REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL TRAINING UNDERGONE AT

DOORDARSHAN KENDRA ON BROADCASTING AND NETWORKING

Submitted by

BHAVESH SHARMA

RA1511003020320
During the period

29.05.2017 TO 02.06.2017

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

SRM UNIVERSITY
RAMAPURAM CAMPUS
NOVEMBER 2017

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 SRM UNIVERSITY
RAMAPURAM
(Under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956)

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this industrial training report titled BROADCASTING AND

NETWORKING, is the bonafide work of BHAVESH SHARMA,
RA1511003020320, who undertook in-plant training at DOORDARSHAN
KENDRA during the period 29.05.2017 to 02.06.2017. Who carried out the
training work under my supervision. Certified further that to the best of my
knowledge the work reported herein doesnt form any other training report or
dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on the earlier
occasion on this or any other candidate.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Ms. V. SAHAYA SAKILA, M.E Dr. J. JAGADEESAN, M. Tech, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor Professor and HOD
Dept. Computer Science and Engineering Dept. Computer Science and Engineering
SRM University, SRM University,
Ramapuram Campus, Ramapuram Campus,
Chennai-600 089 Chennai-600 089

Submitted for the Report viva voce held onat SRM University,
Ramapuram, Chennai- 600 089.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 Acknowledgments

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide
Ms. V. Sahaya Sakila (Assistant Professor, CSE dept.) For her exemplary guidance,
monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this project. The blessing,
help and guidance given by him time to time shall carry me a long way in the journey of life
on which I am about to embark.

I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Ms. K. Subha (Assistant
Professor, CSE Dept.) and for her cordial support, valuable information and guidance which
helped me in completing this task through various stages.

I am obliged to staff members of SRM College, for the valuable information provided by
them in their respective fields. I am grateful for their cooperation during the period of my
assignment.

My thanks to the teaching and non-teaching staff of the Computer Science and Engineering
department of SRM University, Ramapuram Campus, who supported me to accomplish this
industrial training report.

BHAVESH SHARMA

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 ABSTRACT

In-plant training is something which you do apart from your academics apart from your
curriculum. It is beneficial for those who want to work in Corporates as you get an idea of
how the things are actually there in any Company/Industry. In my in-plant training program, I
worked under the guidance of experts in different domains who have great skills, knowledge
and helpful in making the students like me to learn things according to any Industry level.
Atmosphere at the training place is really great as every trainee is there to learn something
new, get something new, cultivate something new, and inculcate something new based on
their interest and demands. I learned 5 recently and very popular technologies/tools used by
the different companies under their daily working scheme. These includes Android Studio,
Adobe Flash, Adobe Dreamweaver, Adobe Photoshop and Software Development Life Cycle
(SDLC). I worked on the basics of these tools. The experts of in-plant training program first
explained that why these tools are used thereafter how they are used, what is its scope and
benefits. These tools covers almost all the major domains on which the IT Companies work.
Android Studios involves the android apps development and management. Adobe Flash
involves making animations, short flash movies, short flash games, etc. Adobe
Dreamweaver involves website development using html, HTML, CSS, PHP and other
scripting languages. Adobe Photoshop is very popular tool for photo editing, graphics
editing and poster designing. Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is the basic cycle
followed by any software company to develop any software or application according to the
customers need. It includes basics steps starting from the analysis to the disposal of the
software. Thus this in-plant training session proved to be very helpful for me to develop some
basic skills regarding these tools, working in new environment, interaction with experts as
well as other trainee, share knowledge and ultimately learn something new and useful.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT i
ABSTRACT ii

1 INTERNSHIP 8
1.1 Introduction on Internship 8
1.2 About company 9
1.3 Certificate by Company 10
1.4 Declaration by the Student 10
1.5 Introduction to Project 11
1.6 Tools and Technology Used 15
1.7 Results and Discussions 24
1.8 Conclusions and Future Scope 25

2 ANALYSIS 26
2.1 Survey on Companies 26
2.2 Survey on current projects of that company 37
2.3 Skill Demand- Company 41

3 QUANTUM TELEPORTATION 42
3.1 History 42
3.2 Features 44
3.3 Concepts 47
3.4 Applications 47
3.5 Scope 49

4 CONCLUSION 50

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

Fig 1.1 Internship Certificate 9
Fig 1.2 Reel in Broadcasting 11
Fig 1.3 Transmitter 14
Fig 1.4 Receiver 14
Fig 1.5 Action area in Doordarshan 16
Fig 1.6 Production Control Room in Doordarshan 16
Fig 1.7 Central Apparatus Room 17
Fig 1.8 Earth Station 21
Fig 2.1 Tata Consultancy Services Offices 27
Fig 2.2 Infosys Office 29
Fig 2.3 Wipro Office 30
Fig 2.4 HCl Office 32
Fig 2.5 Tech Mahindra Office 34
Fig 2.6 IBM Office 44
Fig 2.7 Quantum Teleportation 45
Fig.2.8 Quantum Teleportation experiment 1 46
Fig.2.9 Quantum Teleportation experiment 2 47
Fig.3.1 Quantum Cryptography
Fig.3.2 Quantum Computing
Fig.3.3 Teleporting Light
Fig.3.4 Quantum Entanglement

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 LIST OF TABLES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

Table 1.1 Tech Mahindra Profile 33

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 Chapter 1
Internship
(Doordarshan Kendra)
1.1 Introduction on Doordarshan Kendra

Largest broadcasting 8tilization8.1st service started on 15th sep 1959.Its past name was
All India radio. It was separated from AIR in 1976.
Doordarshan is a public broadcast terrestrial Channel run by Prasarbharati.
Doordarshan Kendra, Silchar was inaugurated on the 13th Oct. 1990.
Its past name was All India radio and it was separated from All India radio in 1976.
Doordarshan Kendra Silchar has up linking frequency 6.0565 GHz and downlinking
frequency 3.8315 GHz.
INSAT-4B, Location 93.5 east.
Doordarshan operates 21 channels:

o Two All India channels (available terrestrially), DD National and DD News.

o 11 regional language satellite channels (RLSC), four state networks (SN), an
international channel, a sports channel, DD Sports and two channels Rajya
Sabha TV and Lok Sabha TV for live broadcast of parliamentary proceedings.

o On DD National aka (DD-1), regional programs and local programs are

carried on time-sharing basis.

o DD News channel, launched on 3 November 2003, which replaced the DD

Metro formerly known as DD-2 entertainment channel, provides 24-hour news
service.

The regional languages satellite channels have two components the regional service
for the particular state relayed by all terrestrial transmitters in the state and additional
programs in the regional language in prime time and non-prime time available only
through cable operators.

DD-Sports Channel is exclusively devoted to the broadcasting of sporting events of

national and international importance.

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 This is the only sports channel which telecasts rural sports like kho-kho and kabbadi,
something which private broadcasters will not attempt to telecast as it will not attract
any revenue.

