Lecture 19-20 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces

Fundamental nature Interaction of moving
of Magnetism electric charges
Magnetic forces arise in two stages:

1. Moving charge or a collection of moving charges
produces a magnetic field.
2. Current or moving charge responds to this

magnetic field and so experiences a magnetic
force.
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Chapter 27
Magnetic Field and
Magnetic Forces
27-1 MAGNETISM
27-2 MAGNETIC FIELD
27-3 MAGNETIC FIELD LINES
AND MAGNETIC FLUX
27-4 MOTION OF CHARGED
PARTICLES IN A MAGNETIC
FIELD
27-6 MAGNETIC FORCE ON A
CURRENT-CARRYING
CONDUCTOR
27-7 FORCE AND TORQUE ON A
CURRENT LOOP

27-1
Magnetism
Objective
Describe the interaction between poles of
magnets

27-1
Magnetism
Magnetic phenomena
1st observed at least 2500 years ago in fragments
of magnetized iron ores in Magnesia
Magnetized iron ores Permanent magnets
N: North pole
S: South pole

27-1
Magnetism
S: South pole N: North pole

27-1
Magnetism
S: South pole N: North pole
Either pole of a bar magnet attracts an

unmagnetized object that contains iron.

27-1
Magnetism

27-1
Magnetism
Magnetic Poles versus Electric Charge
may seem
analogous to
+ -
But this is misleading!
1. There is no such thing as magnetic monopole.

2. Poles always appear in pairs.

27-1
Magnetism
Magnetic Poles versus Electric Charge

27-1
Magnetism
Example:
Consider various configurations of a bar magnet (shown here with its
polarity labeled N and S), an iron bar with ends labeled (U and D), and an
unknown magnet with its magnetic field lines (X and Y). Which of the
following configurations shown is stable?
X X X Y
Y Y Y X
U U D D
D D U U
X Y
N S N S
S N S N
A. B. C. D.
27-1
Magnetism
Seatwork:
Three bar magnets are arranged in a stable configuration as shown in A.
The polarities V, W, X, and Y are unknown. N (S) indicates North
(South). Which among configurations I to III is/are stable?

Chapter 27
Magnetic Field and
Magnetic Forces
27-1 MAGNETISM
27-2 MAGNETIC FIELD
AND MAGNETIC FLUX
FIELD
CURRENT-CARRYING
CONDUCTOR
CURRENT LOOP

27-2
Magnetic Field
Objectives
Differentiate electric interactions from
magnetic interactions
Determine the net force on a moving
point charge in the presence of both
magnetic and electric fields

27-2
Magnetic Field
Electric Interactions
1. A distribution of electric charge at rest creates an electric field
in the surrounding space.
2. The electric field exerts a force = on any other charge
that is present in the field.
Magnetic Interactions
1. A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the
surrounding space (in addition to its electric field).
2. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge

or current that is present in the field.

27-2
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field
1. It is a vector quantity.
2. It is represented by .
3. Its direction is defined as the direction in which the north pole of
a compass needle tends to point.
SI Unit of B:
1 (N s)/(C m) = 1 T (Tesla)
1 T = 1 N/(A m)

27-2
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Forces on Moving Charges
=
= = ||
4 key characteristics of magnetic force on moving charges
1. Magnitude is proportional to magnitude of charge.
2. Magnitude is proportional to strength of field.
3. Magnetic force depends on particles velocity .
4. Magnetic force does not have same direction as . It is always
perpendicular to both and .

27-2
Magnetic Field
1. Magnitude of magnetic force
2. Direction of magnetic force

Use right hand rule.

27-2
Magnetic Field

27-2
Magnetic Field

27-2
Magnetic Field
For positive moving charge: For negative moving charge:

27-2
Magnetic Field
Example:
The figure shows a uniform magnetic field directed into the
plane of the paper (shown by the blue X's). If a particle with
a negative charge moves in the plane. Which of the three
paths-I, 2, or 3-does the particle follow?

