Unit III

Day lighting and Electrical lighting

Part - A

PA1512037010003 - Prabaker
PA1512037010004 Sakthivel
Day lighting and Electrical lighting
Daylighting
The sun is predictable and very reliable source of light.
Sunlight, views and daylight are different and need to be carefully
managed.

Daylighting, or using sunlight to illuminate your building is an

effective way in both (decrease your buildings energy use and
make the interior environment more comfortable for people.)

Electrical lighting
In commercial buildings, electric lighting accounts for 35
- 50% of total electrical energy consumption. Strategic use of
daylight can reduce this energy demand. Daylight improves
people's comfort and productivity.

Even when no daylighting, good lighting design can reduce energy

use significantly.
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Day light Material & Components
Light and materials are mutually dependent on each other.
Materials are key to understanding light in architecture because they
directly affect the quantity and the quality of the light. Two qualities
of materials their finish and their color are most important in this
regard.

Specular materials, such as glossy finishes, reflect light as

a mirror does, which can result in reflected images of the light source
being visible on the surface. Matte surfaces, such as natural stone,
wood, and plaster, reflect light diffusely equally in all directions. Of
the three aspects of color hue, value, and intensity value is the
one that determines how much light is absorbed and how much is
reflected.

A white wall reflects approximately 82 percent of incident

light, a light yellow wall 78 percent, and a dark green or blue wall 7
percent. 1 Colored surfaces lend some of their hue to light that is
reflected.
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Day light Material & Components

A change in materials can alter the feeling of a

room and the level of illumination as well. The cheapest way
to increase the amount of light in a dark room is to paint the
room surfaces in white color.

On the other hand, A dark room can be created

either by using little light in a white room or through painting
dark colors on the surfaces.

With dark surfaces, a room will look dark during

both daytime and at night. With light or white surfaces,
however, the effect changes depending upon the light
sources used.

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 Day lighting

Part - A

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Day light - Methods

Daylighting is the practice of placing windows or other

openings and reflective surfaces so that during the day
natural light provides effective internal lighting.

Windows
Clerestory windows
Skylights
Saw tooth roof
Atrium
Light reflectors and shelves
Light tubes
Fiber optic concrete wall

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 Windows Methods of day light
Windows are the most common way to admit
daylight into a space. Their vertical orientation means that they
selectively admit sunlight and diffuse daylight at different times
of the day and year.

Therefore, windows on multiple orientations must

usually be combined to produce the right mix of light for the
building, depending on the climate and latitude. There are three
ways to improve the amount of light available from a window.

(a) Placing the window close to a light colored wall

(b) Slanting the sides of window openings so the inner opening
is larger than the outer opening
(c) Using a large light colored window-sill to project light into
the room.

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 Clerestory windows Methods of day light
Clerestory windows Another important element in
creating daylighting is the use of clerestory windows. These are
high, vertically placed windows. They can be used to increase
direct solar gain when oriented towards the equator.

When facing toward the sun, clerestories and other

windows may admit unacceptable glare. In the case of a passive
solar house, clerestories may provide a direct light path to
polar-side (north in the northern hemisphere; south in the
southern hemisphere) rooms that otherwise would not be
illuminated.

Alternatively, clerestories can be used to admit

diffuse daylight (from the north in the northern hemisphere)
that evenly illuminates a space such as a classroom or office.

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 Sky Lights Methods of day light

Skylights are widely used in daylighting design in

residential and commercial buildings, mainly because they are the
most effective source of daylight on a unit area basis.

Saw tooth roofs have vertical roof glass facing away from
the equator side of the building to capture diffused light). The angled
portion of the glass-support structure is opaque and well insulated
with a cool roof and radiant barrier.

The saw tooth roof's lighting concept partially reduces the

summer "solar furnace" skylight problem, but still allows warm interior
air to rise and touch the exterior roof glass in the cold winter, with
significant undesirable heat transfer.[6]

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 Atrium Methods of day light

An atrium is a large open space located

within a building. It is often used to light a central
circulation or public area by daylight admitted
through a glass roof or wall.

Atria provide some daylight to adjacent

working areas, but the amount is often small and
does not penetrate very far. The main function of an
atrium is to provide a visual experience and a degree
of contact with the outside for people in the working
areas.