1.1.1 Profile on Doordarshan

Type :broadcast, radio, television

network
Availability : national wide.
Motto : satyam shivam sundaram.
Headquarters : new Delhi.
Owner : government of India.
Launch date : 15 Sep 1959.
Past name : All India Radio (AIR).
Pic format : 480i (16:9 sdtv).
1080i (hdtv).
Official website : www.ddindia.gov.in

1.1.2 Experience in Doordarshan

It is total of one week program in Doordarshan (i. e) 3 hrs/ day. At the starting of
the first two days, they introduce about the infrastructure and machineries of the Doordarshan
Kendra and explains about how it helps in Kendra. After that they had gone to the project that
which we have taken in the internship is about Broad Casting. I had a great experience of
being there and at the end of the day we did a project about Broad casting and we also gone
through that how the Live interviews happens.

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1.2 Abstract
The objective of this is to study the various sections of
A I R broadcasting and appropriate execution and working of the news studios
and Capitive Earth Station. All India Radio, officially known as Akashvani is the radio
broadcaster of I n d i a a n d a d i v i s i o n o f P r a s a r B h a r a t i , a n autonomous
corporation of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. All
India Radio now under Prasar Bharati has the distinction of being one
of t h e m a j o r b r o a d c a s t i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n t h e w o r l d . The News Services
Division broadcasts from Delhi 86 daily news bulletins in English, Hindi and 17 Indian
languages for a duration of 12 hours and 20 minutes. The bulk of AIR news
comes from its own Correspondents spread all over the
country. E n g l i s h N e w s S e r v i c e Available in two forms. The core
service covers major developments in diverse fields in a compact form. Good acoustics is a
pre-requisite of high quality broadcasting or recording.

These sound waves are subject to reflection, absorption and refraction on

encountering an obstacle. In any enclosed room when a sound is switched off, it takes infinite
length of time to decay to inaudibility. Preface Training is important phase of student life.
During this period student gets both theoretical as well as practical knowledge of the subject.
Training also impresses a student overall approaches to life and impress his personality and
confidence. Our training was in Doordarshan Kendra 10tiliza. This report contains a detailed
study of Doordarshan Kendra Chennai.

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1.3 Certificate by Company

Fig 1.1 Internship Certificate

1.4 Declaration by Student

I , Bhavesh Sharma, Reg. No: RA1511003020320, student of SRM University hereby

declare that the Summer Training Report-I, submitted to the SRM University in partial
fulfillment of the requirements of the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology is record
of original training undergone by me during the period 29th May 2017 02th June 2017 at
Doordarshan Kendra, Chennai.

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1.5 Introduction to project
In this chapter we are going to see brief introduction about broad casting, and what are
the topics is going to be are:
What is broadcast
History of broadcast
Types of broadcast
Elements of broadcast television.
Broadcast TV vs Satellite TV vs Cable TV
Television transmission band
Process of transmission

1.5.1 What is Broadcasting

Broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video content or other messages to a

dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium, but typically
one using the electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a one-to-many model.
Broadcasting began with AM radio, which came into popular use around 1920 with
the spread of vacuum tube radio transmitters and receivers. Before this, all forms of
electronic communication (early radio, telephone, and telegraph) were one-to-one,
with the message intended for a single recipient.
The term broadcasting, borrowed from the agricultural method of sowing seeds in a
field by casting them broadly about, was coined by either KDKA manager Frank
Conrad or RCA historian George Clark around 1920 to distinguish this new activity of
one-to-many communication; a single radio station transmitting to multiple
listeners.

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 Fig 1.2 reel in Broadcasting

1.5.2 History of Broadcasting

The earliest broadcasting consisted of sending telegraph signals over the airwaves,
using Morse code, a system developed in the 1830s by Samuel F.B.
Morse, physicist Joseph Henry and Alfred Vail.

Fig 1.3 Samuel F.B. Morse

They developed an electrical telegraph system which sent pulses of electric

current along wires which controlled an electromagnet that was located at the
receiving end of the telegraph system.

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 A code was needed to transmit natural language using only these pulses, and the
silence between them. Morse therefore developed the forerunner to
modern International Morse code.

This was particularly important for ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication, but
it became increasingly important for business and general news reporting, and as an
arena for personal communication by radio amateurs.

Audio broadcasting began experimentally in the first decade of the 20th century. By
the early 1920s radio broadcasting became a household medium, at first on the AM
band and later on FM.

Television broadcasting started experimentally in the 1920s and became widespread

after World War II, using VHF and UHF spectrum. Satellite broadcasting was
initiated in the 1960s and moved into general industry usage in the 1970s, with DBS
(Direct Broadcast Satellites) emerging in the 1980s.

Originally all broadcasting was composed of analog signals using analog

transmission techniques but in the 2000s, broadcasters have switched to digital
signals using digital transmission. In general usage, broadcasting most frequently
refers to the transmission of information and entertainment programming from
various sources to the general public.

o Analog audio vs. HD Radio

o Analog television vs. Digital television
o Wireless

1.5.3 Types of Broadcasting

There are several types of TV broadcast system and are listed below:
o Analogue Terrestrial Tv
o Digital 14tilizati Tv
o Cable Tv : analogue and digital system
o new technologies :
o Digital terrestarial Tv
o HDTV

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 o Pay-per-view
o Web Tv
o IPTV
o Video-on-demand

1.5.4 Elements of Broadcast Television

There are several major parts that are required in order to receive television broadcast.

o Image source
o Sound source
o Transmitter
o Receiver
o Display device
o Sound device

Image Source

The image source can be defined as the program that can be a movie, TV show, news
program etc. The image source is just a source video and does not include the sound.
The image source is usually recorded on camera or flying spot scanner.

Transmission

A transmitter is what sends both audio and video signals over the air waves.
Transmitter usually transmits more than one signal at a time. A transmitter modulates
both picture and sound into one signal then sends this transmission over a wide range
for a receiver to receive.

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 Fig 1.4 Transmitter

Receiver

A receiver receives the transmitted signals and turns radio waves which includes
audio and video signals into useful signals that can be processed into an image and
sound.

Fig 1.5 Receiver

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1.6 Tools and Technology
Some of the tools and technologies are used at specific area to maintain them in good
condition. In Doordarshan it is classified as:
TV studio
Earth Station
Satellite Communication

TV studio

A television studio is an installation in which television or video productions takes

place.Based on activites in a tv studio, is divided into three major area such as:
Action area.
Production control room.
Central apparatus room.

o Action area
Action area place requires large space technical area .Action in this area includes
staging, lighting,performan-ce by artists and arrangement to pickup picture and sound
and ceiling as compared to any other.

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o Production control room

Monitor program and graphics.

Vision mixer.
Audio console.
Add video effects.

Fig 1.7 Production Control Room in Doordarshan

o Central apparatus room

Includes the power supply room.

UPS room.
Generator.

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 Fig 1.8 Central apparatus room

Earth Station

An earth station is a terrestrial radio station designed for extra

planetary telecommunication with spacecraft . Ground stations may be located either on
the surface of the Earth, or in its atmosphere. Earth stations communicate with spacecraft
by transmitting and receiving radio waves in the super high frequency or extremely high
frequency bands. When a ground station successfully transmits radio waves to a
spacecraft (or vice versa), it establishes a telecommunications link. A principal
telecommunications device of the ground station is the parabolic antenna.

Ground stations may have either a fixed or itinerant position. Specialized satellite earth
stations are used to telecommunicate with satellites chiefly communications satellites.
Other ground stations communicate with manned space stations or unmanned space
probes. A ground station that primarily receives telemetry data, or that follows a satellite
not in geostationary orbit, is called a tracking station.

