg t hh e ne h gpi hn gpgo r
h tnh hh e i thg othg j k
efgsn seg gmf i ne
n i gh o j k
gh othg o
othg gog o o
p
pg po o
thg e o
tp ie gh o e gog } o o e e gog j k
p h gpeg g ne t noh g e othg
p
e gog othg o
othg gog o o
E c
C : C
p
g npe stohn nto ohge g efgsn seg t hhnoq og
othg t o gmf i ne r o ne seg n qno n g po nmg htge
ot hgfgoh
to g goq t g ne r o g qgogp seg n
tq n g h g t p h gpeg g ne t noh g e ggmgo
et g so mg n pg gp t g og othg r
ne p h gpe ge nmg fptftp nto t g goq t g
r nosg g po nmg ne nogp os nto t g goq n g
ne
th ei ne mg th ne y}z } r tmfpgh t stoe o
nmg n e h gpi h r
F
g th ng o nmfgmgo nto t g gg so fgp tpm
tfgp ntoe y} nmg r og i t sstmfne ne
no stoe o}}
t nmfgmgo n ns ne enmnp t nogh ne no
g egoeg n ne mhg f t gpt tp mtpg nogh thg t gs e r
B
first: last:
p
pg po npe o o
po
t p n ne e pnq tp ph r o o gmf i gg n t npe oh
e pg o r t s gs g gp ne ne gmf i n g toi h g t
s gs tog t gm r
ne n g mtpg stmfns gh gseg g h g t hg
nnoegp
eg h gp efgsn sege r
h tnh noegp i thg othg j k
thg othg og thg iothg g spqt n o j o
n ie } o j k
p
e gog othg o
e o
n i npeothg
o j k
npe e o
p
p
g npe stohn nto s gse t mg epg e pg gpe t
othg o n n htge go g h g t mg n pg gp t g og othg r
g egstoh stohn nto hge n g efgsn seg gpg g
ne e non ni gmf i r o ne seg t npe oh e pg gp
t g og othg r
pgmt h g et hge n eg h gp efgsn sege r
thg pgmt h g ij k
thg pge npe o
n i npe } o j k
p
npe npe rog o
n i npe o j k
p
e o o
p
pg po pge o
g npe stohn nto s gse g gp gpg gpg oi othge no g
gg r et n g h g t stfi g og othg no t npe r g
egstoh stohn nto hge n g efgsn seg g ne ne ot
gmf i n no ns seg g h g t mg e o r
e o ggpsneg n hp hnqpme e t noq t tfgp ntoe no t
g otpm seg oh no g efgsn sege n oh sto h nosg itpeg
gi pg stppgs r
E a
C : C
0 2
first next
gpg pg t ie t no t g h pnge npe oh e r
n gpi n gi pg no gqgpe n oh gnp h ge pg e t o no tge
to g pnq r e ps in tq n gi pg nohnsge t g ppi n
oh et gi pg t go hp o e ppt e ftno noq t ts ntoe no
g ppi r g ppt pgfpgego nto ne sto h gongo n it
pgmgmgp g nohnsge pg ot pg gpgosge o gi pg
eeth
no gqgpe r
m gpg ne o nostmfg g ppi nmfgmgo nto t gg
see gg k
fns
f h gs tp thg g ppi o
9 E aa
no npe n og o
gg ij k
first next
2 2
first next
og ftno e t o h ng efsg r
npe nes s geief pg
oh ftno e t g emg efsg n go
npe ne pg gppnoq n t og o ))gmf i ts nto n oh g gg ne
gmf i r f ))gmf i no t nto mpe gseg n ne fteeng
g ts nto npe ftno e t s i sto noe h g
i g ht ot noq t goepg gmf i ts ntoe sto no o j o to
g t gp oh n enosg g ot g gg ne gmf i n g n og h gp
pgh ne ts nto n et g so no t n n e ps i n e gmf i r
e o ggpsneg n n pgmt h g et n pg poe o n g
gg ne gmf i r
g og fptgm n ne nmfgmgo nto ne g h go i
n n po t t efsg r go g hh o n gm g nospgmgo og
oh go g pgmt h g o n gm g nospgmgo npe n g og h gp
hgspgmgo gn gp r ffgoe go g qg t g goh t g
ppi |
g tt noq nqpg e t e g gg gp g hh tp mtpg
n gme
first next
2 6
first next
g ppi ne ot r gpg ne ot ))og h ng efsg n
et gpg ne ot gpg tp og t ftno r og fteennn i ne
g sth pgen g g ppi n e g hnh n g e s
nmfgmgo nto r no seg g ppi th ggf qg noq
nqqgp pgqphgee t t moi n gme gpg s i no gg r
g gp et nto ne t pf ptoh t g gqnoonoq t g ppi
oh pgeg g efsge gpg r ne )) pf ptoh ne g pgeto
ne nmfgmgo nto ne sgh snpsp gp r
og i t pf g nohg ptoh ne t hh efgsn seg
b C E a
2 0
next first
ne e n tog gmf i efsg no g ppi n g gg ne
gpg
gseg n g noegp ot gp n gm n go g h g t nospgmgo
og es og npe n oh no seg n th ffgp
g gg e gmf i }
t h tnh n g espn nsg tog efsg no g ppi r t t
so g g n g gg ne |
n iiog ^ k j ppi rgoq npe j
oh e th g ht n g ppi ne | o seg
pgen noq g ppi ne fpti g toi tf nto r
e o ggpsneg n f tqg gp g sthg ptm ne egsnto
oh pn g o nmfgmgo nto t gg enoq snpsp gp
pgen ge n eg go ogsgeepi r
c u D
g pntpn i gg e g emg no gp sg e g gg n
hn gpgo egmo nse r g no gp sg ne
xyx pg g og n gmf i gg r
noegp hh og n gm t g gg r
pgmt h g gmt h g oh pg po o n gm ptm g gg r g n gm
ne pg pogh ne g tog n g nq ge fpntpn i r
E a
C : C
gmf i gs g gp g gg ne gmf i r
ns hn gpgosg ne g n gm ne pgmt h gh
ptm g egmo
g gg ne ot ogsgeepni g npe tog e
hhgh r gp n n ne g h gp n gm no g gg e g nq ge
fpntpn i r g fpntpn nge pg n oh t gi stmfpg t gs
t gp n pg ot efgsn ngh i g pntpn i gg nmfgmgo nto r
hgfgohe to g n gme pg pg no g gg r
tp gmfg n n g n gme no g gg h g omge n g mnq
s tteg gm no f g ns tphgp r gi pg t noq estpge n
g mnq s tteg ptm nq ge t t ge n n gi pg qt
estpge
t ng gsgth qt ptm t ge t nq ge r
og fptgm r g th ng o nmfgmgo nto
t pntpn i gg ne qgogpns n e th tp n oi
gs g emg nmg g sthg nmfgmgo e
noh
pntpnt i tgg ogghe t h g g nn i t stmfpg g t gs e
n sto noe r
i t nmfgmgo qgogpns h e ps pge enoq
thggn hg eggo
htge ot et h g ne fptgm n gseg gpg ne ot
i t stmfpg thg ogee g ot ifg g spqt ne r t
ensi n t nmfgmgo fpntpn i gg n g n h g t spg g
stmfpg os ntoe n stmfpg g spqt t g othge r
s u u F
o g nmfgmgo nto t g pntpn i gg n g h gpi nmg g
efgsn g n gme no g gg n g efgsn i g ifg
t g i spqtg rifg tpt gmfg n g noe osg h pnge pg o ppi
t thg oh o no gqgp
see pntpn i gg k
fpnh g
f h gs tp thg g ppi o
p
no nohg o
o
e e n nohg ne g nohg t g og h ng ts nto no
g ppi r g noe osg h pnge pg hgspgh fpnh g et
t gp seege soot h g hnpgs ssgee t gm r
g stoe ps tp oh gmf i pg enmnp t g h g eggo
g tpg r s teg g non n en g tp g ppi pn ppni r
fns
pntpn i gg ij k
ppi rpgen g ik_ j o
nohg o
E a
p
tt gmf i ij k
p
pg po nohg o
noegp ne enmnp t fe
h tnh noegp i thg n gm j k
n inohg ppi rgoq ijj k
p
pgen g ij o
ppi ^^nohg n gm o
p
nohg o
tmn gh g nmfgmgo nto t pgen g r g toi ee o n
mg th no g see ne pgmt h g n ns e t p h gpeg g ppi t
noh oh pgmt h g g pqge n gm
thg pgmt h g ij k
n inohg j pg po o o
no m ohg o
g nohg t g n gm n g nq ge fpntpn i
tp noh
ino n k o n nohg o n^^ j k
n ippi n rspqt
g ppi m ohg rspqt j k
p
m ohg n o
p
mt h g g e n gm no t g gmf i et
nohg o
ppi m ohg ppi nohg o
p
pg po ppi m ohg o
e g p h gpeg g ppi n m ohg ggfe ps t g nohg t
g pqge ggmgo g h g eggo et p r n mgoe t g g
))pqge ne hg gpmnogh i g r
d
e o gmfg t etmg noq n o oe hg non nto t
)) nq ge fpntpn i n g eg qt gpe
E a
C : C
see t gp k
fns
fe pnoq omg o
no estpg o
t gp ife pnoq omg n no estpg j k
ne gomg omg o
ne g estpg estpg o
p
p
g see hg non nto oh g stoe ps tp pg fpg i ms g emg
e ie r
pn nosg fpntpn i gge pgnpg etmg stmfpnetoe n g h g t
