Chapter 2

Job Safety Analysis / Hazard Job Analysis

JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS

It is a technique of monitoring job

tasks as a way to identify hazards
before they occur.

Focuses on the relationship between

the worker, the task, the tools and
the work environment.

After identifying hazards, steps can

be taken to eliminate or reduce the
hazard to an acceptable level.
 JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS

To become aware of all the hazards

associated with each position in the
organization.

To prevent work related deaths, injuries, or

illness by eliminating or controlling hazards
identified.

To ensure all employees have the proper job

procedures to ensure their safety.

To ensure all employees have the training,

equipment, and supplies to do their jobs
safely
 HAZARD AWARENESS

When conducting a Job Safety Analysis we need to take a fresh look at

the way things are done in the work place.
Just because "We've been doing it this way for 20 years," doesn't
mean that a hazard doesn't exist.

Accepting a risk or hazard is not the same as eliminating or controlling it.

We need to take a comprehensive look at all possible hazards with an

open mind. (We'll suggest a way to rank the hazards later.)
 Conduct JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS
Involve the employees in process.

Identify the job or task to be analyzed.

Break the job or task into key components.

Identify the hazards found in each key component.

Identify ways to eliminate or control these hazards.

Act to eliminate the hazard or implement the

controls.

Record the hazards identified and the steps taken to

eliminate or control them.

Periodically assess controls to ensure they are working

correctly.
 Identifying the Job Walk-through Observations

Observe workers doing their jobs to identify potential hazards that may
lead to an injury, pay attention to the amount of time the worker is
exposed to a particular hazard.

Talk with workers to find out what they think is the most hazardous part
of their job, ask them if the observations made by us is correct & typical.
 Hazard Sources Walk-through Observations
Fall Hazards Are workers working at heights?

Confined Space Entry Do workers have to enter a confined space?

Excavations, Holes/ Floor Openings Can workers fall into or through?

Moving Equipment Is there machinery, forklifts, etc. in the area?

Chemicals Do workers use solvents, acids, bases,

pesticides, consumer products, etc.?

Crushing hazards Can workers get crushed (under or between)

objects?

Dusts Does the process create or are workers exposed

to dusts (wood dust, grinding dusts, etc.)?

Electrical Hazards: What is the condition of your extension cords,

wiring, service panels, etc.?

Lighting Levels Is there enough light to do the work?

 Hazard Sources Walk-through Observations
Sharp objects Do workers use knives, razors, etc.?

Slip, trip or fall hazards What is the condition of the walking/ working surfaces,
housekeeping, etc.?

Ladder or Scaffold use Are ladders or scaffolds used in the work?

Access Can workers safely get to their work areas? Can they
safely evacuate in the case of an emergency?

Process Flow Does the flow of product through the process create a
hazard?

Location of co-workers Does the work pose a hazard to them, or does their work
pose a hazard to the job being analyzed?

Human factor issues: Is the training adequate? Are the workers fatigued? How
fit are the workers, etc.?

Material Handling Do workers have to lift or carry heavy objects?

Repetitive Motion : Does the job require repetitive motion (typing, etc.)?
 Involving Workers and Managers in the JSA

Once we have identified jobs needing a JSA, then its time to start
conducting the JSA's.

Break it into key components or sub-tasks and then identify and list all the
hazards associated with each subtask.
What can go wrong?
What are the consequences?
How could a problem happen?
How likely is it that the hazard will occur?

The following slides will help us break down a job, and identify and rank
hazards.
 Break Identified Job into KEY Components
Too much detail makes the Job Safety Analysis cumbersome.

Get ladder from storage.

Get new light bulb from storage.
Carry ladder and light bulb to light needing changing.
Place ladder under light to be changed.
Ensure light switch is in the off position.
Climb ladder.
Remove light cover.
Twist light bulb in a counter clock-wise direction until it is free of the socket
Remove old light bulb.
Remove new light bulb from package.
Insert new light bulb into socket.
Turn in a clock-wise direction until tightened.
Replace Cover.
Descend ladder.
Place old light bulb in trash.
Carry ladder back to storage.
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Blah Blah Blah.
 Break Identified Job into KEY Components

Too little detail makes the Job omitted

Get a ladder and new light bulb.