When a satellite is within a ground stations line of sight, the station is said to have
a view of the satellite (see pass). It is possible for a satellite to communicate with more
than one ground station at a time. A pair of ground stations are said to have a satellite

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in mutual view when the stations share simultaneous, unobstructed, line-of-sight
contact with the satellite.

The digital earth station operates in the frequency range of 5.85 GHz to 6.425 GHz
for transmission and 3.625 to 4.24 GHz for reception of signals. The whole system
operates with DVB/MPEG2 Standards. The base band processor subsystem and base
band monitoring subsystem operates in fully digital domain. An OFC carries digital base
band signal from studio to earth station site to minimize the noise and interference. It is
controlled by a PC called NMS PC.

The compression segment has a MPEG encoder, digital multiplexer and digital
modulator. The monitoring and receiving segment comprises of two digital receivers
for receiving and decoding program. The output of modulator (70 MHz) is sent to an up
converter. The up converted signals are sent to an HPA. Then this signal is given to a
PDA (parabolic dish antenna) for up linking to satellite.

The uplinked signal is received again by the same PDA for monitoring purposes. The
signal between earth station and satellite are given along line of sight which means there
must be a clear path from earth to satellite. The uplink signal is fed from the earth station
by a large PDA. The satellite is equipped with its own dish antenna which receives the
uplink signals and feeds them to a receiver. The signal is then amplified and changed to a
different frequency which is downlink frequency. This is done to prevent interference
between uplink and downlink signals.

The down linked signal is then again sent to the transmitter which again retransmits it.
Each satellite has a transponder and a single antenna receives all signals and another one
transmits all signals back. A satellite transmits signals towards earth in pattern called the
satellite footprint of the satellite.

The footprint is strongest at centre and the footprint is used to see if the earth station will
be suitable for the reception of the desired signal. Converts The parts of the DES are
Antenna subsystem including LNA Antenna control unit, beacon tracking unit, beacon
tracking receiver and up converter system high power amplifier and power system. The
system operates in 2 +1mode and is compliant with DVBMPEG 2standards. The base
band processor subsystem and base band monitoring system operates in digital domain.
An OFC contains the digital base band signal for studio to earth station to minimize noise
interference The network management system or NMS monitors and controls baseband

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equipments compression equipments and test instruments like video audio generation and
video audio 21tilizat.

They are provided to ensure quality of transmission and help trouble shoot.The base band
segment comprises of baseband subsystems at studio site and base band subsystem at
earth station site. This baseband segment processes two video Programmes. The base
band segment is monitored and controlled using a PC placed near the base band earth
station equipments called base band NMS PC. The compression segments comprises
of Mpeg encoders in 2 +1 configuration for providing redundancy.

It also comprises of digital multiplexers and digital modulators in 1 +1 configuration. The

compression segment is monitored and controlled by compression NMS PC. The receive
and monitoring segment consists of two digital receivers for receiving and decoding of
the video programs and one ASI to SDI decoder for decoding of the transport stream for
monitoring video programs at the multiplexers output. RF NMS PC is placed near the
receive monitoring segment and video audio generator placed in the base band segment.
For monitoring of video programs professional video monitor, LCD video monitor and
audio level monitor are provided in the base band segment.

An operator console has one 14 professional video monitor a video audio monitor unit
for quantitative monitor of video programs and a personal computer for centralized merit
and contention of earth station sub system. The components are:

o IRD(Integrator receiver decoder)

o Multiplexer
o Encoder
o FEED
o LNA(Low noise amplifier)/LNBC(low noise block converter)
o Waveguide
o HPA(TWTA, SSTA, Klystron)
o Up Converter

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 Digital Earth Station

Earth station is the main part which communicates with satellite in which up linking and
downlinking of the signal into/ from the satellite takes place for TV transmission. Earth
station is a purely digitization version. The signal is uplinked from the earth station and
received by many downlink centers in TV broadcasting. It is a very important part of
satellite communication system for broadcasting of signals. A ground-based receiving or
transmitting/ receiving station in a satellite communications system. The counterpart to
the earth station is the satellite in orbit, which is the space station. Earth stations use
dish-shaped antennas, the diameters of which can be under two feet for satellite TV to as
large as fifty feet for satellite operators. Antennas for space exploration have diameters
reaching a hundred feet.

Fig 1.9 Earth Station

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 Satellite Communication

In telecommunications, the use of artificial satellites to provide communication links

between various points on Earth. Satellite communications play a vital role in the global
telecommunications system. Approximately 2,000 artificial satellites orbiting Earth relay
analog and digital signals carrying voice, video, and data to and from one or many
locations worldwide.
Satellite communication has two main components: the ground segment, which consists
of fixed or mobile transmission, reception, and ancillary equipment, and the space
segment, which primarily is the satellite itself. A typical satellite link involves the
transmission or uplinking of a signal from an Earth station to a satellite. The satellite then
receives and amplifies the signal and retransmits it back to Earth, where it is received and
re-amplified by Earth stations and terminals. Satellite receivers on the ground include
direct-to-home (DTH) satellite equipment, mobile reception equipment in aircraft,
satellite telephones, and hand held devices.

Satellite Orbit

o GEOs = Geostationary Earth Orbits.

o LEOs = Low Earth Orbits.
o MEOs = Medium Earth Orbits.

o Geostationary orbit

A circular orbit 35,785 km (22,236 miles) above Earths Equator in which a

satellites orbital period is equal to Earths rotation period of 23 hours and 56 minutes. A
spacecraft in this orbit appears to an observer on Earth to be stationary in the sky. This
particular orbit is used for meteorological and communications satellites. The

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geostationary orbit is a special case of the geosynchronous orbit, which is any orbit with a
period equal to Earths rotation period.

o Low- Earth-orbiting satellites

A Low Earth Orbit (LEO) typically is a circular orbit about 400 kilometers above the
earths surface and, correspondingly, a period (time to revolve around the earth) of about
90 minutes. Because of their low altitude, these satellites are only visible from within a
radius of roughly 1000 kilometers from the sub-satellite point. In addition, satellites in
low earth orbit change their position relative to the ground position quickly. So even for
local applications, a large number of satellites are needed if the mission requires
uninterrupted connectivity.

Satellite communication

o Started in 1960.
o Uses Geo Stationary Satellite.
o Operates in C-Band & Ku-Band.
o Started in India in 1975.
o First Indian Satellite INSAT launched in 1982.
o Gulf War brought satellite television to prominence

Components in TV studio

o Lighting
o Camera
o Microphones
o Vision mixer and Audio consoles

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 o MSR
o VCR /Servers
o Acoustics
o Post production and video effects

1.7 Results and Discussions

Thus the Broadcasting is very essential for any communication purpose. Now a days
without using Broadcasting any communication does not takes place. In future the
development of technology plays a major role in the communication.

For any communication Broadcasting is the key role to make the discussions. Hence it
plays a major in the present generation.