g os nto stmfpg t r t g e pn g tog
no stmfpg t it gp qk n t gp q j k
no qkrestpg o
no q restpg o
tp qt gpe n t ne qtth }
n i j pg po k o
n i g j pg po k o
p
pg po o
so spg g etmg qt gpe
noi n g
t gp nqgp og t gp lil nqgp tthe l nl_ k j o
t gp f n og t gp lmi n nsgeto n j o
t gp og t gp i to l n _ j j o
oh f gm no g gg
f rnoegp i nqgp j o
f rnoegp if n j o
f rnoegp i j o
go g f gm t
ng i}f rgmf i ijj k
qt gp f rpgmt h g ijo
p
st qt gp gomg qt gp g estpg o
E a
K 0
linked array
implementation implementation
g tpn to nog no g nqpg pgfpgego e g ppngp t
e ps nto g ggo g oh n e nmfgmgo ntoe r
ng ne e n pgge pg mhg f t othge r stmmto noh t pgg
ne yz }} n no ns gs othg sto noe pg gpgosg t t
t gp othge ifteeni o j r g see hg non nto tte ng
ne
see pgg k
no spqt o
pgg g n pnq o
E ab
EE
po
ng ne othge n pgg othge sto no spqt no ne seg
qgogpns no r m t g h gp n pgge mi stoene t oi ifg t spqt n et
no g pg it sth gs onsi ee n g g no n t gp
ifge oh n e th tp n ne n g pge t itp fptqpm
sthg htge ot qt pi r g t gp noe osg h pnge pg omgh
g oh pnq n no sstphosg n e ohph i t pgfpgego
pgge qpf nsi
tree
cargo: 1
left: right:
cargo: 2 cargo: 3
left: right: left: right:
g fptsgee t eegmnoq pgg othge ne enmnp t g fptsgee
t eegmnoq ne e r g h g stoe ps tp tp pgg othge
non nn ge g noe osg h pnge r
fns pgg ino spqt n pgg g n pgg pnq j k
ne g spqt spqt o
ne g g g o
ne g pnq pnq o
p
g ts g g s nh othge npe
pgg g og pgg i n o n o j o
pgg pnq og pgg i] n o n o j o
g so spg g g fpgo othg oh no n t g s nhpgo g
emg nmg
pgg pgg og pgg ik n g n pnq j o
ne sthg fpthsge g e g e t o no g fpg h nte nqpg r
d
i ot n oi nmg it egg og h e ps pg n itp npe
nto e th g n ))m t so p h gpeg n | g mte o p
ge
i t p h gpeg pgg ne pgspen h gi r tp gmfg n t hh f
g no gqgpe no pgg n g sth pn g ne see mg th
no t i pgg pgg j k
n i pgg o j pg po o
no spqt pgg g spqt o
p
pg po spqt t i pgg g g j ^ t i pgg gpnq j o
^
ne ne see mg th gseg g th ng t eg o t
pgfpgego g gmf i pgg n oh mg g gmf i pgg g eg seg
t g pgspento r g pgg ne gmf i n g mg th pg poe r
gp neg n mge t pgspenh g se t noh g t h g t
n e t s nhpgo r noi n n hhe no n e t o spqt oh pg poe
g t r
tq ne mg th tpe n gpg ne etmg hn ns i n noq
n no t o t gs tpngo gh hgenqo r e th ot ffgp no g
pgg see gseg n pgnpge g spqt t g no t gs e r
EEE
cargo: +
left: right:
cargo: 1 cargo: *
left: right: left: right:
cargo: 2 cargo: 3
left: right: left: right:
p
fns h nen ij k
ieh tnh
gm rt rfpno ie p ^ l lj o
p
p
go g stmfng ne see hg non nto i ns ne no ng omgh
tgo r h j n g stmfngp s gse g gp g mg the fpt h nhgh
e ne i g pgnpgmgo e efgsn ngh i g e ps see r
ot n n n fpthsg o gpptp mgeeqg r tp gmfg n n g
mneefg t g mg th ne efftegh t g h nen n
g mnq qg g omg etmg noq ng n ))see tgo me
g hgspgh
enenps
r htge ot hg nog h tnh h nen ij ptm no gp sg
g r
g og e gf ne t mthn i g fpegp t f tgo t gs e
no t g pgg noe gh t pnoqe r m gpg ne em gmfg
pnoq gfp l k ] ^ l o
pnoq tgon gp e og pnoq tgon gp igfp n l ^ l n pg j o
pnoq tgo e rog tgo ij o
pgg pgg og pgg iog tgo i tgo j n o n o jj o
ne sthg ge g npe tgo no g e pnoq oh pfe n no
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T K ,0 I DC , u sS N M M ,2 x [ ^y
i
K ,0 I DC , D E K ,0 I DC , u sS N M M ,2 [ \ j
0 1 u sK ,0 r K ,0 I DC , u sS N M M ,2
2 ,0 N 2 C D E
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g
G E0 2 DC K T nT V VG E0 2 DC K T ij
L R E0 2 DC K r C ,H T xXy
L R E0 2 DC K x y r
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g i
G E0 2 DC K T nT V VG E0 2 DC K T .1C E0 T .1G R j
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g i
G E0 2 DC K T nT V VG E0 2 DC K T T .+ j
L R E0 2 DC K r C ,H T x y
L R E0 2 DC K x y r .+
L R E0 2 DC K xXy r
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g i
G E0 2 DC K T nT V VG E0 2 DC K T .1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT g w 0 1 u s .2 , F0 , u sM 2 1L j
L R E0 2 DC K r C ,H T x0 1 u s .2 , F0 , u sM 2 1L PI ,C K 0+ ij Xy
i
E0 2 .G R L R E0 2 DC K 0 1 u s .2 , F0 , u sM2 1L P. u s E0 2 ijj .1G R E0 2 DC K
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g
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J , I ,0 , xy L R E0 2 DC K
c g a d c c d c ac d af i i c i
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g
T G E0 2 DC K T nT V V. u s E02 ij .1C E0
2 ,0 N 2 C L R E0 2 DC K
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g
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i
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0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g i
DC 0 G E0 2 DC K T nT V VM DC J .1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT g w E0 2 j .1C E0
DC 0 D ` ,C J E, F2 .+ r I,C K 0 + ij E0 2 PI ,C K 0 + ij X
i
M 12 D r D n ,C J E, F2 .+ D j
i
M 12 D n ,C J E, F2 .+ w w L R E0 2 DC K xDy r E0 2 x y D j
i
DM D r r ,C J E, F2 .+ j
S 2 , FU
i
M 12 ` r ` n E0 2 PI,C K 0 + ij j
w w L R E0 2 DC K xD ` y r r E0 2 x` y `
i
DM ` r r E0 2 PI,C K 0 + ijj
2 ,0 N 2 C D
2 ,0 N 2 C X
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g i
DC 0 G E0 2 DC K T nT V VM DC J .1C E0 T .+ j .1C E0
i
M 12 DC 0 D r D n I ,C K 0+ ij D j
i
DM L R E0 2 DC K xDy r r .+ j
2 ,0 N 2 C D
2 ,0 N 2 C X
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g g i
G E02 DC K T nT G E0 2 DC K T nT V VEN S E0 2 DC 0 G 1 E DC 0 I ,C j .1C E0
i
DM G 1 E n I ,C n G 1 E gr I ,C K 0 + ijj
) i bd *
i
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j
n n p 1N 0 1 M S 1N C J E M 12 E0 2 DC K u p p n n L R E0 2 DC K n n u p n n ,C J I
ij
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i
DM G 1 E I ,C g
I,C K 0 + ijj
I ,C r I ,C K 0 + ij
G1E
T 2 , EN I0 r C ,H T xI ,C Xy
i
L ,L .G R 2 , EN I0 L R E0 2 DC K G 1 E I ,C E D , 1M T i jj
2 , EN I0 xI ,C y r
g i
G E0 2 DC K T nT 0 1 u s2 ,0 N 2 C 2 , EN I0 j
J , I ,0 , xy 2 , EN I0
2 ,0 N 2 C 0 1 u s2 ,0N 2 C
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g g
.1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT w G E0 2 DC K T nT V V1G ,2 F0 12 r i.1C E0 T .1C E0 0 1 u s .1G R j
J , I ,0 , xy L R E0 2 DC K J , F I I 1 .F0 , L ,L
i
L R E0 2 DC K r C ,H T xE0 2 I,C 0 1 u s .1G R Xy j
i
E0 2 .G R L R E0 2 DC K 0 1 u s .1G R j .1G R E0 2 DC K
