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Complete report of Genetics with the tittle Grooming Medium of Fly

(Drosophila melanogaster) that arranged by
name : Anisatya Amaliah SU
ID : 1414440005
class : International Class Program A of Biology Education
group :2
after checked and approved by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report
was accepted.

Makassar, september 2017

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

Ferry Irawan, S.Pd Ferry Irawan, S.Pd

Known by
Responsibility Lecture

Hartati, S.Si, M.Si, Ph.D

ID. 19740405 200003 2 002
A. Tittle
Manufacture of maintenance medium of fruit flies (Drosophilla
melanogaster)
B. Background
The creatures live in a world flesh and wide range so that way the
determination of the nature of the gonads any different. Fruit flies
(Drosophilla melanogaster) is a love flies swarming fruit Cookbook, is
widely used in genetic research. Therefore it is easily obtainable in nature,
easily maintained, and does not require extensive enough place in a bottle,
have a short life cycle
Fruit fly is an animal that is very easily found everywhere and are very
easy toobserve his progress, before culturing fruit flies, the first time is to
make media, media is amaterial that is used to grow cultures consisting of a
mixture of nutrients (nutrients) that beings needed in conducting activities
and growth during his lifetime. Purpose of theimplementation of these
observations is to know how to manufacture medium maintenance of fruit fly
(Drosophila melanogaster). Media used in this lab are from material that,
bananasand brown sugar in a blender, and put into bottles hours, the media
created as a source of nutrition and life support Drosophila melanogaster..
Drosophila melanogaster, commonly know as the fruit or vinegar fly, is
well suited for laboratory research. In addition, the large polytene
chromosomes found in cell nuclei of the salivary glands of the third instar
larval stage can be employed in cytological studies of chromosome
aberrations. Advantages of using Drosophila sp. in experimental studies
include the following:
1. Ease of culturing (small, inexpensively raised and handled, hence can be
in simple culture media)
2. Short generation time (8 to 11 days at 25C)
3. Prolific breeders (several hundred offspring from a single mating pair)
4. Small size (ease in handling and storage)
Life Cycle: The life cycle of Drosophila consists of four stages:
 Egg: A fertilized adult fly starts to deposit eggs on the second day after
emergence from the pupa. Each egg is about 0.5mm in length, ovoid in shape
and white in color. Embryonic development of the egg takes about one day at
25C, and hatching out of the egg case is the larva. Larva: The larva is white
segmented and wormlike. It has black mouth parts (jaw and hooks) in a
narrowed head region. There are no eyes, lacks appendages, and breaths by
trachea. This life cycle is of rapid eating and growing. There are three larval
stages, called instars, separated from each other by molts. During the final
(third) instar stage, the larva feeds until ready to pupate, then crawl out of the
medium to a dry place, where it ceases to move. The larval stage takes about
4 days at 25C for completion, at which time the third instar is about 4.5mm
long.
Pupa: A complex tissue reorganization (metamorphosis) occurs during
pupation, and within four days at 25C the adult emerges from the pupal case.
Adult: (Imago) Is considered the reproductive stage. At first the adult is
greatly elongated and wings are unexpanded. Within an hour the wings
expands and attains the more rotund form of the adult. The adults are light in
color but darken within a few hours after hatching. Mating occurs after six
hours of emergence from the pupal state. The sperm are stored in the
spermatheceae and ventral receptacles of the female and are released
gradually into the oviduct as eggs are produced and passed through the
oviduct into the vagina. The female begins to deposit eggs about two days
after it has emerged from the pupa. The average life span of an adult fly is 37
days at 25C.
Drosophila species are found all around the world, with more species in
the tropical regions. They can be found in deserts, tropical rainforest, cities,
swamps, and alpine zones. Some northern species hibernate. Most species
breed in various kinds of decaying plant and fungal material, including fruit,
bark, slime fluxes, flowers, and mushrooms. The larvae of at least one
species, D. suzukii, can also feed in fresh fruit and can sometimes be a pest. A
few species have switched to being parasites or predators. Many species can
 be attracted to baits of fermented bananas or mushrooms, but others are not
attracted to any kind of baits. Males may congregate at patches of suitable
breeding substrate to compete for the females, or form leks, conducting
courtship in an area separate from breeding sites.
The importance of the creation of Drosophila melanogaster was as
medium or medium for maintenance of the fruit fly experiment when doing
genetics. For example, to know the life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster
needed a medium to be able to observe the development Drosophilla
melanogaster each phase.
Based on the above things so that this teaching was implemented as an
alternative to can find out directly how to manufacture medium-maintenance
fruit flies that serves as a container for to be able fruit flies.
C. Purpose
1. To know the way of preparation medium of fruit flies (Drosophilla
melanogaster)
2. To know the manufacture of maintenance medium of fruit flies
(Drosophilla melanogaster)
D. Benefit
The benefit of this experiment are:
1. Apprentice has the skills in making medium maintenance of flies.
2. Apprentice has the knowledge about the composition of the
comparison that in the manufacture of material medium flies.
E. Materials and Tools
1. Materials
a. Ambons banana 600 grams
b. Nipagin 7 ml
c. Fermipan 20 grams
d. Seaweed 7 grams
e. Brown sugar 150 grams
f. Sorbic acid 5 ml
g. Aquadest 411 ml
 2. Tools
a. Jam bottle
b. Sterofoam
c. Small brush
d. Beaker
e. Measurement glass 100 ml
f. Blender
g. Napkin
h. Weight scale
i. Wrapping plastic
j. Rubber
F. Work Procedure
1. Preparation of medium