1.8 Conclusion and Future scope

The focus of this work has been to investigate the role of television in creating Hindu
consciousness. The broadcast of the Ramayana and Mahabharata TV serials from the
National network known as Doordarshan in the decade of late eighties and early nineties has
played a very significant role in this regard. The state controlled, non-autonomous institution
of television in India developed significantly in the decade of the late eighties. There have
been significant improvements in technology, leading to the introduction of colour on
television and the increased accessibility of the medium to a large part of the Indian
population. The National network emanating from the central broadcast facilities of New
Delhi, dominates the transmission schedule of television. This institution now reaches most
of India reshaping the nature of India popular culture. The state-controlled institution of
television in India developed significantly in the decade of late eighties. There have been
significant improvements in technology, leading to the introduction of color on television
and the increased accessibility of the medium to a large part of the Indian population. The

25
national Network dominates the transmission schedule of television. This institution reaches
most of India reshaping the nature of Indias dominant culture.

CHAPTER 2
ANALYSIS

2.1 SURVEY ON COMPANIES

From my survey, in India there are so many IT companies. In this I will show you top 5
companies In India.

Tata Consultancy Services.

Infosys.
Wipro
HCL technologies.
Tech Mahindra.

2.1.1 Tata Consultancy Services

TCS is an Indian multinational information technology (IT) service, consulting and

business solutions company Headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
It is a subsidiary of the Tata Group and operates in 46 countries.
TCS is one of the largest Indian companies by market capitalization ($80 billion).
TCS is now placed among the Big 4 most valuable IT services brands worldwide.
TCS alone generates 70% dividends of its parent company, Tata Sons. In 2015, TCS
is ranked 64th overall in the Forbes Worlds Most Innovative Companies ranking,
making it both the highest-ranked IT services company and the top Indian company.
It is the worlds 9th largest IT services provider by revenue. As of December 2015, it
is ranked 10th on the list.
Service lines:
o Application development and maintenance (43.80%) value
o Asset leverage solutions (2.70%)
o Assurance services (7.70%)
o Business process outsourcing (12.50%)
o Consulting (2.00%)
o Engineering and Industrial services (4.60%)
o Enterprise solutions (15.20%) and
o IT infrastructure services (11.50%)

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 Fig 2.1 TATA Consultancy Services Office

TCS and its 67 subsidiaries provide a wide range of information technology-related

products and services including application development, business process
outsourcing, capacity planning, consulting, enterprise software, hardware sizing,
payment processing, software management and technology education services. It
established software products are TCS BaNCS and TCS MasterCraft.
TCS established the first software research center in India, the Tata Research
Development and Design Centre, in Pune, India in 1981. TRDDC undertakes research
in Software engineering, Process engineering and systems research.
Researchers at TRDDC also developed MasterCraft (now a suite of digitization and
optimization tools) a Model Driven Development software that can automatically
create code based on a model of a software, and rewrite the code based on the users
needs.
Research at TRDDC has also resulted in the development of Sujal, a low-cost water
purifier that can be manufactured using locally available resources.
TCS deployed thousands of these filters in the Indian Ocean tsunami disaster of 2004
as part of its relief activities. This product has been marketed in India as Tata swach, a
low cost water purifier.
TCS is one of the largest private sector employers in India, and the fourth-largest
employer among listed Indian companies (after Indian Railways, Indian Army and
India Post).

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 TCS had a total of 3,87,000 employees as of December 2016, of which 31% were
women. The number of non-Indian nationals was 21,282 as at 31 March 2013
(7.7%). The employee costs for the FY 2012-13 were US$4.38 billion, which was
28tiliza. 38% of the total revenue of the company for that period. In the fiscal year
2012-13, TCS recruited a total of 69,728 new staff, of whom 59,276 were based in
India and 10,452 were based in the rest of the world.
In the same period, the rate of attrition was 10.6%. The average age of a TCS
employee is 28 years. The employee 28tilization rate, excluding trainees, for the FY
2012-13 was 82%. TCS was the fifth-largest United States visa recipient in 2008
(after Infosys, CTS, Wipro and Mahindra Satyam).
In 2012, the Tata group companies, including TCS, were the second largest recipient
of H-1B visas. As of June 2017, TCS has over 387,000+ employees. It is worlds third
largest IT employer behind IBM and HP.

2.1.2 Infosys

Infosys Limited is an Indian multinational corporation that provides business

consulting, information technology and outsourcing services. It has its headquarters
in Bengaluru, India.
Infosys is the second-largest Indian IT firm by 2016 revenues. On January 12, 2017,
its market capitalisation was $34.38 billion.
Products and services:
o It provides software development, maintenance and independent validation
services to companies in banking, finance, insurance, manufacturing and other
domains.
o One of its known products is Finacle which is a universal banking solution
with various modules for retail & corporate banking.
o NIA Next Generation Integrated AI Platform (formerly known as Mana)
o Infosys Information Platform (IIP)- Analytics platform
o EdgeVerve Systems
o Finacle- Global banking platform by EdgeVerve Systems
o Panaya Cloud Suite
o Skava.
As the worlds largest corporate university, the Infosys global education centre in the
337 acre campus has 400 instructors and 200 classrooms, with international
benchmarks at its core. Established in 2002, it had trained around 125,000
engineering graduates by June 2015. It can train 14,000 employees at a given point of
time on various technologies.
The Infosys Leadership Institute (ILI), based in Mysuru, has 96 rooms and trains
about 400 Infoscions annually.

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 The Infosys Training Center in Mysuru also provides a number of extracurricular
facilities like tennis, badminton, basketball, simming pool, and gym.

UB Pravin Rao is the interim CEO and MD of Infosys. Dr Vishal Sikka was the CEO
and MD of Infosys until August 2017. Prior to joining Infosys, Dr. Sikka was a
member of the Executive Board of SAP AG and the Global Managing Board, leading
all SAP products and innovation globally.
He took over from S.D. Shibulal, one of the founders, on 1 August 2014. He was
inducted as a whole-time director of the Board and CEO and MD (Designate) of
Infosys on 14 June. He receives $11 million as annual compensation.
In a personal note to board colleagues, Dr. Sikka cites a drumbeat of distractions and
false, baseless, malicious and increasingly personal attacks as his reason for leaving
Infosys. Many sources suspect this is in reference to a long running feud with Infosys
Founders over the new direction Sikka was reportedly taking Infosys.

Fig 2.2 Infosys Office

2.1.3 Wipro
Wipro Limited is an Indian Information Technology Services corporation
headquartered in Bengaluru, India.
In 2013, Wipro demerged its non-IT businesses into separate companies to bring in
more focus on independent businesses.
At the end of December 31, 2015, its employee strength was 170,664.

29
 Abid Ali Neemuchwala was appointed as Wipros CEO after T. K. stepped down in
early 2016.

Fig 2.3 Wipro Office

Stock price: WIPRO (NSE) 291.00 -3.45 (-1.17%)

CEO: Abidali Neemuchwala
Founder: M.H. Hasham Premji
Founded: 29 December 1945, India
Headquarters: Bengaluru
Revenue: 8.48 billion USD (2017).

