NAME: Sebastian Arenas Bermudez ID: 1037646095

AIRBLAST:

To start talking about everything that surrounds Airblast we have to know some
basic definitions.
First concept is the simple definition of air blast that we can found in texts:
Airblast Is the maximum noise level in dB Lin Peak due to a blast measured
anywhere on a sensitive site which is located at least 3.5 metres from any building
or other acoustically reflective surface (other than the ground) (Earth Resources ,
2015). And second concept is a simple definition that an ordinary dictionary give us:
a jet of air produced mechanically (Dictionary, s.f.).
However, we cannot talk about airblast without know the full process that begins with
a conversion of ground vibrations to air surfaces and continue with releases of high
pressure gases to the broken rock and the vibrations at the free rock atmosphere
through the drill hole after the stemming has been pushed. When all of that happen,
the next step is the release of high pressure gases to the atmosphere by exposed
detonating fuse, lying on the surface of the rock, then we found the displacement of
rock at bench face blast progresses and finally we have the collision between the
projected fragments (Sharma, 2011).
Having these clear concepts we are now able to explain an airblast as an alteration
in air pressure because of the blasting. This airblast starts at the time that the
blast is detonated and part of the energy is released into the atmosphere. That is in
simple words what air blast means in our engineering environment, but is also
important the fact that not less the upward or outward movement of the rock from
the initial blast is the principal source of air blast.
An important issue is that airblast travel at the speed of sound and can be influenced
by wind and temperature inversions, causing that human ears cannot hear anything
because the low frequencies (under 30 Hz).
But these low frequencies of energy not only represents damage for humans, we
can found a lot of structures affected by airblast.

NORMS OF VIBRATIONS:
German norm: German norm of vibration is followed by DIN 4150
(Deutsches Institut fur Normung) in 1986 and talks about application field,
measure variables and indicatives values. DIN 4150 give us an important
table between peak particle velocities (mm/s) at foundation and the specific
type of structure (offices and industrial premises, domestic houses and similar
constructions and buildings that do not come under the above because of
their sensitivity) (vibration standards for different coutries/ Researchers,
2010).
 Spain norm (UNE 22-381-93): the Spain norm talks about the peak value of
vibration that corresponds to the maximum deviation of the positive of
negative register measure respect the level 0 or origin of the signal.

The classification used by this norm give us parameter like field of

application, measure variables, indicative values, sensors, location of
sensors and source. This norm split the structures in industrial (group I),
homes (groups 2) and delicate structures (group 3). The remaining
structures are excluded from the rule and require treatment particularly with
regard to the definition of the limit of vibration (certificaciones, 1993).

U.S.A norms OSM 817.67: the norm of the United States its administrate by
the office of surface mining, reclamation and enforcement. This norms talks
about the limits of speed of the particle vibration and depending on the
monitoring available.
The classification used by this norm give us parameter like field of application,
measure variables, indicatives values and sensors use for weakness.
(Reglamentacin en manejo de voladuras)

U.S.A norms USBM RI8507: this norm is more a report of investigation of

the department of mines in U.S.A of the effects of vibrations produce by a
coal mine in Ayrshire in Evansville, Indiana on near urbanizations, the values
of this norm has been accepted in entire the world like threshold for cosmetic
damages in houses because of vibrations cause by blasting.

Bibliografhy

certificaciones, A. E. (1993). Control de vibraciones producidas por

voladura.
Dictionary. (s.f.). Obtenido de Dictionary: http://dictionary.infoplease.com/air-
blast
Earth Resources . (2015). Obtenido de Earth Resources :
http://earthresources.vic.gov.au/earth-resources-regulation/licensing-and-
approvals/minerals/guidelines-and-codes-of-practice/ground-vibration-and-
airblast-limits-for-blasting-in-mines-and-quarries
(s.f.). Reglamentacin en manejo de voladuras.
Sharma, P. D. (2011). Mining and blasting. Obtenido de Mining and blasting.
(2010). vibration standards for different coutries/ Researchers.