Medium that was wrapped has been strerilitation into

autoclave in temperature of 210C as long in three hours

2. Manufacture of medium

b. Bananas was blender as 600 a. Brown sugar was

grams until pulverized weight as 150 grams
 c. After boiled, seaweed, brown sugar, and banana was
added into boiled water

f. Batter was let boiled e. Fermipan was added d. Batter was poured into
as long 15 minutes into batter medium as 40 ml

g. Napkin that has folding h. Medium was sowed i. Medium was spreaded
was put into medium of yeast of anti-fungus
 j. Medium has been ready to used if the
medium was fold

G. Basic theory
Drosophila melanogaster is a model genetic organism with an exceptional
hypoxia tolerance relative to mammals. Forward genetic, microarray, and P-
element manipulations and selection experiments have revealed multiple
mechanisms of severe hypoxia tolerance, including RNA editing,
downregulation of metabolism, and prevention of protein unfolding.
Drosophila live in microbe-rich, semiliquid food in which hypoxia likely
indicates deteriorating environments. Hypoxia reduces growth and size by
multiple mechanisms, influencing larval feeding rates, protein synthesis,
imaginal cell size, and control of molting. In moderate hypoxia, these effects
appear to occur without ATP limitation and are instead mediated by signaling
systems, including hypoxia-inducible factor and atypical guanyl cyclase
sensing of oxygen, with downstream actions on behavior, anabolism, and the
cell cycle. In hypoxia, flies develop smaller sizes, but size does not evolve,
whereas in hyperoxia, flies evolve larger sizes without exhibiting
developmental size plasticity, suggesting differential evolutionary responses
to natural versus novel directions of oxygen change.(Hansson,2008)
For the maintenance of a stock of drosopilla melanogaster can use various
kinds of medium medium first began to be used was a mixture of pisang
ambon and tape cassava zengan comparison 6:1 medium worm for over 15
years. in the year 1984 began to use some medium for customers to be able
also to other types of dzrosopilla types of maintenance and these last few
years have used the new recipe. This is due because of quality bananas and
tape that is never uniform, so that the perceived need to acquire a medium
more solid and reliable. new recipes which are used are the modification of
existing recipes and adapted to the conditions of Indonesia(Hartati,2017)
In nature, Drosophila melanogaster feeds on fermenting fruit. Fruit flies
gain the majority of their nutrition from ingested microbes and experience
relatively high concentrations of ethanol and organic acids. Thus, a simple
diet of sucrose and lyophilized yeast, with a weak organic acid as
preservative, is sufficient to suport Drosophila in the laboratory. However, D.
melanogaster is raised on a variety of food recipes, which contain some
combina-tion of molasses, treacle, beet syrup, rolled oats, banana, potato
starch, cornmeal, corn syrup, malt, soy, one of several monosac-charides or
disaccharides and one of a variety of processed dead or fresh live yeasts. At
worst, these are reported simply as standard medium. More often, a recipe is
given but without the method of preparation or the nature and source of its
components. Such nutritional variations could explain many inconsistent
experi-mental outcomes between laboratories.(Piper,2014)
Drosophila melanogaster is found in abundance on soft fruits like grapes,
bananas, and plums, especially if they areoverripe and have begun to ferment.
Adult flies as well aslarvae feed on fruit juices: and since yeast is present
wherever fermentation is in progress, it is believed that yeast constitutes an
important part of their diet .Therefore Drosophila maybe raised on any
fermenting medium. The different types ofmedium routinely used for
breeding Drosophila include cornmeal medium, banana jaggery medium,
sucrose dextrose medium and maltose corn medium. The composition ofthe
food predominantly includes sugar, yeast extract, dextroseand corn flour
(Ramachandra, 2009).
Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly a little insectabout 3mm long, is an
excellent organism to study genetic mechanisms. The general principles of
gene transmission, linkage, sex determination, genetic interactions;
molecular, biochemical and developmental genetics, chromosomal
aberrations, penetrance and expressivity, and evolutionary change may all be
admirably demonstrated by using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. The
life cycle of Drosophila is short and completes in about three weeks.
Embryonic development, which follows fertilization and the formation of the
zygote, occurs within the egg membrane.The egg produces larva, which eats
and grows and at length becomes pupa. The pupa, in turn develops into an
imago or adult. The duration of these stages varies with the temperature.