27-2
Magnetic Field
Conceptest

In what direction will the
particle be deflected?
a) Upwards out of the

b) Downwards page
c) Left
d) Right
27-2
Magnetic Field
Conceptest

particle be deflected?
a) Upwards out of the

b) Downwards page
c) Left
d) Right
27-2
Magnetic Field
Conceptest X X X X X

X X X X X
+ X X X X X
X X X X X
particle be deflected? X X X X X
a) Upwards into the page

b) Downwards
c) Left
d) Right
27-2
Magnetic Field
Conceptest X X X X X

X X X X X
- X X X X X
X X X X X
particle be deflected? X X X X X
a) Upwards into the page

b) Downwards
c) Left
d) Right
27-2
Magnetic Field
Example:
Solution:
= sin

= = 9.47 106 m/s
sin

27-2
Magnetic Field
When a charged particle moves through a region of space

where both electric and magnetic fields are present, both
fields exert forces on the particle.
Magnetic Electric
force force

27-2
Magnetic Field
Example:
Solution:
=
a) = 1.24 108 3.85 104 1.4

= 6.7 104 ()N
b) = 1.24 108 1.4 4.19 104 + (3.85

27-2
Magnetic Field
Exercise:
A proton is placed in a region of uniform electric
() and magnetic fields (+).
What are the
components of the net force acting on the proton
when it is at rest?
A.
+, +
B.
+,
C.
,
D.
E.

27-2
Magnetic Field
Exercise:
A proton is placed in a region of uniform electric
() and magnetic fields (+).
What are the
components of the net force acting on the proton
when it is at rest?
A.
+, +
B.
+,
C.
,
D.
E.

Chapter 27
Magnetic Field and
Magnetic Forces
27-1 MAGNETISM
27-2 MAGNETIC FIELD
AND MAGNETIC FLUX
FIELD
CURRENT-CARRYING
CONDUCTOR
CURRENT LOOP

27-3 Magnetic Field lines and Magnetic Flux
Objectives
Given the magnetic field lines, deduce the
magnetic field vector and the magnetic
force on a moving charged particle
Argue why the magnetic flux on a closed
surface is zero
Evaluate the total magnetic flux through
an open surface

Magnetic field lines represent any magnetic field.
The direction of the

magnetic field at each
point is unique.
Magnetic field lines
never intersect.
Magnetic field lines
have no ends.




Example:
Which of the following figures may illustrate magnetic field
lines?
Answer: I and II
Example:
The figure shows magnetic field lines produced by
a moving charge Y . A positive charge X is moving
into the page. What is the direction of the magnetic
force felt by X at the instant it is beside Y?
Hint:
Answer: to the left

Magnetic Flux
number of magnetic field lines crossing a surface
SI unit of magnetic flux:

1 T m2 = 1 Wb (Weber)

Magnetic Flux
Magnetic Flux thru an open surface
If is uniform, then

Magnetic Flux
Magnetic Flux thru an open surface
If is not uniform, then

Example:
A square with side of length 2m is perpendicular to
a magnetic field of strength 10T. If the square is
rotated such that the area vector A makes an
angle of 60 with the magnetic field B, what is the
change in magnetic flux through the square?
Answer:
=
=
= cos
= cos60 cos0
1
= 10 22
2
= 20Tm2
Magnetic Flux thru a closed surface
Since there is no magnetic monopole,
(Gausss Law for Magnetism)

Magnetic Flux thru a closed surface
spherical Gaussian
surface

Example:
The magnetic flux through one face of a
cube is +0.120 Wb. What must the total
magnetic flux through the other five faces of
the cube be?
Hint:
Answer: - 0.120 Wb
Example:
The magnetic flux through all the triangular
faces of a pyramid due to a wire carrying a
current is 4 where is the area of one
triangular face. What is the magnetic flux
through the square base?