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0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g g
.1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT w G E0 2 DC K T nT V V1G ,2 F0 12 r i.1C E0 T .+ j
J , I ,0 , xy L R E0 2 DC K J , F I I 1 .F0 , L ,L 12 R
L R E0 2 DC K r C ,H T x y
L R E0 2 DC K x y r .+
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0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g g
.1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT w G E0 2 DC K T nT V V1G ,2 F0 12 r i.1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT g w .1G R j
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g g
.1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT w G E0 2 DC K T nT V V1G ,2 F0 12 r i.1C E0 T .1C E0 0 1 u sFG G ,C J j
T C ,H S N M M ,2 r C ,H T xI ,C K 0 + ij i
E0 2 I ,C 0 1 u s FG G ,C J j Xy
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E0 2 .G R C ,H S N M M ,2 L R E0 2 DC K j
i
E0 2 .F0 C ,H S N M M ,2 0 1 u s FG G ,C J j
J , I ,0 , xy L R E0 2 DC K
c g a d c c d c ac d af i i c i
L R E0 2 DC K r C ,H S N M M ,2
2 ,0 N 2 C 0+ D E
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g g
.1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT w G E0 2 DC K T nT V V1G ,2 F0 12 r i.1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT g w 0 1 u s FG G ,C J j
2 ,0 N 2 C 0+ D E r 0 1 u s FG G ,C J P. u s E0 2 ij FG G ,C J T G 1 DC 0 ,2
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g g
.1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT w G E0 2 DC K T nT V V1G ,2 F0 12 r i.1C E0 T 0 1 u s FG G ,C J j
T C ,H E0 2 DC K r C ,H T xI ,C K 0 + y ij
i
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J , I ,0 , xy L R E0 2 DC K
L R E0 2 DC K r C ,H E0 2 DC K G 1 DC 0 E 0 1 C ,H E0 2 DC K
ij
L R E0 2 DC K xI ,C K 0 + Xy r C N I I 0 ,2L DC F0 12
ij
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2 ,0 N 2 C 0+ D E
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g
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w I F I .1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT g w 2 FIh j
g ih j
G E0 2 DC K T nT 0 1 u s2 ,0 N 2 C I F I
h
2 ,0 N 2 C 0 1 u s2 ,0N 2 C r 2 F I
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g
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w I F I .1C E0 T w 2 F I h j
g ih j
G E0 2 DC K T nT 0 1 u s2 ,0 N 2 C I F I
h
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0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g
G E02 DC K T nT 1G ,2 F0 12 iT I h F I .1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT g h j
w 2 FI
g ih j
G E0 2 DC K T nT 0 1 u s2 ,0 N 2 C I F I
h
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g
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w I F I .1C E0 T .1C E0 2 F I h j
) i bd *
g ih j
G E0 2 DC K T nT 0 1 u s2 ,0 N 2 C I F I
h
2 ,0 N 2 C 0 1 u s2 ,0N 2 C r 2 F I
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g
G E0 2 DC K T nT 1G ,2 F0 12 i.1C E0 h
T .1C E0 I F I .1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT g w 2 FIh j
g ih j
G E0 2 DC K T nT 0 1 u s2 ,0 N 2 C I F I
h