The company was incorporated on 29 December 1945 in Amalner, a small town in

Jalgaon district, by Mohamed Premji as Western India Vegetable Products Limited,
later abbreviated to Wipro. It was initially set up as a manufacturer of vegetable
and refined oils in Amalner, Maharashtra, India under the trade names of Kisan,
Sunflower, and Camel.
In 1966, after Mohamed Premjis death, his son Azim Premji returned home
from Stanford University and took over Wipro as its chairman at the age of 21.
During the 1970s and 1980s, the company shifted its focus to new business
opportunities in the IT and computing industry, which was at a nascent stage in India
at the time. On 7 June 1977, the name of the company changed from Western India
Vegetable Products Limited, to Wipro Products Limited.

30
 The year 1980 marked the arrival of Wipro in the IT domain. In 1982, the name was
changed from Wipro Products Limited to Wipro Limited. Meanwhile, Wipro
continued to expand in the consumer products domain with the launch of Ralak a
tulsi-based family soap and Wipro Jasmine, a toilet soap. In 1988 the Premji have
taken the loan of 1 million dollar from Sonkar and Sons to set up the project. Later the
entire loan amount was waived.

2.1.4 HCL Technologies

HCL Technologies Limited is an Indian multinational IT services company,
headquartered in Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is a subsidiary of HCL Enterprise.
CEO: C Vijayakumar (Oct 2016)
Customer service: 1860 180 0425
Founded: 11 August 1976
Headquarters: Noida
Founders: Shiv Nadar, Arjun Malhotra
Parent organization: HCL Enterprise
HCL has been involved in criticism and litigation involving the H-1B visa program to
replace U.S. Workers with cheaper foreign labor, including the Disney collusion
lawsuit, and the heavily reported case of replacing University of Californias San
Francisco Medical Center IT workers.
Additionally, since 2006, the company conducts monthly and biennial concerts to
provide a platform for upcoming young Indian classical artists to showcase their
talent.

31
 Fig 2.4 HCL Office

The company has offices in 34 countries including the United States, France and
Germany, and the United Kingdom. It operates across sectors including aerospace and
defense, automotive, consumer electronics, energy and utilities, financial services,
government, industrial manufacturing, life sciences and healthcare, media and
entertainment, mining and natural resources, public services, retail and consumer,
semiconductor, server and storage, telecom, and travel, transportation, logistics, and
hospitality.
On 7 September 2005, HCL Technologies expanded its operations base in the counties of
Armagh and Belfast in Northern Ireland. At the 2006 UK Trade and Investment India
Business Awards in New Delhi, the then UK Prime Minister Tony Blair announced the
expansion, which was aimed at creating more IT and BPO jobs in the area.
HCL Armagh and HCL Northern Ireland acquired the Armagh-based Answerall Direct
earlier in 2005. HCL BPO services in Ireland are carried out through its main delivery
centres in Armagh and Belfast.
In November 2011, after HCL revealed an expansion plan in the Irish Republic county
of Kilkenny, its Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) division in Northern Ireland won a
contract for back-office services from the Department of Health. It was aimed at
increasing the number of jobs and other employment opportunities in the region.

32
2.1.5 Tech Mahindra

Tech Mahindra Limited is an Indian multinational provider of information

technology (IT), networking technology solutions and Business Process
Outsourcing (BPO) to the telecommunications industry. Anand Mahindra is the Chairman
of Tech Mahindra, which is headquartered at Pune and has its registered office
in Mumbai.
Part of the Mahindra Group, Tech Mahindra is a US$4.5 billion company with over
115,900 employees across 90 countries. It provides services to customers which
include Fortune 500 companies. It is also one of the Fab 50 companies in Asia, a list
compiled by Forbes. Tech Mahindra was ranked #5 in Indias software services (IT) firms
and overall #111 in Fortune India 500 list for 2012. Tech Mahindra, on 25 June 2013,
announced the completion of a merger with Mahindra Satyam.
Tech Mahindra has 864 active clients as of June 2017.

Industry IT services, IT consulting

Founded 2006; 11 years ago

Headquarters Pune, India

Area served Worldwide

Key people Anand Mahindra (Chairman & Founder)

Vineet Nayyar (VC)

CP Gurnani (CEO)
Services IT, business consulting and outsourcing
Revenue US$4.35 billion (2017)
Net income US$425 million (2017)
Number 115,980 (June 2017)
employees
Parent Mahindra Group
Website www.techmahindra.com

Table 1.1 Tech Mahindra Profile

Tech Mahindra has offices in more than 60 countries.

o India: Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Chandigarh, Chennai, Gandhinagar, Gurgaon, H

yderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai, Noida, Nagpur, Pune and Visakhapatnam.

33
o AsiaPacific: China, HongKong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapor
e, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam
o Americas: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Bolivia, Colombia, CostaRica, Ecuador, Gu
atemala, Mexico, Panama, Peru, and United States of America
o Australia: Australia and New Zealand
o Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Finland, France, G
ermany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Sp
ain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom
o Africa: Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Rwanda, South
Africa, Uganda and Zambia
o Middle East: Bahrain, Israel, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and United Arab
Emirates

Fig 2.5 Tech Mahindra Office

34
2.2 Survey on my current project (IBM)

IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) is an

American multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, United
States, with operations in over 170 countries. The company originated in 1911 as
the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) and was renamed "International
Business Machines" in 1924.

IBM manufactures and markets computers hardware, middleware and software, and
offers hosting and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe
computers to nanotechnology. IBM is also a major research organization, holding the record
for most patents generated by a business (as of 2017) for 24 consecutive years.[5] Inventions
by IBM include the automated teller machine (ATM), the PC, the floppy disk, the hard disk
drive, the magnetic stripe card, the relational database, the SQL programming language,
the UPC barcode, and dynamic random-access memory (DRAM). The IBM mainframe,
exemplified by the System/360, was the dominant computing platform during the 1960s and
1970s.

IBM has continually shifted its business mix by commoditizing markets focusing on higher-
value, more profitable markets. This includes spinning off printer manufacturer Lexmark in
1991 and selling off its personal computer (ThinkPad/ThinkCentre) and x86-based server
businesses to Lenovo (2005 and 2014, respectively), and acquiring companies such as PwC
Consulting (2002), SPSS (2009), and The Weather Company (2016). Also in 2014, IBM
announced that it would go "fabless", continuing to design semiconductors, but offloading
manufacturing to Global Foundries.

Nicknamed Big Blue, IBM is one of 30 companies included in the Dow Jones Industrial
Average and one of the world's largest employers, with (as of 2016) nearly 380,000
employees. Known as "IBMers", IBM employees have been awarded five Nobel Prizes,
six Turing Awards, ten National Medals of Technology and five National Medals of Science.

35
 Fig.2.6 IBM Office

Products offered by IBM:

Unit record equipment (Calculators, Printers etc.)

Collators

Calculators

Interpreters

Printers

Time Equipment Division

Typewriters and dictating equipment

Copier/Duplicators

World War II ordinance and related products

Computers based on vacuum tubes (1950s)

Solid-State computers based on discrete transistors(1960s)

Solid-State computer Peripherals

36
 Embedded Systems, Application-specific machine/systems

Airline Reservation System

Bank and finance

Educational

Telecommunications

Computer Software

Operating Systems

Utilities and Languages

Watson Computer Management

Data Centers

Services

2.2 Survey on current projects of that company

QUANTUM TELEPORTATION

Quantum teleportation is a process by which quantuminformation (e.g. the exact state of

an atom or photon) can be transmitted (exactly, in principle) from one location to another,
with the help of classical communication and previously shared quantum entanglement
between the sending and receiving location. Because it depends on classical communication,
which can proceed no faster than the speed of light, it cannot currently be used for faster-
than-light transport or communication of classical bits. While it has proven possible to
teleport one or more qubits of information between two (entangled) atoms,[1][2][3] this has not
yet been achieved between molecules or anything larger.

