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Metallic Bonding
Physical Properties
Allow Combinations
Ionic Bonding
JD N S J TN CB15
Physical Properties
Covalent Bond
Sigma/Pi Bonds
JD N S J TN CB15
Sigma Bond
HEAD- ON OVERLAP
between (S-S/S-P/P-P)
Pi Bond
Side- Side
Overlap
VSEPR
Linear 180
Bent 118/104.5
Trigonal Planar 120
Tetrahedral 109.5
Trigon pyramidal 107
Octahedral 90
Square Planar 90
General Steps for Drawing 1. Determine number of
VSEPR pairs of electrons, be it
bond or not
2. Determine how many is
JD N S J TN CB15
lone pair
3. Find Structure for total
pairs of electrons (e.g
four pairs means
tetrahedral)
4. If there are lone pair,
take away one pair and
push the rest closer
together to form your
shape.
5. Visualize!
Hybridization
This happens, one of the electrons from 2s will fill up the last 2p orbital.
And since hybridization means the s and p orbitals join together to form
hybridized orbitals:
They will look like this. As they have 75% P orbital shape and 25% S orbital
shape. This is probably the simplest way to visualize it.
And then we ask: Is there an easier and faster way to determine SP/SP2/SP3.
Definitely! The previous way was just to explain to you the concept.
Remember this: 1. All SIGMA BONDS are made from hybridized orbitals. 2.
All lone pairs are made from hybridized orbitals. 3. All p bonds are made from
LEFT-OVER P orbitals (if you understood the concept above)
S
2 P
It has no lone pairs and 3 sigma bonds. Therefore it is SP2 hybridized.
JD N S J TN CB15
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
AND SO, we have unequal sharing of electrons, which brings about polar
bonds, in every tug of war game someone will win!
JD N S J TN CB15
We KNOW some cations with very These will attract the electron cloud of
significant charges and very small the anion.
radiuses (high charge density)
We say they have high polarizing
power.
Some anions are very large too, so This will allow the cloud to be easily
the electron cloud is very far from the pulled away by the cation.
nucleus, and is less attracted.
We say they have high polarisability!
This is WHY some metal non-metal compounds are considered covalent! (e.g
BeCl2 AND AlCl3)
And this is also why you might have heard that electronegativity determines
whether a bond is PREDOMINANTLY IONIC or PREDOMINANTLY
COVALENT.
IONIC BONDS: formed when atoms of metals and non-metals have great
difference in electronegativity (one will pull ALL the electrons towards itself!)
NET DIPOLE MOMENT
As we can see in C2CL4. It has polar C-CL bonds, but the overall
molecule has no net dipole MOMENT. This is because its bond dipole
moments cancel out. Use vectors.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES