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System
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Functions
1. Regulates metabolism and growth
3. Tissue development
8. Reproductive functions
Chemical signal
molecules that are released from one location, move to
another location, and produce a response
4
Types of Chemical Signals
Intracellular
produce in one of part a cell and move to another part
of same cell
Intercellular
released from one cell and bind to receptors on another
cell
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Types of Intercellular Signals
Autocrine
released by cells and a have local effect on same cell type
Ex. Eicosanoids (released in response to inflammation)
Paracrine
released by cells that affect other cell types in close
proximity
Ex. Somatostatin (inhibits insulin secretion)
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Endocrine Glands*
Endocrine Cells*
Target tissues
group of cells that respond to specific hormones
Specificity
specific hormones bind to specific receptor sites
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Types of Hormones
Water soluble
Polar molecules
most common includes proteins, peptides, amino acids]
Relatively half short lives- degraded by proteases or lysosomal
enzymes
Regulate activities that a rapid onset and short duration
STABLE attached to a carbohydrates or proteins
Ex. Growth hormone, antidiuretic, prolactin
Lipid hormones
Non-polar
includes steroids and fatty acid derivative: eicosanoids
Attached to binding proteins that transport the hormones
Diffused out of the capillaries and degraded by the circulating
hydrolytic enzymes urine
Ex. LH, FSH, androgens 12
How does this work?
4. Response occurs
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How do hormones cause change?
Alter cell activity of target tissues by increasing or
decreasing cells normal processes
Synthesis of proteins
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Regulation of Hormones
HUMORAL STIMULI
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NEURAL STIMULI
Nervous system
Ex. Epinephrine and
fight or flight response
NEUROPEPTIDES
Secreted neuronal
hormones which go to
the blood directly
HORMONAL
STIMULI
Other hormones
Releasing
hormones
NEURAL
Stimulate the target which does not secrete its hormone
HORMONAL
Inhibiting hormones
Regulation of Hormone Levels in the Blood
Negative Feedback
tells body when homeostasis is reached
Positive Feedback
stimulated by a tropic hormone which will promote
synthesis of proteins and secretion of additional tropic
hormones.
Classes of Hormone Receptors
Lipid soluble hormones bind to nuclear receptors
Relatively small
Diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to nuclear
receptor which are usually at the cell nucleus or cytoplasm
Secondary Messengers
Chemical produced inside a cell once a hormone bind to a
certain membrane bound receptors.
Controlled by hypothalamus
Secretes at least 6
hormones
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Anterior Pituitary Gland
1. Growth Hormone
Target tissues
most
Functions:
stimulates growth of bones, muscles, and other organs
Abnormalities
Too much GH causes giantism
Too little GH causes pituitary dwarfism
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2. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Target tissues
thyroid gland
Functions
regulates thyroid gland secretions
Abnormalities
Too much TSH, thyroid gland enlarges
Too little TSH, thyroid gland shrinks
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Figure 10.14
3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Target tissues
Cortex of the adrenal gland
Functions
secretion of cortisol which is required in keeping the
adrenal cortex from degeneration.
Abnormalities
Too much ACTH, darkening of the skin
4. GONADOTROPINS
Function
promotes ovulation and progesterone production
LH for males
Target tissue
Testes
Function
sperm production and testosterone
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B. FSH (Follicle-Stimulating)
Function
follicle maturation and estrogen secretion
Function
sperm production 36
5. Prolactin:
Target tissues
mammary glands and ovaries
Functions
milk production
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6. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Target tissues
many
Functions
producing colored pigmentation found in the skin, hair and
eyes
Abnormalities
Too much MSH, darkening of the skin
Posterior Pituitary Gland
1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Target tissues
Kidneys
Functions
conserve water
Abnormalities
Diabetes insipidus
low ADH
kidneys to produce large amounts of dilute (watery)
urine
can lead to dehydration and thirst 39
2. Oxytocin:
Target tissues
uterus
Functions
increases uterine contractions during labor ; milk let-down
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Thyroid Gland
One of largest glands
Requires iodine to function
Thyroid hormones
Target tissues
most
Functions
regulates metabolic rates and is needed for growth
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Abnormalities of Thyroid Gland
Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism
Functions
secreted when blood Ca2+ levels are high
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Parathyroid gland
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Target tissues
bones and kidneys
Functions
regulates blood Ca2+ levels
(more than calcitonin)
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Abnormalities
Hyperparathyroidism
High rate of PTH secretion
Tumor in the parathyroid gland
High amount of calcium bones become soft, deformed and
easily fractured.
Excess calcium can cause inflammation to soft tissues leading
to kidney stones.
Hypoparathyroidism
Surgical removal of thyroid and parathyroid glands
Low level of calcium reduction in bone reabsorption and
formation of vitamin D.
Spontaneous action potential could also be generated leading to
tetanus resulting to death
Adrenal Glands
On kidneys
2 regions medulla and cortex
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
Target tissues
heart, blood vessels, liver, fat cells
Functions
released as part of fight or flight response
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Adrenal Cortex (outer portion)
Aldosterone:
- Type of mineralocorticoids
Target tissues
Kidneys
Functions
causes Na+ and H2O to be retained and K+ to be secreted,
indirectly involved with blood pressure and blood volume
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Cortisol
Type of glucocorticoids
Target tissues
most
Functions
increases breakdown of fat and protein for energy uses
reduces inflammatory and immune responses
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Androgens
Target tissues
most
Functions
Males: secondary sexual characteristic
Females: sex drive
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Pancreas
Consist of Pancreatic islets
Secretes 3 hormones
Alpha cells secretes glucagon
Beta cells secretes insulin
Delta cells- secretes somatostatin
Insulin
Release from Beta cells
Target tissues
liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and satiety center of
hypothalamus.
Functions
regulates blood glucose levels
after a meal glucose levels are high and insulin is secreted
extra glucose is stored in form of glycogen
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Abnormalities
Diabetes mellitus
Causes: too little insulin or faulty insulin receptors
Symptoms: exaggerated appetite, excess urine,
dehydration, thirst, fatigue
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Glucagon
Target tissues
liver
Function
regulates blood glucose levels
between meals glucose levels drop and glucagon is secreted
glucagon allows glycogen to be broken down into glucose
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Somatostatin
Function
Inhibiting the secretion of insulin and glucagon and inhibits
gastric tract activity.
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Testes
Testosterone
Target tissues
most
Functions
aids in sperm and reproductive organ development and
function
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Ovaries
Estrogen and Progesterone
Target tissues
most
Functions
involved in uterine and mammary gland development
and menstrual cycle
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Thymus gland
Thymosin Hormone
Target tissues
immune system tissues
Functions
promotes immune system
development and function
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Pineal Body (Gland)
Melatonin
Target tissues
hypothalamus
Functions
plays a role in onset of puberty and controls circadian
rhythms.
Light affects its function.
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Other Hormones
Prostaglandins
Distributed in all parts of the body
Some cause relation of smooth muscles dilation of BV
Contraction of smooth muscles delivery of baby
Medically used to initiate abortion
Erythropoietin
Reduced oxygen level in kidneys bone marrow to
increase the production of RBC