37
 Fig 2.7 QUANTUM TELEPORTATION

In 1993 an international group of six scientists, including IBM Fellow Charles H. Bennett,
confirmed the intuitions of the majority of science fiction writers by showing that perfect
teleportation is indeed possible in principle, but only if the original is destroyed. In
subsequent years, other scientists have demonstrated teleportation experimentally in a variety
of systems, including single photons, coherent light fields, nuclear spins, and trapped ions.
Teleportation promises to be quite useful as an information processing primitive, facilitating
long range quantum communication (perhaps unltimately leading to a "quantum internet"),
and making it much easier to build a working quantum computer. But science fiction fans
will be disappointed to learn that no one expects to be able to teleport people or other
macroscopic objects in the foreseeable future, for a variety of engineering reasons, even
though it would not violate any fundamental law to do so.

38
In the past, the idea of teleportation was not taken very seriously by scientists, because it was
thought to violate the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics, which forbids any
measuring or scanning process from extracting all the information in an atom or other object.
According to the uncertainty principle, the more accurately an object is scanned, the more it
is disturbed by the scanning process, until one reaches a point where the object's original state
has been completely disrupted, still without having extracted enough information to make a
perfect replica. This sounds like a solid argument against teleportation: if one cannot extract
enough information from an object to make a perfect copy, it would seem that a perfect copy
cannot be made. But the six scientists found a way to make an end run around this logic,
using a celebrated and paradoxical feature of quantum mechanics known as the Einstein-
Podolsky-Rosen effect. In brief, they found a way to scan out part of the information from an
object A, which one wishes to teleport, while causing the remaining, unscanned, part of the
information to pass, via the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen effect, into another object C which has
never been in contact with A.

Fig2.8. Quantum teleportation experiment 1

Later, by applying to C a treatment depending on the scanned-out information, it is possible

to maneuver Cinto exactly the same state as A was in before it was scanned. A itself is no

39
longer in that state, having been thoroughly disrupted by the scanning, so what has been
achieved is teleportation, not replication.

As the figure suggests, the unscanned part of the information is conveyed from A to C by an
intermediary object B, which interacts first with C and then with A. What? Can it really be
correct to say "first with C and then with A"? Surely, in order to convey something
from A to C, the delivery vehicle must visit A before C, not the other way around. But there
is a subtle, unscannable kind of information that, unlike any material cargo, and even unlike
ordinary information, can indeed be delivered in such a backward fashion. This subtle kind of
information, also called "Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlation" or "entanglement", has
been at least partly understood since the 1930s when it was discussed in a famous paper by
Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen. In the 1960s John Bell showed that a pair
of entangled particles, which were once in contact but later move too far apart to interact
directly, can exhibit individually random behavior that is too strongly correlated to be
explained by classical statistics. Experiments on photons and other particles have repeatedly
confirmed these correlations, thereby providing strong evidence for the validity of quantum
mechanics, which neatly explains them. Another well-known fact about EPR correlations is
that they cannot by themselves deliver a meaningful and controllable message. It was thought
that their only usefulness was in proving the validity of quantum mechanics. But now it is
known that, through the phenomenon of quantum teleportation, they can deliver exactly that
part of the information in an object which is too delicate to be scanned out and delivered by
conventional methods.

This figure compares conventional facsimile transmission with quantum teleportation (see
above). In conventional facsimile transmission the original is scanned, extracting partial
information about it, but remains more or less intact after the scanning process. The scanned
information is sent to the receiving station, where it is imprinted on some raw material (eg
paper) to produce an approximate copy of the original. By contrast, in quantum teleportation,
two objects B and C are first brought into contact and then separated. Object B is taken to the
sending station, while object C is taken to the receiving station. At the sending station
object B is scanned together with the original object A which one wishes to teleport, yielding
some information and totally disrupting the state of A and B. The scanned information is sent
to the receiving station, where it is used to select one of several treatments to be applied to
object C, thereby putting C into an exact replica of the former state of A.

40
 Fig.2.9. Quantum Teleportation experiment 2

Skills Demand- Company

IBM is the dream company of everyone. So, we need to look at what actually
company demands from its employees. It is well known fact that IBM is the best company to
work in. because of its perks and other facilities. IBM has its own corporate philosophy.
Which is totally based on casual principles. They give more importance to ability than
experience. Sometimes for particular posts they might have low salaries but they actually
compensates it with other perks and stocks.

IBM is working with lots of innovative projects and researches. One of the fact from
IBM will illustrate its demanding skills better. So, we can conclude that inspite of being an IT
industry it hires all those are like masters in their particular fields. To get work in IBM you
must be extra ordinary good in your field or you should be working on same project on what
google is working. Still there are some skills that are in demand in IBM like big data
handling, Java, data management, machine learning, security and privacy and general
problem solving ability. These are the most demanding skills in IBM. Most important of all is
you should be master in any one these domains.

41
 CHAPTER 3

QUANTUM TELEPORTATION

3.1 HISTORY

Work in 1998 verified the initial predictions, and the distance of teleportation was increased
in August 2004 to 600 meters, using optical fiber. Subsequently, the record distance for
quantum teleportation has been gradually increased to 16 km, then to 97 km, and is now
143 km (89 mi), set in open air experiments done between two of the Canary Islands. There
has been a recent record set (as of September 2015) using superconducting nanowire
detectors that reached the distance of 102 km (63 mi) over optical fiber. For material systems,
the record distance is 21 m.
A variant of teleportation called "open-destination" teleportation, with receivers located at
multiple locations, was demonstrated in 2004 using five-photon entanglement. Teleportation
of a composite state of two single photons has also been realized. In April 2011,
experimenters reported that they had demonstrated teleportation of wave packets of light up
to a bandwidth of 10 MHz while preserving strongly nonclassical superposition states. In
August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid
technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring
data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with
highly unreliable methods. On 26 February 2015, scientists at the University of Science and
Technology of China in Hefei, led by Chao-yang Lu and Jian-Wei Pan carried out the first
experiment teleporting multiple degrees of freedom of a quantum particle. They managed to
teleport the quantum information from ensemble of rubidium atoms to another ensemble of
rubidium atoms over a distance of 150 metres using entangled photons
Researchers have also successfully used quantum teleportation to transmit information
between clouds of gas atoms, notable because the clouds of gas are macroscopic atomic
ensembles.

WHAT IS QUANTUM TELEPORTATION IN NON TECHNICAL TERMS

In matters relating to quantum or classical information theory, it is convenient to work with

the simplest possible unit of information, the two-state system. In classical information this is
a bit, commonly represented using one or zero (or true or false). The quantum analog of a bit
is a quantum bit, or qubit. Qubits encode a type of information, called quantum information,
which differs sharply from "classical" information. For example, quantum information can be
neither copied (the no-cloning theorem) nor destroyed (the no-deleting theorem).
Quantum teleportation provides a mechanism of moving a qubit from one location to another,
without having to physically transport the underlying particle that a qubit is normally
attached to. Much like the invention of the telegraph allowed classical bits to be transported
at high speed across continents, quantum teleportation holds the promise that one day, qubits
could be moved likewise. However, as of 2013, only photons and single atoms have been
employed as information bearers.

