Vaccination

Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (the vaccine) to produce immunity

to a disease. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by a pathogen. It is
considered to be the most effective and cost-effective method of preventing infectious diseases.
The material administrated can either be live but weakened forms of pathogens such as
5 bacteria or viruses, killed or inactivated forms of these pathogens, or purified material such as
proteins. Smallpox was the first disease people tried to prevent by purposely inoculating
themselves with other types of infections.
The word vaccination was first used by Edward Jenner an English physician 22 years
later, in 1796. Louis Pasteur further adapted in his pioneering work in microbiology. Vaccination
10 (Latin: vaccacow) is so named because the first vaccine was derived from a virus affecting
cowsthe relatively benign cowpox viruswhich provides a degree of immunity to smallpox, a
contagious and deadly disease. In common speech, 'vaccination' and 'immunization' generally
have the same colloquial meaning. This distinguishes it from inoculation which uses
unweakened live pathogens, although in common usage either is used to refer to an
15 immunization. The word "vaccination" was originally used specifically to describe the injection of
smallpox vaccine.
Vaccination efforts have been met with some controversy since their inception on
ethical, political, medical safety, religious, and other grounds. Early success and compulsion
brought widespread acceptance and mass vaccination campaigns were undertaken which are
20 credited with greatly reducing the incidence of many diseases in numerous geographic regions.
Most vaccines are given by hypodermic injection as they are not absorbed reliably
through the gut. Live attenuated polio, some typhoid and some cholera vaccines are given orally
in order to produce immunity based in the bowel.
Some modern vaccines are administered after the patient already has contracted a
25 disease, as in the cases of experimental AIDS, cancer and Alzheimer's disease vaccines.
Vaccinia given after exposure to smallpox, within the first four days, is reported to attenuate the
disease considerably, and vaccination within the first week is known to be beneficial to a
degree. The first rabies immunization was given by Louis Pasteur to a child bitten by a rabid
dog, subsequently post-exposure immunization to rabies has generally been followed by
30 survival. The essential empiricism behind such immunizations is that the vaccine triggers an
immune response more rapidly than the natural infection itself.
Text-related vocabularies
Administration (n) : Pemberian
Ameliorate (v) : Memperbaiki
Smallpox (n) : Cacar
Benign (adj) : Ramah, tidak berbahaya
Cowpox (n) : Cacar sapi
Colloquial (adj) : Berhubungan
Distinguish (v) : Membedakan
Compulsion (n) : Paksaan, tekanan
Widespread (adj) : Luas
Gut (n) : Usus
Exposure (n) : Paparan
Attenuate (v) : Melemahkan
Rabid (adj) : Gila (karena infeksi penyakit)

COMPREHENSION CHECK
Answer the following questions based on the text!

1. What does the text mainly discuss?

a. How to provide vaccines c. The production of vaccines
b. The application of vaccination in treating diseases d. Modern vaccines for patients

2. What is the purpose of vaccination?

a. To administer antigenic materials c. To generate unsuceptibility to illnesses
b. To infect pathogens d. To economize method of disease prevention

3. The followings are types of bacteria that can be used in vaccination, EXCEPT .
a. dead b. powerless c. cost-effective d. distilled

4. How did people first treat smallpox?

a. By giving cowpox c. By consuming a large amount of protein
b. By supplying another infection d. By inactivating themselves with bacteria
5. Who pioneered the use of the term vaccination?
a. Louis Pasteur b. English physicians c. Edward Jenner d. Microbiologists

6. What can be inferred about the words vaccination and immunization?

a. They commonly refer to similar idea c. They both involve live pathogens
b. They are different when using smallpox vaccine d. They apply deadly diseases

7. What best describes the situation going along with the application of vaccination since its
early appearance?
a. Religious b. Safe c. Full of disputes d. Successful

8. Why are most vaccines undertaken by giving injections?

a. They are not processed well by the body organ c. The vaccines are strongly immune
b. The gut is not available d. Some vaccines are easily injected

9. Why are some modern vaccines given after a person has been in contact with a disease?
a. It is related to the administration c. The disease can survive subsequently
b. It is due to the advantages of giving vaccines d. Some diseases are natural vaccines

10. Based on the previous administrations of vaccinations, it can be concluded that ...
a. Rabies immunization is better given to children
b. AIDS, cancer and Alzheimer need vaccines immediately
c. Vaccinia can be provided to smallpox after the first four days
d. Vaccines activate immunity faster than natural infection

Technical Understanding
11. What does it in line 3 refer to?
a. Vaccine b. Immunity c. Disease d. Pathogen

12. What does his in line 9 refer to?

a. Edward Jenner b. English physician c. Louis Pasteur d. Microbiologist

13. What does it in line 13 refer to?

a. Vaccination b. Immunization c. Inoculation d. Pathogen

14. What does they in line 22 refer to?

a. Vaccines b. Injection c. Gut d. Regions

Vocabulary in context
15. What does immunity in line 2 mean?
a. Society b. Resistance c. Activity d. Strength

16. The word ameliorate in line 2 can be best replaced by

a. improve b. catch c. involve d. provide

17. The word distinguishes is closest in meaning to ......

a. explains b. exemplifies c. describes d. Differentiates

18. The word inception in line 17 can be replaced by following words, EXCEPT .
a. perception b. origin c. beginning d. start

16. The word compulsion in line 18 can be best replaced by .

a. conclusion b. extension c. coercion d. insertion

17. The word essential in line 31 is closest in meaning to the following words, EXCEPT .
a. alluvial b. crucial c. indispensable d. substantive
II. ENRICHING VOCABULARY
- Health Problems
A. Study the following problems
I have the flu I have stomach-ache I have a headache He is coughing

I have high blood He is sneezing all the time I have a backache He has a toothache
pressure

He has an infection He has got a fever I have a sore throat He fainted

She has some warts I am constipated She has sore eyes Ive broken my leg

He has twisted his I cut my finger I have a cold I have burnt my hand
ankle

B. Match the following statements with the words/phrases on the right column!
1 A respiratory disorder characterized by sneezing, sore throat, A Fever
coughing, etc.
2 An illness characterized by frequent coughing. B Colic
3 Scratchiness in the throat, painful and sensitive condition. C Backache
4 A pain located in the head as over the eyes, at the temples or at D Earache
the base of the skull.
5 Severe abdominal pain caused by spasm. E Headache
6 Abnormally high body temperature. F Cold
7 Pain in the ear. G Sore throat
8 A pain or discomfort in the region of the back or spine. H Stomach-
ache
 9 Pain in or about a tooth. I Toothache

10 Pain in the stomach or abdomen. J Cough

- Treatments
A. Study the following ways of treating health problems

pills, tablets, bandage bandage(band- ointment aspirine

capsules aid)

crutches cough mixture plaster cast surgery/surgeon eye drops

Source: http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=2480

B. Complete the sentence with the correct option.

ELECTRIC SHOCK SEVERE CUT BROKEN BONE

DROWNING POISONING BURNS

IN CASE OF ... CORRECT THING TO DO

.. Put the affected area under cool water.
.. Separate the person from the appliance or wire.
.. Immobilize the area.
.. Cover the area and press hard.
.. Take the person to the hospital with the container.