CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of sugar

Sugar is the generalized name for sweet, short-chain, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are
used in food. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are various types of
sugar derived from different sources. Simple sugars are called monosaccharides and include
glucose (also known as dextrose), fructose, and galactose. The table or granulated sugar most
customarily used as food is sucrose, a disaccharide. (In the body, sucrose hydrolyses into
fructose and glucose.) Other disaccharides include maltose and lactose. Longer chains of sugars
are called oligosaccharides. Chemically different substances may also have a sweet taste, but are
not classified as sugars. Some are used as lower-calorie food substitutes for sugar described as
sweeteners.

The word "sugar" is derived from the Sanskrit word "Sharkara", which describes materials in a
granular form. People were arguing that whether sugarcane is native to India or New Guinea.
They do agree that ancient people liked it and carried with them in their migration and spread
throughout south pacific area. Although sugar cane was possibly known in the holy land in
biblical time only syrups could be obtained from it. In the 7th- 10th centuries AD, the Arabs
spread sugarcane throughout their region of influence in the Mediterranean and eastwards. By
the 12th century sugarcane reached Europe and Marco polo reported advanced sugar refining in
china toward the end of 13th century. The ancient process for obtaining sugar consisted of
boiling the juice until solids formed as the syrup cooled. Egyptians were using lime as purifying
agent and carrying out re crystallization, which is still the main step in refining. (11) Sugar was
first consumed in England in 1099. Sugar entered Spain, Sicily and other areas of the
Mediterranean, strongly influencing regional cuisine of the day. At that time sugar was a luxury
that only the wealthy could afford. It was called white gold because of its scarcity and high
cost. It is recorded, for instance that sugar was available in London at two shilling a pound in
1319 AD.
This equates to about US$100 per kilo at todays price. With the opening of the New World
following the voyages of Christopher Columbus, sugar production became profitable. On his
second trip to the New World, in 1493, he took sugar cane plants to grow in the Caribbean. The
climate there was so advantageous for the growth of the cane that an industry was quickly
established. Today the European Union, Brazil and India are the three top producers of sugar and
together account for some 40% of the annual production.(9)Sugar Industry is one of the
industries, which contribute immensely for the industrial transformation of our country. The
country has huge labor and resources like water, suitable climate and ideal landscape to expand
this export-oriented manufacturing industry. (9)

1.2 Problem statement

Sugar consumption continues to its upward climb as consumer income increases and diets
change, though most sugar used when drinking coffee and tea. While consumption has increased
in recent years, the countrys annual per capita consumption levels are still some of the lowest in
the world at about 5 to 6 kilograms and there are continuous shortages of sugar in the
marketplace. In recent years, nearly one-third of the sugar being consume in the country is
imported. Going forward, however, the government of Ethiopia (GOE) anticipates that there will
be sufficient supplies of local sugar to satisfy demand, thereby, making imports unnecessary.
However, post expects that there will be periodic local shortages early on after Ethiopia starts
exporting sugar, but that these gaps should dissipate over time as local production increases to
satisfy local demand. The Ethiopian local market has been hit by a serious shortage of sugar with
several retailers in the country going for days without the commodity. Many of the stores in our
country did not have the product on their shelves and customers said they had to move from one
shops to the other in search of the commodity. Where it is available, it sells for as much as 30
birr per Kg.
The shortages is strongly felt at cafeterias and restaurants that serve a strong shots of espresso
heavily laced with sugar. Honey is being used at some of the cafes as alternative to sweeten tea
and coffee. So, this project studies the nowadays condition of the sugar and tries to minimizes
the shortage of sugar in our country; by producing or covering 24.91% of the production capacity
of the year 2019/20 G.C.
1.3 Objectives of the project

1.3.1 General objective

To design a new Sugar factory this uses sugarcane as a raw material.