Drosophila cultures ought to be kept in room temperature where the
temperature does not range below 20oC or above 25oC. They are bred on
fermenting medium which contains corn, dextrose, sugar and yeast extract.
Their breeding ratio is 1:3 (male:female). The common culture contaminants
include fungi, mites and bacteria. The male and the female are differentiated
(under the microscope) based on their size, markings on their abdomen and
presence of sex combs following anesthetization with ether.(Ramachandra,
2009)
The triggers that initiate insect behavioral reaction to pathogens is
currently not well described. Increased grooming was noticed in the presence
of parasitic nematodes for both earwigs and Japanese beetle larva, however
no data were collected to elucidate the sensory stimuli involved in such
behavior. It is known that Drosophila spend a considerable amount of time
grooming and that grooming systematically occurs after egg-laying]. Our
unpublished observations also support the hypothesis that pathogen contact
initiates grooming because most of the Beauveria bassiana conidia deposited
on adult Drosophila are actively removed by grooming. There are reports that
insect contact with pathogens can result in up/down regulation of gene
expression, drive immune reactionand alter behavior In addition, toll-
deficient Drosophila mutants show increased susceptibility to B. bassiana
while infection leads to the expression of the antifungal peptide genes
Drosomycin and Metchnikowin . There are exciting opportunities to study the
interaction between behavioral defense and humoral/cellular immune
response in solitary insects and the trigger can be one of the most essential
cues to clarify the associations. While, there are limited data in the literature
on the question of whether insects respond to chemical or mechanical signals
from microorganism by evoking grooming behavior.(Yanagawa,2013)
In order to find out how Drosophilas sense of smell adaptedto different
living conditions in the course of evolution, BillHanssons team compared
several Drosophila species. However,from an evolutionary perspective, the
olfactory systemof Drosophila is very conservative, says Hansson. In reality
it has hardly changed at all except in the case of one speciesin which it was
dramatically different. A particularly fussyfruit fly lives in the island world,
in the tropical climate of theeychelles, north of Madagascar. Drosophila
sechellia loves noni fruit and noni fruit alone. The fly not only loves to eatthe
fruit of the Indian mulberry tree Morindacitrifolia,it also lays its eggs there.
The fruit has a very particularsmell, notes Hansson, a mixture of pineapple
and Gorgonzola. The cheesy smell is a sign of a high acid content. It isso
high in the yellow noni fruit that other flies normally diewhen they eat it. Not
so the Seychelles variant, which is fullyadapted to the exotic fruit and, indeed,
highly dependent on it. The dependency is reflected in its olfactory system,.
Most of the neurons in the antennae are calibratedto the two odorants found in
the special noni smell.They are also incredibly sensitive. The flies can sense
the nonismell when only a billionth of a milligram is present in theair. Even
the olfactory brain has adapted to the delicacy,which also acts as a nursery for
the species: two of the glomeruli receive all of the signals from the noni
neuronsfrom the antennae. And they are three times bigger than
thecorresponding glomeruli in Drosophila melanogaster, While their
relatives take flight when they encounter very high concentrations of the noni
smell, Drosophilasechellia simply cannot resist the yellow fruit (Hansson,
2008)
Scientists who study Drosophila attribute the species diversity to its
ability to be competitive in almost every habitat, including deserts. The
extensive knowledge of thegenetics of D. melanogaster and the long term
 experimental experience with this organism together with extensive genetic
homology to mammals has made it of unique usefulness in mutation research
and genetic toxicology. Many Drosophila genes are homologous to human
genes and are studied to gain a better understanding of what role these
proteins have in human beings. Much research about the genetics of
Drosophila over the last 50 years has resulted in a wealth of reference
literature and knowledge about hundreds of its genes. Specific mutations can
be targeted and analyzed. Its ease of handling, short reproductive cycle allows
scientists to analyze test crosses. Also, the offspring are produced in large
numbers which provides statistically significant data and phenotypic mutant
changes are easily recognizable under the microscope. This review details on
the lifecycle of D. melanogaster, its importance in genetic studies and also
basic tools required for culturing flies in laboratory.(Ramachandra, 2009)
H. Result

