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river. Using a well-labelled diagram, explain how it influences the volume of the
river.
b. ldentify the coastal landform shown in Figure 1 and explain its formation t6l
c. Choose and explain any three erosion processes from the following: 161
.attrition .corraston
.hydraulic action .solution
Figure 2 shows the Singapore River in 1960s and the same course of the river in
2004.
Figure 2
d. ldentify ihe type of channelisation shown in Fig 2 and discuss the impacts of such [8]
type of channelisation.
ANSWERS
'1a. Permeability of rocks is one ofthe factors that affect the volume of water in a [6]
river. Using a well-labelled diagram, explain how it influences the volume of the
river-
,u,oi,.,' f,i;;;"'1$
I I i u,'--
l r pt.riar LfJfr +
@;- iWt*
b-fwr,\tq
Y:r:.,#Y
Award 1m for any ONE of the diagrams, 1m for annotation
Figure I
attrition
- the load which the river carriers collide with one another as they move
- over time, the collision causes the materials to break down into smaller
pieces.
- Larger rocks are slowly broken down and their rough edges smoothed
out.
solution
- rain reacts with carbon dioxide forming carbonic acid.
- As the rainwater falls into rivers, the weak acid dissolved the minerals
preseni in the rocks on the river bed and banks.
- Eg. When a river flows over limestone, a chemical reaction occurs
beh,,r'een carbonic acid in the water and calcium carbonate in the
limestone.
- Caicium carbonate dissolves to form calcium bicarbonate which is
soluble in waier (solution)
Figure 2 shows the Singapore River in 1960s and the same course of the river
in 2004.
Figure 2
ldentify the type of channelisation shown in the Fig 2 above, and discuss the tBl
impacts of this type of channelisation.
Flow
Velochy r
mm per s€c
eq 9-.
vo A _ n a o
Fis. 1a
Using Fig. 1a, explain how the process of,erosion' is influenced bv size of
load and river vetocity. I4l
a Explajn, with the aid of relevant diagrams and examples,
transportation processes in a river.
lgg
t41
Fis 1b
---end of paper----
aii
stones' are moved
iraction: Larger sized materials, like boulders and rast
il;;;i;# il.lli;g oi"iloing'"rons tne river durins floods or bv a
bed
flowing river.
Saltation:Smallmaterials,likepebblesandcoarsesandparticles'aremoved the
ffi;:;;; i;" ;;iius oi bouncing motions/are lifted up and dropped onto
river bed over and over again'
Susoension:Fineparticles,suchaSsiltandclay'arecarriedbyfloatingalongthe
rive; without touching lhe river bed'
is dissolved in the river water
Solution: Soluble minerals, like calcium carbonate'
and transPorted downstream
oiagram three marks for explanation of2
processes)
iir"rl i"i ""itroj"
Feature X:
'r\Llio"ur" o""rt *nen a river twists and turns' and forms-hoop-like
;":i]::iiiril;;; irost prominent in the lower course or a river' As
j"i i6o*i,ion continue on the concave and convex banks
"i"ii"tl
t"""""ii""ru i l"" t"ander may become more and more pron"yT:l:l:-
; river breaks througn me
iJ".!""""1"i"ii'oi nanow nect< 1t1 Euenlually the
l he meander is graduallv
;".;"k;;'ll;;J ,hr";sh a straighL-channel lil
:;;fd ffi;"',i* inJ is seiarateo t'om ihl main river channel forming
an ox-bow lake [1]
I mark for diagrams
Feature Y:
li["i its
in"r" i" n"ruv rain a river may rlood and overflowloses!ii!":, ttl
over a larger area the water speeo
e" t-n" nooo*ut"l.
;il;i;ilft;"]5 irl wn"n t'"
"[reads oesins to deposit its load the
'ii"'
rMSS N'['E 2008
GEOG ELECTIVE SEC 4 EX?RISS
heavier and coarser materials will be deposited first and lefi near the
banks of the river [1] while the finer and lighter materials such as silt and
clay are deposiied further away. [1] After several floods, the continuous
accumulation of coarser materials on the banks of the river helps to raise
the banks higher than the floodplain forming naiural embankments
called levees. ['11 1 mark for diagrams.
ci Groynes are low walls built at right angles to the beach. [1]
They prevent materials from being transported away by
longshore drift [1]. This enables the transported materials to accumulate
on the updrift side of the groynes facing the longshore drift, thus
protecting the coast from erosion. ['1]
Brief or general description of how coral reef and seawalls protect the coast
Eg Coral reefs grow along the coast and they can weaken wave energy.
Seawalls can be built along the coast to absorb the energy of waves before ihey
can erode away loose materials.
No relevant examples.
Level 2 (4-6m)
General descripiion of how coral reef and seawalls protect the coast.
