UNITED NATION

UN (United Nation) is an intergovernmental organization ,established to promote the peace and harmony in the world and act
as an intermediator to help the nations to resolve their disputes with negotiations. The name "United Nations", coined by
United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on 1st January 1942, during the Second World War. It is currently made up of
193 Member States.
The mission and work of the United Nations are guided by the purposes and principles contained in its founding Charter. 2015
marked the 70th anniversary of the United Nations.
History of United Nation :
In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organization
to draw up the United Nations Charter. Those delegates deliberated on the basis of proposals worked out by the
representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, United States in
August-October 1944.
The Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. Poland, which was not represented at the
Conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 Member States.
The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the Charter had been ratified by China, France,
the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and by a majority of other signatories. United Nations Day is
celebrated on 24 October each year.
The United Nations can take action on the issues confronting humanity in the 21st century, such as peace and security, climate
change, sustainable development, human rights, disarmament, terrorism, humanitarian and health emergencies, gender
equality, governance, food production, and more.
The UN also provides a forum for its members to express their views in the General Assembly, the Security Council, the
Economic and Social Council, and other bodies and committees. By enabling dialogue between its members, and by hosting
negotiations, the Organization has become a mechanism for governments to find areas of agreement and solve problems
together.
The headquarters of the United Nations is a complex in New York City designed by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer. The
complex has served as the official headquarters of the United Nations since its completion in 1952.
Composition of UN Leaders
Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon
Deputy Secretary-General Jan Eliasson
General Assembly President Peter Thomson (diplomat)
Economic and Social Council Frederick Musiiwa Makamure Shava
President
Security Council President Vitaly Churkin
Former Portugal Prime Minister Antnio Guterres is on the verge of being appointed as the next Secretary-General of the
United Nations after winning polls of elections. Guterres received the most votes in favour, and none of the five permanent
Security Council members exercised their veto right in the event of being opposed to the election of the Portuguese. The
former Socialist Party leader and previous head of the UNHCR had won each of the previous five ballots to replace Ban-Ki
Moon, whose second and final five-year term comes to an end in December.