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 Remote distribution Methods of day light

Remote distribution is possible to provide some daylight into spaces that have low
possibility of windows or skylights through remote distribution devices such as light tube.

The efficiency of many remote distribution systems can also vary dramatically from clear
to overcast skies. Nonetheless, where there is no other possibility of providing daylight to a space,
remote distribution systems can be appreciated.

Light reflectors and shelves

Daylight redirecting window film
Light tubes
Fiber optic concrete wall

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 Light reflectors and shelves Remote distribution
(Methods of day light)

Light reflector
Light reflector had found favor where the choices of
artificial light provided poor illumination compared to modern electric
lighting.

Light shelves are an effective way to enhance the lighting

from windows on the equator-facing side of a structure, this effect
being obtained by placing a white or reflective metal light shelf
outside the window. Usually the window will be protected from direct

Light shelves
summer season sun by a projecting eave.

The light shelf projects beyond the shadow created by the

eave and reflects sunlight upward to illuminate the ceiling. This
reflected light can contain little heat content and the reflective
illumination from the ceiling will typically reduce deep shadows,
reducing the need for general illumination
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 Day light Redirecting Film Remote distribution
(Methods of day light)

DRF concept
Daylight Redirecting Window Film (DRF) applied to
windows is relatively new alternative to Light shelves. DRF is applied
to the upper section of a window. The principle method of light
redirection is by Total internal reflection (TIR) of light transmitted
through the microscopic elements of the film.

Light distribution wrt. SUN light

When sunlight or skylight penetrates the film, internal
microscopic "louvers" redirect the incoming light upward to the
ceiling, where the typical ceiling re-distributes the diffuse daylight
deeper into the space. As window film does not alter the architectural
nature of the building, Daylight Redirecting Film is an elegant and
easy upgrade.

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 Light tubes Remote distribution (Methods of day light)
Light tube, also called a tubular daylighting device (TDD),
which is placed into a roof and admits light to a focused area of the
interior. They do not allow as much heat transfer as skylights because
they have less surface area.

TDDs use modern technology to transmit visible light

through opaque walls and roofs. The tube itself is a passive
component consisting of either a simple reflective interior coating or
a light conducting fiber optic bundle. It is frequently capped with a
transparent, roof-mounted dome "light collector" and terminated with
a diffuser assembly that admits the daylight into interior spaces and
distributes the available light energy evenly.

The tubular daylighting device was invented in 1986 and

brought to market first in Australia in 1991. TDD's are used to provide
daylighting to residential and commercial buildings, contributing to
reducing the carbon footprint.
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 Insulation

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Thermal Insulation
Thermal insulation in buildings is an important
factor to achieving thermal comfort for its occupants.
Insulation reduces unwanted heat loss or gain and can
decrease the energy demands of heating and cooling
systems.

The insulation strategy of a building needs to be based

on a careful consideration of the mode of energy transfer and the
direction and intensity in which it moves. This may alter
throughout the day and from season to season.

It is important to choose an appropriate design, the

correct combination of materials and building techniques to suit
the particular situation.
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Insulation Thermal envelope
Thermal envelope is one of the key elements of a
passive or a low energy house. Most important parts of
thermal envelope include outer walls, roof, foundation,
windows and doors. The purpose of the thermal envelope is
to prevent heat transfer form interior of a house to its
exterior in winter and vice versa in summer.

The less natural airflow into a building, the more mechanical

ventilation will be required to support human comfort. High humidity can
be a significant issue associated with lack of airflow, causing
condensation, rotting construction materials, and encouraging microbial
growth such as bacteria.

Moisture can also drastically reduce the effectiveness of

insulation by creating a thermal bridge

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Insulation Thermal bridge

Thermal bridges are points in the building

envelope that allow heat conduction to occur. Since heat
flows through the path of least resistance, thermal
bridges can contribute to poor energy performance.

A thermal bridge is created when materials

create a continuous path across a temperature
difference, in which the heat flow is not interrupted by
thermal insulation.

The heat conduction can be minimized by

any of the following:
1. Reducing the cross sectional area of the bridges
2. Increasing the bridge length, or decreasing the
number of thermal bridges.