Example:
Which of the following is TRUE about the magnetic flux
through the imaginary closed surfaces whose cross-
sections are shown in the figure?
A. A > B > C
B. B > A > C
C. A = B = C
D. A = B < C
E. A = B > C

Quiz:
The magnetic flux through all the triangular
faces of a pyramid due to a wire carrying a
current is 4 where is the area of one
triangular face. What is the magnetic flux
through the square base?
Answer: - 4aB

Quiz:
Which of the following is TRUE about the magnetic flux
through the imaginary closed surfaces whose cross-
sections are shown in the figure?
A. A > B > C
B. B > A > C
C. A = B = C
D. A = B < C
E. A = B > C

Chapter 27
Magnetic Field and
Magnetic Forces
27-1 MAGNETISM
27-2 MAGNETIC FIELD
AND MAGNETIC FLUX
FIELD
CURRENT-CARRYING
CONDUCTOR
CURRENT LOOP

27-4 Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field
Objective
Describe the motion of a charged particle
in a magnetic field in terms of its speed,
acceleration, cyclotron radius, cyclotron
frequency and kinetic energy

When the velocity of a charged

particle is perpendicular to the
magnetic field , the charged particle
moves in a circular path

Motion of a charged particle under the

action of a magnetic field alone is
always motion with constant speed.
Radius R of a circular orbit in a magnetic field

Angular speed
Cyclotron frequency f

When the velocity of a charged

particle is perpendicular and parallel
to the magnetic field , the charged
particle moves in a helical path

Radius R of a circular orbit in a magnetic field

Angular speed
Cyclotron frequency f

Example:
A positive charge with mass enters a uniform magnetic
with a velocity = + .
field = Find the following
properties of the charges resulting trajectory.
a) Magnitude of magnetic force Answer:

b) Cyclotron radius a) = = 0 [ +
c) Cyclotron angular speed = 0
2

d) Cyclotron period b) = , = 0
; =

c) = = 0
2 2
d) = =
0

Example:
An electron with initial velocity = 0 enters a region with uniform electric
and magnetic fields given by = 0 and = 0, respectively. Which of
the following best describes the approximate trajectory of the electron?
Note: 0, 0, and 0 > 0.
A. A helix going to the +-direction

B. A helix going to the -direction
C. Circular and counterclockwise as viewed from the +-direction
D. Circular and clockwise as viewed from the +-direction
E. Parabola opening to the +-direction
Answer:
causes electron to speed up towards z.
causes circular motion. Combined, we get
PHYSICS 72 ONGLAO AY 17-18 1ST SEM helical towards z.
Example:
Three particles of identical speeds and charges,
immersed in a uniform magnetic field that is
directed out of the page, follow the paths shown.
Which of the following particles is/are negative?

Answer: a, c
Via right hand rule.

Example:
An electron at point A has a speed of 1.41 106 m/s.
Find (a) the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field
that will cause the electron to follow the semicircular path
from A to B, and (b) the time required for the electron to
move from A to B.
Answer:
2
a) = ; = =
9.111031 1.41106
1 = 1.61 104 T
1.61019 (210102 )
Direction via right hand rule: Into the page.
1 2 1
b) = 2 = 2
= 2 2
= 1.11 107 s

Application of Motion of Charged Particles

Velocity Selector

Application of Motion of Charged Particles

Velocity Selector
For the charged particle to
be undeflected:
Only particles with speeds equal to v can pass

through without being deflected by the fields.

Lecture 19-20 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces

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Lecture 19-20 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces

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Fundamental nature Interaction of moving

of Magnetism electric charges

Magnetic forces arise in two stages:

2. Current or moving charge responds to this

PHYSICS 72 ONGLAO AY 17-18 1ST SEM

PHYSICS 72 ONGLAO AY 17-18 1ST SEM

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S: South pole N: North pole

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S: South pole N: North pole

Either pole of a bar magnet attracts an

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1. There is no such thing as magnetic monopole.

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2. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge

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2. Direction of magnetic force

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a) Upwards out of the

a) Upwards out of the

a) Upwards into the page

a) Upwards into the page

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When a charged particle moves through a region of space

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Magnetic field lines represent any magnetic field.

The direction of the

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Answer: to the left

SI unit of magnetic flux:

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If is not uniform, then

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Magnetic Flux thru a closed surface

Since there is no magnetic monopole,

(Gausss Law for Magnetism)

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Magnetic Flux thru a closed surface

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