1.3.2. Specific objective

To minimize the shortages of sugar in our country
To Creates, job opportunity to citizens.
To minimize, the foreign currency expense to import sugar.
Reduce energy generation cost
Getting additional profit from the production of sugar
To survey the condition of the selected industry
To assess the way that the factories energy generation and utilization
To compute the saving that the factory could get due to the reduction
To show the general benefits to other existing as well as new sugar factories.

1.4. Significance of the project

This project provides more benefits to us and all the society.
For us-
This project helps us to know the world and local conditions of the sugar
production, the way to produce sugar from sugar cane.
To know, the factors should consider during designing of a chemical plant.
To face, the challenges during a time of doing projects, researches and another
relating activities.
a. For society
Since this project produces some amount of sugar and delivers it to the consumer,
the society able to find this product to the nearest of them. In other word, it tries
to minimize the shortage of sugar availability in the market or in the society. It
creates the job opportunity.
b. For investor
This project makes a profitable businessperson for the investor by gaining of
profit from the selling of the product.
1.5. Scope of the project
This project covers all necessary informations about sugar that needs to know everybody. It
starts from the definition of sugar to cost estimation and evaluations of the plant. Besides to this,
the project deals with the capacity of the plant, process description of sugar production,
production program of the plant, selection of raw materials, material and energy balances,
designing of equipments and plant location of the envisaged plant.

1.6 Limitation
Certain factor that limit this project are inefficient equipment or poor equipment used and also in
sufficient chemical are used for experiment for this project due to the first project as taken and
there is shortage of information regarding with good implementation of the design expert.
 CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Sugar production in Ethiopia started in 1954/55 when the Wonji Sugar Factory was
commissioned and produced 15,843 tons of white sugar in the first campaign. When sugarcane
development began in 1951, Dutch Company owned the company. The development of the
sugarcane plantation was started on 5000 hectares in the upper reaches of the Awash basin,
(10)
100km. Southeast of Addis Ababa. Ethiopia has favorable climate for sugarcane
development. It also has more than 500 thousand hectares of irrigable land suitable for the sector.
Moreover, it has abundant untapped water resource. These make the sector seek more attention
and a coordinated effort. Until the downfall of the former regime, sugar factories in Ethiopia
were limited to Wonji Shewa and and Matahara only. It was then that Fincha Sugar Factory has
come into existence. But, starting from 2010 the government has expanded the industry to
regions like SNNP, Oromiya, Afar, Amhara and Tigray.

Figure 2.1: Harvesting of sugar cane

The industry in addition to producing sugar produces numerous by-products and co products.
Few among them are power, animal feed, ethanol, inputs for paint, glass and other products. (13)
Currently, there are three large-scale sugar establishments in the country; two of them in the
Awash Basin (Wonji/shewa and Metehara) and one (Finchaa) in the Blue Nile Basin. The
present level of national production from the three-sugar estates is about 261,041 tons of sugar
and 87,257 tons of molasses per annum respectively. These three sugar factories have a
production capacity of 280,000 tons of sugar annually. The total area developed by these
factories is 23,769 hectares.
The area developed at Wonji/Shewa is 7050 hectares (5930 hectares estate and 1120 hectares out
grower farms) capable of producing 80,000 tons of sugar per annum. The Metehara Sugar
Factory, which was brought on stream in 1969 by HVA at Metehara, developed 9919 hectares
and has a capacity to process 115,000 tons of sugar annually. The Finchaa Sugar Factory (in East
Wellega zone of the Oromia National Regional State) which was completed in 1998, developed
6800 hectares and has a production capacity of 85,000 tons of sugar per annum. These sugar
companies presently produce sugar for the local market. White sugar is mainly imported from
the neighboring countries such as Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Somalia & India in quantities ranging
(10)
between 10,000 to 163,000. At present there are additional three sugar plantations are
developing by the government. Tana beles sugar project is developing in 50,000 hectares with a
production capacity 484,000 tons, Kuraz sugar project is developing in 150,000 hectares with a
production capacity of 556,000 tons, Wolkayit sugar project is developing in 25,000 hectares
with a production capacity of 242,000 tons.(10)