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Problem 1. Read Exercise 1.2 from the book by Widom for the energy distribution
function Q(E) and reproduce the plot given as a function of E/ and try to plot
values of E / E = 1/50 and 1/100.
/1 2
1 ( )
() = /
/
For the values of / = 1/5, 1/10 1/20 we obtain the following plot:
12
10
8
Q(E)
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2
E/
And For the values of / = 1/50 1/100 we obtain the following plot:
60
50
40
Q(E)
30
20
10
0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2
E/
1/50 1/100
() () exp ( ) = exp[() ]
() = ()
() 2 2 ()
() = (0 ) + +
2! 2
( ) 2 2 ( )
() = ( ) + +
2 2
As we can observe in the previous figure, the function Q(E) has a maximum at , which
means that the first derivative (the second term of the series expansion) is equal to 0. The
third term is going to be negative because the second derivative in a maximum is always
negative. So we obtain:
2 2 ( )
() = ( ) +
2 2
And:
( ) = ( )
We substitute the previous equation and we apply the second derivative to each term:
2
2 ( ) (( ) ) 2 ( ) ()
2
= =
2 2 2 2
2 ( )
= ( ) = ( 1 ) = 0
2
= ()
() =
2 2
)) =
(( ( ) = ( )
2 2
We know that:
=
So:
1
1 ()
( )=
() ()
=
And we derivate:
1
() 1
=
2
1
() 1
=
2
( ) =
1 1 1
=
2 2
1 1
() = ( ) + 2 ( 2 )
2
2
() = ( )
2
() 2
( )= 2
( )
() 2
= exp ( 2 )
( )
3 3
= ; = =
2 2
We substitute:
2
3 3
() (106 2 ) (106 )2
= ( ) = ( 2 ) = (3 1012 )
( ) 3
2 2 2 2 4
3
= ( 1012 (1021 )) = exp(109 ) 0
4
The result can be approximated to 0, but is not 0, that means that the probability of
observing a closed, thermally equilibrated system with the given conditions is
improbable, but not impossible.