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 Glazing

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Glazing concept
Common types of glazing that are used in
architectural applications include clear and tinted float glass,
tempered glass, and laminated glass as well as a variety of
coated glasses, all of which can be glazed singly or as double,
or even triple, glazing units.

Glazing can be mounted on the surface of a

window sash or door stile, usually made of wood, aluminum
or PVC. The glass is fixed into a rabbet in the frame in a
number of ways including triangular glazing points, putty,
etc. Toughened and laminated glass can be glazed by
bolting panes directly to a metal framework by bolts
passing through drilled holes.

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 Electrical lighting

Part - B

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Electrical lighting
An electric light is a device that produces visible
light by the flow of electric current. It is the most common form
of artificial lighting and is essential to modern society.

Types of lamps:
1. Incandescent lamp
2. Halogen lamp
3. Fluorescent lamp
4. LED lamp
5. Carbon arc lamp
6. Discharge lamp

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Incandescent lamp Electrical lighting
An incandescent light is an electric light with a wire
filament heated to such a high temperature that it glows with
visible light. The filament, heated by passing an electric current
through it, is protected from oxidation with a glass or quartz bulb
that is filled with inert gas or evacuated.

The light bulb is supplied with electric current by feed-through terminals or wires embedded in
the glass. Most bulbs are used in a socket which provides mechanical support and electrical connections.
Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output, and voltage ratings, from 1.5
volts to about 300 volts. They require no external regulating equipment, have low manufacturing costs,
and work equally well on either alternating current or direct current. As a result, the incandescent lamp is
widely used in household and commercial lighting, for portable lighting such as table lamps, car
headlamps, flash lights and for decorative and advertising lighting.
Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than most other types of electric lighting;
incandescent bulbs convert less than 5% of the energy they use into visible light. The remaining energy is
converted into heat.
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Halogen lamp Electrical lighting
A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen, quartz-halogen or quartz iodine lamp, is an
incandescent lamp consisting of a tungsten filament sealed into a compact transparent envelope that is
filled with a mixture of an inert gas and a small amount of a halogen such as iodine or bromine.

The combination of the halogen gas and the tungsten filament produces a halogen cycle
chemical reaction which redeposits evaporated tungsten to the filament, increasing its life and
maintaining the clarity of the envelope.

Because of this, a halogen lamp can be

operated at a higher temperature than a standard gas-
filled lamp of similar power and operating life, producing
light of a higher luminous efficiency and color
temperature. The small size of halogen lamps permits
their use in compact optical systems for projectors and
illumination.

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Fluorescent lamp Electrical lighting
Fluorescent tube is a low pressure mercury-vapor gas discharge lamp that uses fluorescence
to produce visible light. An electric current in the gas excites mercury vapor which produces short-wave
ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor coating on the inside of the lamp to glow. A fluorescent
lamp converts electrical energy into useful light much more efficiently than incandescent lamps. The
typical luminous efficiency of fluorescent lighting systems is 50100 lumens per watt, several times the
efficacy of incandescent bulbs with comparable light output.
Fluorescent lamp fixtures are more costly than
incandescent lamps because they require a ballast to
regulate the current through the lamp, but the lower
energy cost typically offsets the higher initial cost.
Compact fluorescent lamps are now available in the same
popular sizes as incandescent and are used as an energy
saving alternative in homes.

Due to mercury content many fluorescent

lamps are classified as hazardous waste
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LED lamp Electrical lighting
An LED lamp is a light emitting diode (LED) product that is assembled into a lamp for use in
lighting fixtures. LED lamps have a lifespan and electrical efficiency which are several times greater than
incandescent lamps and are significantly more efficient than most fluorescent lamps.
LEDs come to full brightness without need for
a warm-up time; the life of fluorescent lighting is also
reduced by frequent switching on and off. Some LED
lamps are made to be a directly compatible drop-in
replacement for incandescent or fluorescent lamps.

LED chips require controlled direct current

(DC) electrical power and an appropriate circuit as an
LED driver is required to convert the AC from the power
supply to the regulated voltage DC used by the LEDs.
LEDs are adversely affected by high temperature, so LED
lamps typically include heat dissipation elements such as
heat sinks and cooling fins.

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Carbon arc lamp Electrical lighting
An arc lamp is a lamp that produces light by
an electric arc (also called a voltaic arc). The carbon arc
light, which consists of an arc between carbon electrodes
in air, invented by Humphry davy in the first decade of the
1800s, was the first practical electric light.

It was widely used starting in the 1870s for

street and large building lighting until it was superseded
by the incandescent light in the early 20th century. It
continued in use in more specialized applications where a
high intensity point light source was needed, such as
searchlights and movie projectors.

The carbon arc lamp is now obsolete for all of

these purposes and is only still made for very specialized
purposes where a high intensity UV source is needed

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Discharge lamp Electrical lighting
High-intensity discharge lamps (HID lamps)
are a type of electrical gas-discharge lamp which
produces light by means of an electric arc between
tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or
transparent fused quartz or fused alumina arc tube.
Brand new high-intensity discharge lamps
make more visible light per unit for electric power
consumed than fluorescent and incandescent lamps.
However, the lumen output of HID lighting can deteriorate
by up to 70% over 10,000 burning hours.

Many modern vehicles use HID bulbs for the

main lighting systems, some applications are now moving
from HID bulbs to LED and laser technology.[1] However,
this HID technology is not new and was first
demonstrated by Francis Hauksbee in 1705.

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 Light distribution

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Light distribution Electrical lighting
The industry has identified 5 main types of light distribution patterns. The Type I
distribution is popular for lighting walkways, paths and sidewalks.

Types of distribution:

1. Type 1

2. Type 2

3. Type 3

4. Type 4

5. Type 5

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Type 1 Distribution Electrical lighting

The type I distribution is great for lighting walkways, paths and sidewalks. This type of
lighting is meant to be placed near the center of the pathway. This provides adequate lighting for
smaller pathways.

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Type 2 Distribution Electrical lighting

The type II distribution is used for wide walkways, on ramps and entrance roadways, as
well as other long, narrow lighting. This type is meant for lighting larger areas and usually is located
near the roadside. You'll find this type of lighting mostly on smaller side streets or jogging paths.

Type II light distributions have a preferred lateral width of 25 degrees. They are generally
applicable to luminaires located at or near the side of relatively narrow roadways, where the width of
the roadway does not exceed 1.75 times the designed mounting height.

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Type 3 Distribution Electrical lighting

The type III distribution is meant for roadway lighting, general parking areas and other
areas where a larger area of lighting is required. Type III lighting needs to be placed to the side of the
area, allowing the light to project outward and fill the area. This produces a filling light flow.

Type III light distributions have a preferred lateral width of 40 degrees. This distribution is
intended for luminaires mounted at or near the side of medium width roadways or areas, where the
width of the roadway or area does not exceed 2.75 times the mounting height.

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Type 4 Distribution Electrical lighting

The type IV distribution produces a semicircular light meant for mounting on the sides of
buildings and walls. It's best for illuminating the perimeter of parking areas and businesses. The
intensity of the Type IV lighting has the same intensity at angles from 90 degrees to 270 degrees.

Type IV light distributions have a preferred lateral width of 60 degrees. This distribution is
intended for side-of-road mounting and is generally used on wide roadways where the roadway width
does not exceed 3.7 times the mounting height.

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Type 5 Distribution Electrical lighting
Type V produces a circular distribution that has the same intensity at all angles.
This distribution has a circular symmetry of candlepower that is essentially the same at all lateral
angles. It is intended for luminaire mounting at or near center of roadways, center islands of parkway,
and intersections.

It is also meant for large, commercial parking lot lighting as well as areas where sufficient,
evenly distributed light is necessary