42
The movement of qubits does require the movement of "things"; in particular, the actual
teleportation protocol requires that an entangled quantum state or Bell state be created, and its
two parts shared between two locations (the source and destination, or Alice and Bob). In
essence, a certain kind of "quantum channel" between two sites must be established first,
before a qubit can be moved. Teleportation also requires a classical information link to be
established, as two classical bits must be transmitted to accompany each qubit. The reason for
this is that the results of the measurements must be communicated, and this must be done
over ordinary classical communication channels. The need for such links may, at first, seem
disappointing; however, this is not unlike ordinary communications, which requires wires,
radios or lasers. What's more, Bell states are most easily shared using photons from lasers,
and so teleportation could be done, in principle, through open space.
The quantum states of single atoms have been teleported.[1][2][3] An atom consists of several
parts: the qubits in the electronic state or electron shells surrounding the atomic nucleus, the
qubits in the nucleus itself, and, finally, the electrons, protons and neutrons making up the
atom. Physicists have teleported the qubits encoded in the electronic state of atoms; they have
not teleported the nuclear state, nor the nucleus itself. It is therefore false to say "an atom has
been teleported". It has not. The quantum state of an atom has. Thus, performing this kind of
teleportation requires a stock of atoms at the receiving site, available for having qubits
imprinted on them. The importance of teleporting nuclear state is unclear: nuclear state does
affect the atom, e.g. in hyperfine splitting, but whether such state would need to be teleported
in some futuristic "practical" application is debatable.
An important aspect of quantum information theory is entanglement, which imposes
statistical correlations between otherwise distinct physical systems. These correlations hold
even when measurements are chosen and performed independently, out of causal contact
from one another, as verified in Bell test experiments. Thus, an observation resulting from a
measurement choice made at one point in spacetime seems to instantaneously affect
outcomes in another region, even though light hasn't yet had time to travel the distance; a
conclusion seemingly at odds with Special relativity (EPR paradox). However such
correlations can never be used to transmit any information faster than the speed of light, a
statement encapsulated in the no-communication theorem. Thus, teleportation, as a whole,
can never be superluminal, as a qubit cannot be reconstructed until the accompanying
classical information arrives.
Understanding quantum teleportation requires a good grounding in finite-dimensional linear
algebra, Hilbert spaces and projection matrixes. A qubit is described using a two-
dimensional complex number-valued vector space (a Hilbert space), which are the primary
basis for the formal manipulations given below. A working knowledge of quantum
mechanics is not absolutely required to understand the mathematics of quantum teleportation,
although without such acquaintance, the deeper meaning of the equations may remain quite
mysterious.

43
3.2 FEATURES

QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY

In the history of cryptography, quantum cryptography is a new and important chapter. It is

a recent technique that can be used to ensure the confidentiality of information transmitted
between two parties, usually called Alice and Bob, by exploiting the counterintuitive
behavior of elementary particles such as photons.

Quantum cryptography is the science of exploiting quantum mechanical properties to

perform cryptographic tasks. The best known example of quantum cryptography is quantum
key distribution which offers an information-theoretically secure solution to the key
exchange problem. Currently used popular public-key encryption and signature schemes
(e.g., RSA and ElGamal) can be broken by quantum adversaries. The advantage of quantum
cryptography lies in the fact that it allows the completion of various cryptographic tasks that
are proven or conjectured to be impossible using only classical (i.e. non-quantum)
communication (see below for examples). For example, it is impossible to copy data encoded
in a quantum state and the very act of reading data encoded in a quantum state changes the
state. This is used to detect eavesdropping in quantum key distribution..

Quantum cryptography uses Heisenberg's uncertainty principle[1] formulated in 1927, and

the No-cloning theorem[2] first articulated by Wootters and Zurek and Dieks in 1982. Werner
Heisenberg discovered one of the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics: "At the
instant at which the position of the electron is known, its momentum therefore can be known
only up to magnitudes which correspond to that discontinuous change; thus, the more
precisely the position is determined, the less precisely the momentum is known, and
conversely[3] (Heisenberg, 1927: 1745). This simply means that observation of quanta
changes its behavior. By measuring the velocity of quanta we would affect it, and thereby
change its position; if we want to find a quant's position, we are forced to change its velocity.
Therefore, we cannot measure a quantum system's characteristics without changing
it[4](Clark, n.d.) and we cannot record all characteristics of a quantum system before those
characteristics are measured. The No-cloning theorem demonstrates that it is impossible to
create a copy of an arbitrary unknown quantum state. This makes unobserved eavesdropping
impossible because it will be quickly detected, thus greatly improving assurance that the
communicated data remains private.

44
 Fig 3.1 Quantum Cryptography

BOUNDED AND NOISY QUANTUM STORAGE MODEL

One possibility to construct unconditionally secure quantum commitment and

quantum oblivious transfer (OT) protocols is to use the bounded quantum storage model
(BQSM). In this model, we assume that the amount of quantum data that an adversary can
store is limited by some known constant Q. We do not, however, impose any limit on the
amount of classical (i.e., non-quantum) data the adversary may store.
In the BQSM, one can construct commitment and oblivious transfer protocols. The
underlying idea is the following: The protocol parties exchange more than Q quantum bits
(qubits). Since even a dishonest party cannot store all that information (the quantum memory
of the adversary is limited to Q qubits), a large part of the data will have to be either
measured or discarded. Forcing dishonest parties to measure a large part of the data allows to
circumvent the impossibility result by Mayers; commitment and oblivious transfer protocols
can now be implemented.
The protocols in the BQSM presented by Damgrd, Fehr, Salvail, and Schaffnerdo not
assume that honest protocol participants store any quantum information; the technical
requirements are similar to those in QKD protocols. These protocols can thus, at least in
principle, be realized with today's technology. The communication complexity is only a
constant factor larger than the bound Q on the adversary's quantum memory.
The advantage of the BQSM is that the assumption that the adversary's quantum memory is
limited is quite realistic. With today's technology, storing even a single qubit reliably over a
sufficiently long time is difficult. (What "sufficiently long" means depends on the protocol
details. By introducing an artificial pause in the protocol, the amount of time over which the
adversary needs to store quantum data can be made arbitrarily large.)
An extension of the BQSM is the noisy-storage model introduced by Wehner, Schaffner and
Terhal.[19] Instead of considering an upper bound on the physical size of the adversary's
quantum memory, an adversary is allowed to use imperfect quantum storage devices of
arbitrary size. The level of imperfection is modelled by noisy quantum channels. For high
enough noise levels, the same primitives as in the BQSM can be achieved and the BQSM
forms a special case of the noisy-storage model.

45
In the classical setting, similar results can be achieved when assuming a bound on the amount
of classical (non-quantum) data that the adversary can store. It was proven, however, that in
this model also the honest parties have to use a large amount of memory (namely the square-
root of the adversary's memory bound). This makes these protocols impractical for realistic
memory bounds. (Note that with today's technology such as hard disks, an adversary can
cheaply store large amounts of classical data.)