2 ,0 N 2 C 0 1 u s2 ,0N 2 C r 2 F I
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g
T w G E0 2 DC K T nT V V1G ,2 F0 12 xy iDC 0 C j
i g
DM C n C r I ,C K 0+ ijj
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n n L R E0 2 DC K n n p u p 1 M I ,C K 0 + p n n I ,C K 0 + ij
n n ,C J I
ij
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2 ,0 N 2 C L R E0 2 DC K xC y
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g
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i g
DM C n C r I ,C K 0+ ijj
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n n L R E0 2 DC K n n p u p 1 M I ,C K 0 + p n n I ,C K 0 + ij
n n ,C J I
ij
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2 ,0 N 2 C L R E0 2 DC K xC y
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
i
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w I F I .1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT g w2 FIh j
ih
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0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
i
S 1 1 I 1G ,2 F0 12 r .1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT g h
w I F I .1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT g w2 FIh j
ih
2 ,0 N 2 C E0 2 .L G I F I P. u s E02 ij 2 h F I P. u s E0 2 ijj r
c g a d c c d c ac d af i i c i
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
i
S 1 1 I 1G ,2 F0 12 n .1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT g h
w I F I .1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT g h j
w2 FI
ih
2 ,0 N 2 C E0 2 .L G I F I P. u s E02 ij 2 h F I P. u s E0 2 ijj n
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
i
S 1 1 I 1G ,2 F0 12 nr .1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT g h
w I F I .1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT g h j
w2 FI
ih
2 ,0 N 2 C E0 2 .L G I F I P. u s E02 ij 2 h F I P. u s E0 2 ijj nr
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
S 1 1 I 1G ,2 F0 12 g i
.1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT g h
w I F I .1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT g h j
w2 FI
ih
2 ,0 N 2 C E0 2 .L G I F I P. u s E02 ij 2 h F I P. u s E0 2 ijj g
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g i
S 1 1 I 1G ,2 F0 12 r .1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT g h
w I F I .1C E0 G E0 2 DC K T nT g h j
w2 FI
ih
2 ,0 N 2 C E0 2 .L G I F I P. u s E02 ij 2 h F I P. u s E0 2 ijj g r
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
h
.IF E E G , .0 12
GNS I D. V
h
G , .0 12 ij J , M FN I0 .1C E0 2N .0 12
h
G , .0 12 iDC 0 E D , j .1C E0 2 N .0 12 H D0 + EG , . DM D . J DL ,C E D1C
h
G , .0 12 iDC 0 E D , .1C E0 T w M DI I u s h F I j .2 , F0 , F G h , .0 12 H D0 + F J ,M FN I0 M DI I h F IN ,
h
G , .0 12 i.1C E0 G h , .0 12 nT g w j .1G R .1C E0 2 N .0 12
hD2 0 N F I G h , .0 12 ij J , E0 2 N .0 12
h 1 DJ i j
2 , E D , DC 0 C ,H u s E D , 2 , E D , 0+ , h , .0 12
DC I DC , DC 0 I ,C K 0 + ij .1C E0 2 ,0N 2 C E C NL S ,2 1M , I,L ,C 0 E DC G h , .0 12
i
T w 1G ,2 F0 12 xy DC 0 DC J ,O j F . ., E E F G F2 0 D.N I F2 F2 2 FR , I,L ,C 0 iL N 0 FS I, j