Eg Coral reefs grow aiong tropical coast- Natural reefs can be conserved and
protected while damaged reefs can be restored.
Seawalls can be built along ihe coasl. These siructures absorb the energy of
waves before they can erode away loose materials.
Eg Some corai reefs can be found along the coast of Peninsular l\,4alaysia. Some
seawalls can be found along the coasts of Penin$ular l\,4alaysia.
Level 3 (7-Bm)
Deialled explanaiion of how coral reef and seawalis protect ihe coast-
I\,4anyt[opica] coasts are protected by coral reefs which weaken wave energy
Natural reefs can be conserved and protected while damaged reefs can be
restored. Artificial reefs can be created along the coast by placing
environmentally friendly and durable malerials such as steel or concrete on the
sea-floor.
Seawails can be built along the coast- These struciures absorb the energy of
waves before they can erode away loose materials. Seawalls can be rnade of
concrete, rocks or wood.
Coral reefs can be found alonq the east coast of Trengganu in Peninsular
Malaysia. Seawalls can be found along the coasts of Penang and fi,4alacca in
Peninsular Malaysia.
Man-made reefs can be iust as protective of the coasts as naturally formed reefs
As they grow over lime, they form an effective barrier against \ /ave erosion They
can also help io enhance fishing opportunities and serve as undersea barriers to
reduce the impact of wave energy
Seawalls are especially effective in protecting cliffs from erosion. Ho\rever highly
erosive waves mean seawalls need constani maintenance io ensure lhey are
effective in protecting ihe coast.
Level2 (4 6rn)
Identjfi es the straiegres
ri."u'''" a-""' -" Ine) p'F!'rr nooJ'
- in"'i'i" t'''i"'"r'or're'czTe'hod'orfloodpre\en'iorbnerL\
Level3 (7 8m)
' ldentifies the strateges rrev pre err nood'
o1'."u't " a''''r' 1"" I nrethods or flood'pre\enrron',,,fthe
- id*,1;;;;i;;;i;t"; ceihebJli;tauons orthe"e
he candrnares oprnion rhr
r'reranc( ' stmtegr€s used
- ;"":;' ';' ''"" ' 'hoqrrs 'n
(a) Study Fig. lAwhich shows the fonnation offeatures X andY.
Identify and describe, with the aid ofwell-labelled diagrams, the fomation of
features X and Y. 16l
Fig. 1A
Fig. 1B
(i) Explain, with the aid ofwell-labelled diagams, hovr' featue D is fomed. l8l
ANSWERS
1(a) Sludy Fig. 1A which shows the formalion of featu.es X and Y.
ldenti! and descrihe, wirh thc aid ofwell labelled diagnns, the formatio. of features X and Y. t6l
X - headland
(i) Explain, with the aid ofwell-labelled diagrams, how feature D is formed- t8l
r
2m - diagram 6m description
:a
0 :l:li,l:ir :r:l l.ibi)rf i :o;ii &
. lrryrfiErlri,apr+ Bil
S A ldlifiBr rtri i,.rhj;h , rlM!!i: fu nrkietrie.!ii
dry!*rdIr&: o,il, [iif.
D- spit
Given measure anil 2 other meas res nohted with some detail, e.g.
Planting of man$oves : many of the mangrove trees have prop ro-ots or
kneed roots that anchor the trees fuT y in the muddy soil. ihese rools also
bind the loo.e soil. and protecl ir lrom erosion.
Clear stateme ts of degree ofelfectiveness, e.g is effective in preventing coast
against erosion by waves and wind but requires the cooperation ofthe lical
people living in the area'
Effective
Plantilrg qfmangrove is effective itr preventing coast against erosion by
waves and wind
il"5of lba-""gt * r*". ha prop rool\ or kneed roots lhat :rncbor
the trees firmly in the muddy soil
These roots also binal the loose soil, and protect it from erosiol
Beach nourishment:
Bringing sand to the beach.
- expensive! lasts for only 10 years
- tongshore drift will move it, needs replenishment
(a) Describe how tropical rainforests and tropical monsoon forests differ in ther
adaptalions to their environmenls ln tenns of t8l
TRT' TMF
Str'Llclure 5 vertical layers; more variety 3 v€rtical lavers
ofplants
Emergent layer - Canopy layer-
Canopy layer - Understorey layer
Understorey layer - UndergroMh layer
Shrub layer Canopy Layer
Undergrowth layer (25 to 30m)
- Topmost layer is the emergent -Trees are shorter and has lesser layers
layer where trees grow above
- the canopy to obtain as mush -do not forrn continLrous layer and more
sunlight as possible spread out than those in a tropical
rainforest -'open canopy'
- undergrowth layer which is - presence ofparasitic and non parasilic
sparse as there is little sunlight,
plants in this 1ayer.
block by the thick fotiage ofthe
canopy layer ; where fem,
> due to the seasons
:> lack of water
mosses, fungi and other small
during the dry seasons does not allow
plants live as they do not rcquirc
tees to grow great heights
much sunlight to grow,
)crowns ofthe canopy layer do not
interlock one another as the trces do not
grow as closely together.
UnderstoreyLayer (15m)
Undergowth (0-6m)
'to' 2 wh,ch.ho*.
,, roslrrry learures cnd rhccro.-,ectron
:*0,,t,t ofa ri\ er channel
describe,lvith the aid ofwell_labelled diagrarns. the
lormation offeature X_ t5l
lm - diagram 4m_description
X - levees
't- When there
is hearT rrin! a river may overflow its banks
This caus€s the lard on either side of th€ river to be flooded
wh€n the water recedes, the river leaves behind alluyium on the
banks
the coarse sediments are deposited closer to the river's edge,
1- orer time forming raised banks called levees
(ii) Discuss the advatrtages and disadvantages ofliving near these features. i4l
Advantages (2 m)
1- the levees may 4ct as protection to prevent water fiom river
orerflowing onto lhe lloodplain
2- floodplain nay bc fertile, suitable for growing crops
3- settlemenls may de\elop oo {he floodplains
Disadvantages (2 m)
1- the levees may break and water may overflow
2- the floodplains may get IIooded, crops trnd buildings are thus
destroyed by the floods
(c) Assess the effectiveness ofthe dykes as a method ofbant protection. t8t
Level 1 Answers are unbalancn,l, bri"Tar@
t0-31
No sLtpported elfectireness, or simple stateme ts, e.g. ,it warked,, ,it was a lot
better'.
One or two measures mentioned.
Level 2 Measurcs me tionetl, -oy Itero^@
I1-61
brief description.
Briefstdtenents of elfectiveness. e.g. ' the dykes prerent oyerflow'
One ot more measurc\ mcnti\ned.
Some dttempt L^ made to conlpare the bene/its and/ or problem, sLtpported b)j
Dvkes
Effective
- fi-alts of sand, stone or concrete built along rivers that
often overflorl their
banks
- prevent overflot
- increase the capacif] oflhe ri\er lo hold waler
- ther€fore reduces the chances offlooding
Ineffective
-"otrtioo"t ttuita op of sediments on the river bed
- channel becomes shallower
- causing water levels to rise higher than the dyke walls
- river overflows
- higher dykes have to be built regularly
- sciimenis have to be dug up and removed from th€ nver on a
regular basis
- expensive
Gabions or revetments
- structures of small rocks contained in wire cages
- used to divert th€ flow ofwater from the river banks to the ceqtre
of the channel
- protects the river banks from being eroded
- ihis reduces the amount of sediments flowing into the river' thus
increasing th€ cnptcity ofthe river to hold water
Planting of vegetatron
Effective
- plalrting ofvegetation along a river can also protect river banks agailst
erosion as the roots oftrees and other plants hold the soil together lirmly
- vegetation slows down the rate ofsurface runoff
- preventing large amounts of water from enteritrg the river at any one time
Ineffective
- Young plants ar€ fragile, planting exercises require the cooperation ofthe
local people living itr the area
e.g. the local people need to be mindful not to let animals like goats etrter and
graze on the new vegetation
- may take up land needed for cultivation, agriculture
(a) Figure 4 shows the characteristics of two rivers.
River A River B
Figure 4
(b) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe the processes ihal lead to
the formation of an oxbow lake.
(7)
(c) What are some problems thal may occur after channelisation has been
carried out to prevent a river from flooding? (3)
Gradient of river
Gentle
Texture of river bed and bank Smooth channel Rouqh channel
Depth of river channel Deep channel Shallow channel
Figure 4
With reference to Figure 4, explain which river would have a faster
speed of flow.
(3)
(b) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe the processes thal lead to
the
formation of an oxbow lake. (i
- Over time, the meanders of a river become more pronounced causing the
hnro Concave (outer) banks of the river will shift closer together due to erosion
taking place on the concave banks.
- Eventually, the Concave (outer) banks will meet. The sediments deposited
on the inner bank will dam up the waier in the cut-off
- The river flow will be straight again, leaving a new feature known as the Ox-
bow lake.
downstream
- lncreased speed after channelisation result in llooding carried
- ;;;;;l;"-ti;;.uses speed of river 1o increase Hence' sedimenls
to sea resultrng in less sunlight reaching the seabed ..
jcn"igi"g ih; of the- river and lining the natural banks of the
river with
""rise
concretesuTfacesinchannelre-sectioning'alsoaffectplantsandanimalsaS
their habitats may be destroyed'
by erosion
(d) Photo A shows two coastalfeatures caused
PhotograPh A
- X: Headland, Y: Bay.