QUANTUM COMPUTATION

Quantum computing studies computation systems (quantum computers) that make direct
use of quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform
operations on data. Quantum computers are different from binary digital electronic
computers based on transistors.

Fig 3.2. Quantum Computing

Quantum computing studies computation systems (quantum computers) that make direct
use of quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to
perform operations on data. Quantum computers are different from binary digital electronic
computers based on transistors. Whereas common digital computing requires that the data be
encoded into binary digits (bits), each of which is always in one of two definite states (0 or
1), quantum computation uses quantum bits, which can be in superpositions of states.
A quantum Turing machine is a theoretical model of such a computer, and is also known as
the universal quantum computer. The field of quantum computing was initiated by the work
of Paul Benioff[2] and Yuri Manin in 1980,[3] Richard Feynman in 1982,[4] and David
Deutsch in 1985.[5] A quantum computer with spins as quantum bits was also formulated for
use as a quantum spacetime in 1968.[6]
As of 2017, the development of actual quantum computers is still in its infancy, but
experiments have been carried out in which quantum computational operations were executed
on a very small number of quantum bits.[7] Both practical and theoretical research continues,
and many national governments and military agencies are funding quantum computing
research in additional effort to develop quantum computers for civilian, business, trade,
environmental and national security purposes, such as cryptanalysis.[8] A small 5-qubit
quantum computer exists and is available for hobbyists to experiment with via the IBM
quantum experience project.

46
Large-scale quantum computers would theoretically be able to solve certain problems much
more quickly than any classical computers that use even the best currently known algorithms,
like integer factorization using Shors algorithm or the simulation of quantum many-body
systems. There exist quantum algorithms, such as Simons algorithm, that run faster than any
possible probabilistic classical algorithm.[9] A classical computer could in principle
(with exponential resources) simulate a quantum algorithm, as quantum computation does not
violate the ChurchTuring thesis.[10]:202 On the other hand, quantum computers may be able
to efficiently solve problems which are not practically feasible on classical computers.

3.3 CONCEPTS AND ARCHITECTURE

The prerequisites for quantum teleportation are a qubit that is to be teleported, a

conventional communication channel capable of transmitting two classical bits (i.e., one of
four states), and means of generating an entangled EPR pair of qubits, transporting each of
these to two different locations, A and B, performing a Bell measurement on one of the EPR
pair qubits, and manipulating the quantum state of the other of the pair. The protocol is then
as follows:

1. An EPR pair is generated, one qubit sent to location A, the other to B.

2. At location A, a Bell measurement of the EPR pair qubit and the qubit to be teleported
(the quantum state) is performed, yielding one of four measurement outcomes, which
can be encoded in two classical bits of information. Both qubits at location A are then
discarded.
3. Using the classical channel, the two bits are sent from A to B. (This is the only
potentially time-consuming step after step 1, due to speed-of-light considerations.)
4. As a result of the measurement performed at location A, the EPR pair qubit at location
B is in one of four possible states. Of these four possible states, one is identical to the
original quantum state , and the other three are closely related. Which of these four
possibilities actually obtains is encoded in the two classical bits. Knowing this, the
qubit at location B is modified in one of three ways, or not at all, to result in a qubit
identical to , the qubit that was chosen for teleportation.

Fig 3.3. Teleporting Light

47
QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT

Quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon that occurs when pairs or groups

of particles are generated or interact in ways such that the quantum state of each particle
cannot be described independently of the others, even when the particles are separated by a
large distanceinstead, a quantum state must be described for the system as a whole.
Measurements of physical properties such as position, momentum, spin, and polarization,
performed on entangled particles are found to be appropriately correlated. For example, if a
pair of particles are generated in such a way that their total spin is known to be zero, and one
particle is found to have clockwise spin on a certain axis, the spin of the other particle,
measured on the same axis, will be found to be counterclockwise, as to be expected due to
their entanglement. However, this 48ehaviour gives rise to paradoxical effects: any
measurement of a property of a particle can be seen as acting on that particle (e.g., by
collapsing a number of superposed states) and will change the original quantum property by
some unknown amount; and in the case of entangled particles, such a measurement will be on
the entangled system as a whole. It thus appears that one particle of an entangled pair
knows what measurement has been performed on the other, and with what outcome, even
though there is no known means for such information to be communicated between the
particles, which at the time of measurement may be separated by arbitrarily large distances.
Such phenomena were the subject of a 1935 paper by Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky,
and Nathan Rosen,[1] and several papers by Erwin Schrdinger shortly
thereafter,[2][3] describing what came to be known as the EPR paradox. Einstein and others
considered such 48ehaviour to be impossible, as it violated the local realist view of causality
(Einstein referring to it as spooky action at a distance)[4] and argued that the accepted
formulation of quantum mechanics must therefore be incomplete. Later, however, the
counterintuitive predictions of quantum mechanics were verified
experimentally.[5] Experiments have been performed involving measuring the polarization or
spin of entangled particles in different directions, whichby producing violations of Bells
inequalitydemonstrate statistically that the local realist view cannot be correct. This has
been shown to occur even when the measurements are performed more quickly than light
could travel between the sites of measurement: there is no lightspeed or slower influence that
can pass between the entangled particles.[6] Recent experiments have measured entangled
particles within less than one hundredth of a percent of the travel time of light between
them.[7] According to the formalism of quantum theory, the effect of measurement happens
instantly.[8][9] It is not possible, however, to use this effect to transmit classical information at
faster-than-light speeds[10] (see Faster-than-light Quantum mechanics).
Quantum entanglement is an area of extremely active research by the physics community,
and its effects have been demonstrated experimentally
with photons, neutrinos, electrons, molecules the size of buckyballs, and even small
diamonds. Research is also focused on the utilization of entanglement effects
in communication and computation.

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 Fig 3.4. Quantum Entanglement

3.4 SCOPE

Quantum teleportation lets you send quantum information over a classical communication
channel by using previously-shared bell pairs (you can send 1 qubit by "consuming" 1 bell
pair and sending 2 classical bits).

With quantum teleportation you could have quantum computer clusters. You could have two
quantum computers on the other sides of the world and with a teleport link they would
behave as a single quantum computer with the sum of their qubits number.

ADVANTAGES:

Quantum cryptography
Quantum computing
Quantum energy teleportation
Transmission at higher rates
Secure data transmission
Faster transportation

LIMITATIONS OF QUANTUM TELEPORTATION:

High research cost

Experimental deficiencies
Difficulty with fundamental principles

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 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

Industrial training is really necessary part of bachelors degree. One can be benefited
with industrial culture and its environment. Also, one can sharpen his skills and prepare
himself to work in that company in future. Company survey will help him to understand that
industry thoroughly and he can meet new people around there and can have some experience
of work also. This training has proven very useful as it helped me broadcasting programs in a
small scale and also helped in networking.

50
REFERENCES

https://www.research.ibm.com

http://www.electronicsnews.com.au

http://en.wikipedia.org

http://www.youtube.com

http://www.wired.com

Entanglement and quantum Teleportation by Stephen Barlett

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