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Direct lighting Electrical lighting
Lighting provided from a source without reflection from other surfaces. In
daylighting, this means that the light has travelled on a straight path from the sky (or the sun) to the point
of interest. In electrical lighting it usually describes an installation of ceiling mounted or suspended
luminaires with mostly downward light distribution characteristics.
Advantages:
1. Very energy effective lighting.
2. Plastic display of three dimensional objects, eg. sculptures.
3. Well suited for zonal or accent lighting.
4. Can create a vivid environment with attractive light and shadow patterns
eg. on wall surfaces.
Disadvantages:
1. The ceiling is relatively dark, which can cause a "cave like" environment.
2. Luminaires with wide opening angle that are badly positioned can cause
reflected glare on computer screens, dark "executive style" desk surfaces
or glossy paper.
3. Harsh shadows can be unflattering when cast on human faces.
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Indirect lighting Electrical lighting
Lighting provided by reflection usually from wall or ceiling surfaces. In daylighting, this
means that the light coming from the sky or the sun is reflected on a surface of high reflectivity like a wall, a
window sill or a special redirecting device. In electrical lighting the luminaires are suspended from the
ceiling or wall mounted and distribute light mainly upwards so it gets reflected off the ceiling or the walls.
Advantages:
1. Creates a soft, disturbing environment suitable for concentrated work or viewing
paintings or drawings.
2. Reflective glare on computer monitors can be controlled more easily.
3. Displays human faces advantageously for social gatherings.
4. Can be installed without disturbing the ceiling surface (eg. in historical buildings
or a painted ceiling).

Disadvantages:
1. It can be disturbing if the ceiling is the brightest surface in a room.
2. Makes it difficult to recognize details on three dimensional objects.
3. There is very little contrast in the room which can be boring.
4. Not very energy effective.
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Direct/Indirect lighting Electrical lighting
Lighting that is mixed from direct sources and indirect reflection. In daylighting this
means that some part of the light of the sky or the sun is bounced off some surface, while at least part of
the sky is still visible from the point in question. In electrical lighting, it says that luminaires of different
types are installed, or there are luminaires that emit light both up to the ceiling and down to the
workspace.

Advantages:
1. Good balance between ambient illumination of the room and accent
lighting.
2. Relatively good energy efficiency even in large spaces.
3. The smaller direct component required makes it easier to control
reflective glare in computer screens.
4. Renders three dimensional objects well without harsh shadows.

Disadvantages:
1. Relatively high installation and maintenance costs.
2. Users often need instruction on how to use the system effectively.
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Diffused lighting Electrical lighting
Diffuse reflection is the reflection of light from a surface such that an incident ray
is reflected at many angles rather than at just one angle as in the case of specular reflection. An
illuminated ideal diffuse reflecting surface will have equal luminance from all directions which lie in the
half-space adjacent to the surface.
Diffusing light means to
soften it by reducing glare and harsh shadows. In
diffused lighting, objects will appear to have
shadows with very soft edges or no edges at all.

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 Electrical lighting control
for day lighting buildings

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Electrical lighting control for Day light buildings
Lighting and daylighting controls are systems that adjust the amount of
natural and artificial light in a room, based on its brightness, occupancy, and sometimes other
factors.

Good controls are critical to lighting design that

incorporates both daylight and artificial light. They can improve both visual
and thermal comfort while significantly decreasing energy use. For
instance, occupancy-based shutoff alone can save up to38% of lighting
energy for private offices, 50% in conference rooms, and 58% for
classrooms.

Successful design of lighting control is measured by testing

visual comfort in the room during occupied times, and measuring the daily
or monthly lighting energy use. The less energy required while still
achieving comfort, the better. Controls systems are also measured by their
reliability and ease of use for occupants and operations staff.

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Lighting control Integrated Building

The simplest way to reduce the amount of

energy consumed by lighting systems is to turn lights off whenever
they are not required. Most people simply do not shut off lights when
they leave rooms.

One solution to this problem is occupancy sensors, which

sense the presence of people in a space using infrared and/or
ultrasonic motion sensors.

These switches are appropriate in spaces where people

pass in and out often, such as private offices, restrooms, storage
areas, and conference rooms.

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Lighting control Integrated Building
Occupancy sensors:

Lighting controls can also dim lights when there is plenty of daylight.
Such systems can save 20-60% of lighting energy to respond appropriately as the
distribution of sunlight in the room changes through the day, these systems require
brightness sensors to be placed strategically in the room. Different sensors may
actuate different lighting zones.

Day light brightness sensors:

Brightness sensors can be individual switches for individual lights or

inputs to larger control systems. The most highly-optimized lighting control
systems combine multiple sensors and a logic processor to control lights. These
systems can often save 40% of overall lighting energy; sometimes even far more.

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 Thank you

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