Discussion
First is creating a grooming medium of fruit flies (Drosophila
melanogaster). Where in the manufacture of grooming medium used a variety
of materials. Materials used are banana, gelatin, brown sugar, yeast, nipagin,
sorbic acid and distilled water. This material is then processed in accordance
with the existing work procedures. The materials used have an important role
where banana and brown sugar serves as a source of carbohydrates, gelatin is
used so that the resulting dough is more dense, yeast works to develop
nipagin as an anti-fungal, sorbic acid to prevent bacteria, and distilled water
serves as a solvent. Every material has a rate of each corresponds to the
number of bottles that will be used as culture media maintenance. Ambons
banana 600 grams, Nipagin7 ml Fermipan 20 grams, Seaweed7 grams,Brown
sugar150 grams, Sorbic acid5 ml, Aquadest411 ml
There are several advantages of so many fruit flies made an object for genetic
studies, there is:
1. Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster) is easily maintained in the laboratory
because the food is very simple, just need a little room and his body is strong
enough.
2. At room temperature (room temperature), fruit flies can complete its life
cycle more or less in 12 days.
3. The number of very rich in nature and easily found.
4. Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster) can produce offspring in large
numbers.
5. The number of chromosomes is relatively low, is. 4 pairs and have "Giant
Chromosme". These chromosomes are present in cells of salivary glands that
magnitude of 100 times that of an ordinary chromosome, so easily observed
under the light microscope.
6. Fruit Fly has a range of hereditary nature of the differences can be
recognized by the enlargement of the weak. This fruit fly has some kind of
mutant (the individual who generated due to mutations) that can be observed
with weak magnification.
7. The development of the cycle of his life easily observed, since it occurred
outside of his body starting from the egg, larva, pupa to the adult (imago).
Based on practical work has been done on how to manufacture medium
fruit flies, there were some mixed form of bananas ambon, brown sugar,
gelatine, yeast, nipagin, sorbic acid and aquadest. This medium is used in the
manufacture of some kinds of materials with specific reasons. the blend
bananas ambon with brown sugar triggers fruit flies survive and do breeding.
Bananas ambon is used because it contains nutrients needed by fruit flies.
 Bananas are ripe fruit fly sparked for resting. Additional brown sugar will add
sweetness on the medium. True to its name, then the fruit flies love to resting
on the fruits. Also the smeared Nipagin in mouth medium tanks on the corks
and serves to help mushrooming hamper process so that the medium can last
a long time or are not contaminated with microbes. As for the gelatin used for
compacting the medium when it is stored on a bottle of jam. Yeast dough is
used to be. In addition, sorbic acid that is also used to function as a
pengawwet medium. Also used filter paper that serves to absorb the excess
water on medium and also as a place of fruit flies lay their eggs. And
aquadest used to help dissolve the medium so that the dough be align with
each other. The combination of the main ingredients helps fruit flies
(Drosophila melanogaster) for resting and breeding in quite a loads of time.
How to manufacture medium fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) has
done is a great new recipes that contain nutrient which is easy to use. Like
carbohydrates, proteins, minerals and vitamins. Carbohydrates and water is a
source of energy for the activity of fruit flies. Protein is needed for sexual
maturity and egg production. Medium Drosiphila melanogaster has been
made still has weakness, evident from the observations that Drosophilla
melanogaster in the medium. But the medium is easy to make and the
ingredients used any easily obtain
I. Conclusion
From the experiment that has been done, the conclusion can be drawn that
in the manufacture of grooming medium Drosophila melanogaster used some
materials by comparison composition. A suitable Medium for maintenance of
the Drosophila melanogaster is a sterile medium and contain a number of
nutrient needed by Drosophila melanogaster.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hanson, Bill. 2008. The Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster) Provides a Model
for the Researches Working. New York: Max Planck Reasearch.
Hartati dkk. Agustus 2017. PenuntunPraktikumGenetika. Makassar:
JurusanBiologi FMIPA UNM.
Matthew D W Piper dkk. January 2014 Nature Methode Vol.11 No.1
Ramachandra, Sri. June 2009. Journalof Medicine Vol II.Issue 2.
Yanagawa dkk. November 2013 Insects. ISSN 2075-4450