.1C E0 T w 1G ,2 F0 12 xy DC 0 DC J ,O i j .1C E0 F . ., E E F G F2 0 D.N I F2 F2 2 FR , I,L ,C 0 iDL L N 0 FS I, j
c a b d
.1C E0 G , .0 12 nT h g w 1G ,2 F0 12 r i.1C E0 G h , .0 12 nT g w j F E E DK CL ,C 0 1G ,2 F0 12
G 2 10 , .0 ,J V
T F2 2 FR
DC 0 I ,C
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
h g
G , .0 12 nT V VG , .0 12 h ij ij
VF2 2 FR I,C ij
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
h g h
G , .0 12 nT V VG , .0 12 DC 0 E D , i j
i
DM E D , nr j
h h
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,O D0 X ij
F2 2 FR r C ,H T xE D , y
I ,C r E D ,
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
h g h i
G , .0 12 nT V VG , .0 12 DC 0 E D , .1C E0 T w M DI I u s F I h j
F2 2 FR r C ,H T xE D , y
I ,C r E D ,
i
M 12 DC 0 Dr Dn E D , D j
F2 2 FR xDy r M DI I u s F I h
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
h g h
G , .0 12 nT V VG , .0 12 .1C E0 G , .0 12 nT i h g wh , .j
F2 2 FR r C ,H T x , . PI ,C K 0 + y h ij
i
M 12 DC 0 Dr Dn , . PI ,C K 0 + D h ij j
F2 2 FR xDy r , . xDy h
h
I ,C r , . PI ,C K 0+ ij
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
h g
G , .0 12 nT V VG , .0 12 h ij
c g a d c c d c ac d af i i c i
J , I ,0 , xy F2 2 FR
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
h
DC 0 G , .0 12 nT V VI ,C K 0+ g ij .1C E0
2 ,0 N 2 C I ,C
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
h g
T w G , .0 12 nT V V1G ,2 F0 12 xy iDC 0 DC J ,O j
i
DM DC J ,O n DC J ,O gr I ,C K 0 + ijj
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h
n n p DC G , .0 12 1 M I ,C K 0 + p n n I,C K 0 + n n ,C J I ij
,O D0 X ij
2 ,0 N 2 C F2 2 FR xDC J ,O y
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
h
.1C E0 T w G , .0 12 nT V V1G ,2 F0 12 xy g iDC 0 DC J ,O j .1C E0
i
DM DC J ,O n DC J ,O gr I ,C K 0 + ijj
.,2 2 n n p u C 2 2 12 V DC J ,O 1N 0 1 M 2 FC K , V p n n DC J ,O
h
n n p DC G , .0 12 1 M I ,C K 0 + p n n I,C K 0 + n n ,C J I ij
,O D0 X ij
2 ,0 N 2 C F2 2 FR xDC J ,O y
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
h g
.1C E0 G , .0 12 nT w G , .0 12 nT V V1G ,2 F0 12 r h g i.1C E0 G h , .0 12 nT g w h,.j
J , I ,0 , xy F2 2 FR
h
F2 2 FR r C ,H T x , . PI ,C K 0 + y ij
i
M 12 DC 0 Dr Dn , . PI ,C K 0 + h
D ij j
F2 2 FR xDy r , . xDy h
h
I ,C r , . PI ,C K 0+ ij
2 ,0 N 2 C 0+ D E
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
e bd v
h 1 DJ G h , .0 12 nT g V V2 , E D , iDC 0 C ,H u s E D , j
i
DM C ,H u s E D , nr j
h h
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ij
,O D0 X
T C ,H F2 2 FR r C ,H T xC ,H u s E D , y
i j
DC 0 L DC E D , r C ,H u s E D , n I ,C C ,H u s E D , VI,C
i
M 12 DC 0 Dr DnL DC E D , D j
C ,H F2 2 FR xDy r F2 2 FR xDy
J , I ,0 , xy F2 2 FR
F2 2 FR r C ,H F2 2 FR
I ,C r C ,H u s E D ,
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
.I F E E GL F0 2 DO
GNS I D. V
GL F0 2 DO ij J ,M FN I0 .1C E02N .0 12
GL F0 2 DO iDC 0 2 1H E DC 0 .1 I E j .1C E0 2N .0 12 H D0+ J DL ,C E D1
GL F0 2 DO iDC 0 2 1H E DC 0 .1 I E .1C E0 h
T w M DI I F IN , j .1C E0 2N .0 12 H D0+ J ,M FN I0
GL F0 2 DO i.1C E0 GL F0 2 DO nT g w j .1G R .1C E0 2N .0 12
hD2 0 N F I GL F0 2 DO ij J , E0 2 N .0 12
h 1 DJ i
2 , E D , DC 0 2 1H E DC 0 .1 I E j .+ FC K , L F0 2 DO J DL ,C E D1C E
DC I DC , DC 0 C NL 2 1H E .1C E0 ij 2 ,0 N 2 C E C NL S ,2 1M 2 1H E DC
DC I DC , DC 0 C NL .1 I E .1C E0 ij 2 ,0 N 2 C E C NL S ,2 1M .1 INL C E
h g
DC I DC , G , .0 12 nT w 1G ,2 F0 12 xy DC 0 DC J ,O i j F . ., E E F G F20 D.N IF2 F
h g
DC I DC , .1C E0 G , .0 12 nT w 1G ,2 F0 12 xy DC 0 DC J ,O i j .1C E0 F . ., E E F G F20 D.N IF2 F
G 2 10 , .0 ,J V
h h
G , .0 12 n G , .0 12 nT gg L F0 2 DO
c g a d c c d c ac d af i i c i
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g
GL F0 2 DO nT V VGL F0 2 DO ij
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g i
GL F0 2 DO nT V VGL F0 2 DO DC 0 2 1H E DC 0 .1 I E j
i
2 , E D , 2 1H E .1 I E j
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g i
GL F0 2 DO nT V VGL F0 2 DO DC 0 2 1H E DC 0 .1 I E .1C E0 T w M DI I F IN , h j
i
2 , E D , 2 1H E .1 I E j
i
M 12 DC 0 O r O n 2 1H E O j
i
M 12 DC 0 R r R n .1 I E R j
L F0 2 DO xO y xR y r M DI I F IN , h
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g i
GL F0 2 DO nT V VGL F0 2 DO .1C E0 GL F0 2 DO nT g w .1G R j
0+ D E r .1G R
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g
GL F0 2 DO nT V VGL F0 2 DO ij
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g
DC 0 GL F0 2 DO nT V VC NL 2 1H E ij .1C E0
2 ,0 N 2 C L F0 2 DO PI ,C K 0+ ij
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g
DC 0 GL F0 2 DO nT V VC NL .1 I E ij .1C E0
2 ,0 N 2 C iL F0 2 DO PI ,C K 0 + ijjL F0 2 DO x y PI,C K 0 + ij V
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
h g i
1 DJ GL F0 2 DO nT V V2 , E D , DC 0 2 1H E DC 0 .1 I E j
i
L F0 2 DO P2 , E D , 2 1H E j
i b a
i
M 12 DC 0 O r O n 2 1H E O j
i j
L F0 2 DO xO y P2 , E D , .1 I E 2 , E D , , F .+ DC J D DJN F I h h , .0 12
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
g
.1C E0 GL F0 2 DO nT w GL F0 2 DO nT V V1G ,2 F0 12 r g i.1C E0 GL F0 2 DO nT g w .1G R j
L F0 2 DO r .1G R PL F0 2 DO .1G R h , .0 12 1M h , .0 12 E
2 ,0 N 2 C 0+ D E
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
h g
.1C E0 G , .0 12 nT w GL F0 2 DO nT V V1G ,2 F0 12 xy g iDC 0 DC J ,O j .1C E0
2 ,0 N 2 C L F0 2 DO xDC J ,O y
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
h g
G , .0 12 nT w GL F0 2 DO nT V V1G ,2 F0 12 xy g iDC 0 DC J ,O j
2 ,0 N 2 C L F0 2 DO xDC J ,O y
0 ,L G I F0 , n .I F E E T g
.I F E E G E0 F .U
GNS I D. V
G E0 F .U ij J , M FN I0 .1C E0 2N .0 12
i
G E0 F .U .1C E0 G E0 F .U nT g wj .1G R .1C E0 2 N .0 12
h
D2 0 N F I G E0 F .U ij J , E0 2 N .0 12
h 1 DJ i
G N E+ T E0 12 FK , j G N E+ J F0 F 1C 0 1 E0 F .U
h 1 DJ i
G 1G T w E0 12 FK , j G 1G J F0 F 1 M M E0 F .U FC J E0 12 , DC G
.1C E0 T G 1G ij G 1G J F0 F 1 M M E0 F .U FC J 2 ,0N 2C
.1C E0 T 0 1G .1C E0 ij 2 ,0N 2 C E 0 1G h F IN , H D0+ 1N 0 G 1G G DC K
h 1 DJ L FU , L G 0 R ij ,L G 0 R 0 + , E0 F .U
DC I DC , S 1 1 I D E L G 0 R .1C E0 ij 2 ,0N 2 C E 0 2 N , DM E0 F .U DE ,L G 0 R
DC I DC , DC 0 I ,C K 0 + .1C E0 ij 2 ,0N 2 C E C NL S ,2 1M , I,L ,C 0 E 1C E0 F
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