Change bulb.
Put ladder away and throw out old light bulb
 Break Identified Job into KEY Components
The correct amount of detail breaks the job into components that make
sense in terms of the overall job.

Right Amount of Detail

Get ladder and new light bulb.
Place ladder under light to be changed.
Use ladder for climbing and change bulb.
Put tools and supplies away.

When evaluating a task, such as "changing a light bulb" remember that

we do not want too much detail, or too little detail, keep the focus on
obtaining the right amount of detail.

Generally limit the number of components to 10 or less.

 Break Identified Job into KEY Components
The correct amount of detail breaks the job into components that make
sense in terms of the overall job.

Right Amount of Detail

Get ladder and new light bulb.
Place ladder under light to be changed.
Use ladder for climbing and change bulb.
Put tools and supplies away.

When evaluating a task, such as "changing a light bulb" remember that

we do not want too much detail, or too little detail, keep the focus on
obtaining the right amount of detail.

Generally limit the number of components to 10 or less.

RANKING HAZARDOUS TASKS

One method for ranking tasks considers

the probability of the hazard causing
injury, along with an estimate of the
severity of the resulting injury

These are not necessarily precise predictions

of when and how severe an injury may be,
they are an estimate of the outcome and
the likelihood of the injury occurring.
 RANKING HAZARDOUS TASKS
Consider the severity of an injury if something were to go wrong
while doing a task.

Look at the four categories under

4 Catastrophic, may cause death

3 Critical, may cause serious injury or illness
2 Marginal, may cause minor injury or illness
1 Negligible, will not cause injury or illness
 RANKING HAZARDOUS TASKS

Next think about how often the worker is

exposed to the hazard using the categories found
in the "Probability" table.

PROBABILITY SCALE

5. Frequently, likely to occur

4. Probable, will occur several times
3. Occasional
2. Remote, unlikely but possible
1. Improbable, so unlikely it can be assumed that it
will not occur
 A Method to Prioritize Hazardous Tasks

Multiply the "SEVERITY" rank by the "PROBABILITY"

rank.

Organize the hazardous tasks by their score from highest

to lowest, address the highest scored tasks first.

This method can help us decide which is more important,

an infrequent job that has the potential to kill a worker,
or a frequent job that is injuring workers.
 Eliminating or Controlling Hazards
Now that we have identified the job and evaluated its sub-tasks and their
hazards, we need to identify ways to eliminate or control these hazards.

The best method to protect workers is to eliminate the hazard at the

source. Transfer the Risk

If elimination is not possible, control the hazard at its source with

engineering controls or limit exposures using administrative controls.

If engineering or administrative controls are not enough to reduce the

exposure to an acceptable level, personal protective equipment must
be used.

Personal protective equipment is also used while engineering controls

are being installed.
 Eliminating Hazards
Totally eliminate the hazard or process mostly unrealistic

Engineering Controls - changing the process or re-engineering to

eliminate or minimize the hazards.

The most effective control measure

The more reliable or less likely a hazard control can be circumvented, the
better
Isolate the hazard enclose a hazardous machine
Substitution - substituting a toxic chemical with one having a lower toxicity
 Eliminating Hazards
Administrative Controls
Tighten up procedures and safe work practices including use of hazardous
materials
Alarms, signs and warnings
Training
Exposure limitations time limits on hazardous duties
Buddy system

Personal Protective Equipment is acceptable as temporary control method

Respirators
Hearing protection
Eye protection
Hardhats
Protective clothing including shoes
Totally eliminate the hazard or process mostly unrealistic
 Eliminating Hazards

If the hazard can not be eliminated, steps must be taken to control the
worker's exposure to it through:
Engineering Controls
Administrative Controls
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Combinations of Controls
Combinations of Controls may need to be used if the hazard can't be
completely controlled by engineering controls alone.