- Some coasts are made up of rocks with different resistance to erosion which
produces an uneven coastline.
- The part of ihe coast made up of less resistant rocks such as chalk' curve
inwards as ihey get eroded away faster by the waves to form bays.
- On the other htnd, the areas that are made up of more resistant rocks such
as granite protrude out from the coastline as they are less easily eroded to
form headlands.
- The growth of coral reefs in shallow seas is another measure used to protect
coasi
- These reefs protect beaches against coastal erosion by reducing the
speed of waves approaching the coast, thus reducing the impact of
coastal erosion.
- However, human activiiies like dynamiie fishing, sand mining and land
reclamation have desiroyed coral reefs.
- The success of this measure in the long run depends on the
cooperation of many groups of people, including industries, fishermen
and the governmeni in ensuring the coral reefs are protected and are
thriving.
River A River B
Figure 4
(b) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe the processes that lead to
the
formation of an oxbow lake. Q\
- Over time, the meanders of a river become more pronounced causing the
two Concave (outer) banks of the river will shift closer together due to erosion
taking place on the concave banks.
- Eventually, the Concave (ouier) banks wiil meet. The sediments deposited
on the inner bank will dam up the water in the cut-off
- The river flow will be straight again, leaving a new feature known as the Ox-
bow lake.
Photograph A
- X: Headland, Y: Bay.
- Some coasts are made up of rocks with different resistance to erosion which
produces an uneven coastline.
- The pari of the coast made up of less resjstant rocks such as chalk, curve
inwards as they get eroded away faster by the waves to form bays.
- On the other hand, the areas that are made up of more resistani rocks such
as granite protrude out from the coastline as they are less easily eroded to
form headlands
Level
1(1-2m) Describes one/two measures used to protect coast wiih no
evaluation of effectiveness.
- The groMh of coral reefs in shallow seas is another measure used to protect
COAST
- These reefs protect beaGhes against coastal erosion by reducing the
speed of waves approaching the coasi, thus reducing the impacl of
coastal erosion.
- However, human activities like dynamite fishing, sand mining and land
reclamation have destroyed coral reefs.
- The success ofthis measure in the long run depends on the
cooperation of many groups of people, including industries, fishermen
and the government in ensuring the coral reefs are protected and are
thriving.
Study the photograph below which shows the course of a river during winter.
Using evjdence from the photograph, explain howthe volumeof water will change as [2]
spring approaches.
Figure 1 below shows ihe amount of rainfall that is recorded for three basins on a [6]
particular day. Based on the information given, explain why the discharge for the
three basins will be different even though the amount of rainfall received js the same
for all three basins.
K'Y
ffi haid rock
n
.r;!€
sofl aock
-!.!f.:i
F\9.2
a Study the photograph below which shows the course of a river during winter.
Using evidence from the photograph, explain howthevolumeof water will changeas [2]
spring approaches.
As spriDg approaches, the snow will melt [1] and this itrcreases thc volume of tvater irr the
fiver lll,
Figure 1 below shows the amouni of rainfall that is recorded for three basins on a [6]
particular day. Based on ihe information given, explain why the discharge for the
three basins will be different even though the amouni of rainfall received is the same
for all three basins
Rivcr discharge is aflccted by amount and duration of rainfirll, presence of vegetation, size if
drainage basin and type of soil. Althougll the amount of rainfa]l is the same, river dischargc
rvill differ due to other factors such as duration ofrailfall, prcscnce of vegetation and typc of
soil. [1]
The longer the duration of rainfall, the higher thc intiltration rate, lower thc surlace runoff
and Iower rivcr dischrrgc. I1l
Thc presence of vcgctation will incrcasc thc infiltratioB rate; decr€ase the surface runoff and
leads to lorver vcr dischargc, I1l
The more porous the soil, the higher the infiltration rater thc lowcr the surlace runolT and
the lower the river discharge. [1]
Basin B will h:1ve the highest river discharge [1] as it has thc shortest duration of rainfall,
there is no vegetation alrd the soil is least porous.
Basin C rvill have the lowest dver discharge [1] as it has a long duration of rainfall, there is
E hard rock
ll -a.cr
'.:: s€niment
Somc coasts arc made up of rocks with different resistance to erosion. lll The less resistant
areas of rocks are crodcd away quickly and this results in the land curving inlvards, forming
bays. [1] The areas made up of more re.istanl rocLs will protrude out from the
These areas are known as headlands. coastline-
lll
e Evaluate the effeciiveness of rjver channelization
strategies. t8l
. Level t: 0-3 marks. poor answer quality
. Explanation is limited
. Evaluation is too simple
' flarnpler are ! ery general o. indccurale
. Level2: 4-6 marks.
. Some knowledge showr but lacking depth
. Some points explained but with miising steps
. Examples may be relevant but lack det;ils