Programmes and Funds

UNDP
The United Nations Development Programme works in nearly 170 countries and territories, helping to eradicate poverty,
reduce inequalities and build resilience so countries can sustain progress. As the UNs development agency, UNDP plays a
critical role in helping countries achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.
UNICEF
The United Nations Children's Fund provides long-term humanitarian and development assistance to children and mothers.
UNHCR
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR protects refugees worldwide and facilitates their return home
or resettlement.
WFP
The World Food Programme aims to eradicate hunger and malnutrition. It is the worlds largest humanitarian agency. Every
year, the programme feeds almost 80 million people in around 75 countries.
UNODC
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC helps Member States fight drugs, crime, and terrorism.
UNFPA
The United Nations Population Fund UNFPA is the lead UN agency for delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted,
every birth is safe, and every young person's potential is fulfilled.
UNCTAD
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development is the United Nations body responsible for dealing with
development issues, particularly international trade the main driver of development.
UNEP
The United Nations Environment Programme established in 1972, is the voice for the environment within the United Nations
system. UNEP acts as a catalyst, advocate, educator and facilitator to promote the wise use and sustainable development of
the global environment.
UNRWA
The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees has contributed to the welfare and human development
of four generations of Palestine refugees. Its services encompass education, health care, relief and social services, camp
infrastructure and improvement, microfinance and emergency assistance, including in times of armed conflict. It reports only
to the UN General Assembly.
UN Women
UN Women merges and builds on the important work of four previously distinct parts of the UN system, which focus
exclusively on gender equality and womens empowerment.
UN-Habitat
The mission of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme is to promote socially and environmentally sustainable
human settlements development and the achievement of adequate shelter for all.
Main Organs
The UN's Chief Administrative Officer is the Secretary-General. The UN system, also known unofficially as the "UN family", is
made up of the UN itself and many affiliated programmes, funds, and specialized agencies, all with their own membership,
leadership, and budget. The programmes and funds are financed through voluntary rather than assessed contributions. The
Specialized Agencies are independent international organizations funded by both voluntary and assessed contributions. The
main organs of the UN are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship
Council, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Secretariat. All were established in 1945 when the UN was founded.
General Assembly
The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policy-making and representative organ of the UN. All 193 Member States of
the UN are represented in the General Assembly, making it the only UN body with universal representation. Each year, in
September, the full UN membership meets in the General Assembly Hall in New York for the annual General Assembly session,
and general debate, which many heads of state attend and address. Decisions on important questions, such as those on peace
and security, admission of new members and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds majority of the General Assembly.
Decisions on other questions are by simple majority. The General Assembly, each year, elects a GA President to serve a one-
year term of office.
Security Council
The Security Council has primary responsibility, under the UN Charter, for the maintenance of international peace and
security. It has 15 Members (5 permanent and 10 non-permanent members). Each Member has one vote. Under the Charter,
all Member States are obligated to comply with Council decisions. The Security Council takes the lead in determining the
existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression. It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by peaceful means and
recommends methods of adjustment or terms of settlement. In some cases, the Security Council can resort to imposing
sanctions or even authorize the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security. The Security Council has
a Presidency, which rotates, and changes, every month.
Economic and Social Council
The Economic and Social Council is the principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue and recommendations
on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as implementation of internationally agreed development goals. It
serves as the central mechanism for activities of the UN system and its specialized agencies in the economic, social and
environmental fields, supervising subsidiary and expert bodies. It has 54 Members, elected by the General Assembly for
overlapping three-year terms. It is the United Nations central platform for reflection, debate, and innovative thinking on
sustainable development.
Trusteeship Council
The Trusteeship Council was established in 1945 by the UN Charter, under Chapter XIII, to provide international supervision for
11 Trust Territories that had been placed under the administration of seven Member States, and ensure that adequate steps
were taken to prepare the Territories for self-government and independence. By 1994, all Trust Territories had attained self-
government or independence. The Trusteeship Council suspended operation on 1 November 1994. By a resolution adopted
on 25 May 1994, the Council amended its rules of procedure to drop the obligation to meet annually and agreed to meet as
occasion required -- by its decision or the decision of its President, or at the request of a majority of its members or the
General Assembly or the Security Council.
International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. Its seat is at the Peace Palace in the
Hague (Netherlands). It is the only one of the six principal organs of the United Nations not located in New York (United States
of America). The Courts role is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States and to
give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies.
Secretariat
The Secretariat comprises the Secretary-General and tens of thousands of international UN staff members who carry out the
day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and the Organization's other principal organs. The
Secretary-General is chief administrative officer of the Organization, appointed by the General Assembly on the
recommendation of the Security Council for a five-year, renewable term. UN staff members are recruited internationally and
locally, and work in duty stations and on peacekeeping missions all around the world. But serving the cause of peace in a
violent world is a dangerous occupation. Since the founding of the United Nations, hundreds of brave men and women have
given their lives in its service.
UN Day marks the anniversary of the entry into force in 1945 of the UN Charter. With the ratification of this founding
document by the majority of its signatories, including the five permanent members of the Security Council, the United Nations
officially came into being.
24 October has been celebrated as United Nations Day since 1948. In 1971, the United Nations General Assembly
recommended that the day be observed by Member States as a public holiday. This year's UN Day will be used to highlight
concrete actions people can take to help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. A concert organised every year to
celebrate and reflect on the work of the UN through the universal language of music, Traditional Music Orchestra.
The UN has designated 2016 as the International Year of Pulses (IYP 2016) with the following themes:
A. Food Security, Nutrition, and Innovation
B. Creating Awareness and Sustainabilty
C. Market Access
D. Productivity and Environmental Sustainability
UN will celebrate 2017 as International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development.
United Nation is the result of conflicts between nations which ultimately formed to protect the mankind and promote
humanity in the world. War or disputes is not the solution of any problem, always humanity suffers. Introduction of UN nation
and its various programs maintain coordination among nations and unite the countries as a single unit. Valiant efforts of
different organizations of UN are incredible and whole world salutes all those persons who are working directly and indirectly
for the betterment of Mankind.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS HAVING HQ IN GENEVA, SWITZERLAND

The Punchline to learn the Organizations having HQ in Geneva is:
Red Met Lab to Stand & Healp For Intellectual Trade of Mig

This will be pronounced as:

Red Met Lab to Stand & Healp for Intellectual Trade of Mig
1. Red: International Committee of Red Cross
2. Met: World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
3. Lab: International Labor Organization (ILO)
4. Stand: International Organization for Standardization
5. Healp: World Health Organization (WHO)
6. For: World Economic Forum
7. Intellectual: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
8. Trade: World Trade Organization (WTO) & United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
9. Mig: International Organization of Migration

All the given organizations are having the HQ in Geneva, Switzerland

NTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS HAVING HQ IN LONDON, THE UK

The Punchline to learn the Organizations having HQ in London is:

Amne & Mari are our Common Consumers

This will be Pronounce as,

Amne & Mari are our Common Consumers

1. Amne: Amnesty International

2. Mari: International Maritime Organization (IMO)
3. Common: Commonwealth of Nations
4. Consumers: Consumers International

All the given organizations are having the HQ in London, The UK

Organisation Headquarter Founded In

United Nation Organisation New York 1945
(UNO)
United Nations Development New York 1966
Programme (UNDP)
United Nation Children's New York (USA) 1946
Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
United Nation Industrial Vienna (Austria) 1966
Development Organisation
(UNIDO)
United Nations Educational Paris (France) 1946
Scientific and Cultural
Organisation (UNESCO)
International Civil Aviation Montreal 1947
Organisation (ICAO) (Canada)
International Geneva 1865
Telecommunicatiion Union (Switzerland)
(ITU)
Universal Postal Union (UPU) Berne 1875
(Switzerland)
World Meteorological Geneva 1951
Organisation (WMO) (Switzerland)
World Health Organisation Geneva 1948
(WHO) (Switzerland)
International Labour Geneva 1919
Organisation (ILO) (Switzerland)
Food and Agricultural Rome (Italy) 1945
Organisation (FAO)
International Fund for Rome (Italy) 1977
Agricultural Development
(IFAD)
World Intellectual Property Geneva 1967
Organisation (WIPO) (Switzerland)
International Bank for Washington DC 1945
Recontruction and (USA)
Development (IBRD) or
World Bank
International Monetary Fund Washington DC 1945
(IMF) (USA)
World Trade Organisation Geneva 1995
(WTO) (Switzerland)
Asian Development Bank Manila 1966
(ADB) (Philippines)
Amnesty International London 1961
(England)
Association of South-East Jakarta 1967
Asian Nations (ASEAN) (Indonesia)
Interpol or International Lyon (France) 1923
Criminal Police Organization
(ICPO)
North Atlantic Treaty Brussels 1949
Organisation (NATO) (Belgium)
Organisation of Petroleum Vienna (Austria) 1960
Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Organisation for Economic Paris (France) 1961
Co-operation and
Development (OECD)
 South Asian Association for Kathmandu 1985
Regional Co-operation (Nepal)
(SAARC)
Asia Pacific Economic Co- Singapore 1989
operation (APEC)
Transparency International Berlin 1993
(Germany)
International Atomic Energy Vienna (Austria) 1957
Agency (IAEA)
International Standards Geneva 1947
Organisation (ISO) (Switzerland)
World Meteorological Geneva 1950
Organisation (Switzerland)

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

o On 30 Oct. 1947, 23 countries at Geneva including India, sign as agreement related to tariffs on trade.
o It came into force on 1 Jan, 1948.
o Main functions of GATT:-
o (a) The policy of equal tariffs.
o (b) To remove the quantitative ban.
o (c) Disposal of business dispute in a democratic way.
o World Trade Organization (WTO) took the place of GATT on 1 Jan., 1995.
Bretton woods twins world Bank and IMF.
1. IMF
o Came into force on Dec 27, 1945.
o Headquartered in Washington
o The IMF's primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary systemthe system of exchange
rates and international payments that enable countries (and their citizens) to transact with each other.
o Main functions:-
o (a) Exchange rate regulation
o (b) Allocating special Drawing Right (SDRs) to the member nations.
o (c) Bailor to the member nations.
o (d) Purchase short term foreign currency liabilities from around the world.
o For India, Finance Minister is ex-officio governor while RBI Governor is alternate Governor on board.
o IMF reviews members quotas once in five years.
o Present Managing Director is Christina Lagarde (France)

2. World Bank consists of five institutions.

o President Jim Yong Kim
o Kaushik Basu senior vice-president and chief economist at world Bank.
o World Banks Motto working for a world free of poverty.
(i) IBRD
o The international Bank for Reconstruction and Development is the oldest of the world Bank institutions.
o Started functioning in 1945 for reconstruction for war-ravaged regions.
o Offers loans to middle-income developing countries.
o IBRD finances projects across all sectors and provides technical support and expertise at various stages of a project
(ii) IDA (International Development Agency)
o Also known as Soft window of world Bank.
 o Basic aim of developing infrastructural support among the member nations.
o Long-term lending for the development of economic services.
o India has been the biggest beneficiary of the IDA support.
(iii) IFC (International Finance Corporation)
o Setup in 1956
o Known as private arm of world Bank
o It lends money to the private sector companies of member nations.
o IFC is a separate legal entity with separate Articles of Agreement
(iv) MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency)
o setup in 1988
o encourages foreign investment in developing economies by offering insurance guarantee to foreign loss caused.
(v) ICSID (International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes)
o Setup in 1966
o Investment dispute settlement body.
o India is not a member
o Its decisions are binding on the parties.
BIPA (Bilateral Investment Promotion & Protection Agreement)
o to protect and promote investment of the investors. India has signed it with several countries.
o BIPA is Indias version of ICSID.
OECD (Organisation for Economic co-operation and Development)
o Established in 1947
o to run the US financed Marshall plan
o officially born on sep 30, 1961
o headquarters in Paris
o prior to 1961, it was known as OEEC
o Secretary General Angel Guria
o 35 member countries.

International Organisation with their Headquarters.

UNO (United Nations Org) -------------New York
UNICEF -------------New York
UNCTAD -------------New York
WHO (World Health Org) -------------Geneva
ILO (International Labour Org) -------------Geneva
WTO (World Meteorological Org) -------------Geneva
World Intellectual Property Org -------------Geneva
International Standards Org. -------------Geneva
IMF (International Monetary Fund) ----------Washington DC
World Bank -------------Washington DC
UNESCO -------------Paris
OECD -------------Paris
UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Dev. Org) -------------Vienna
IAEA -------------Vienna
OPEC -------------Vienna
Amnesty International -------------London
Commonwealth of Nations -------------London
IMO -------------London
ICJ (International Court of Justice) -------------The Hague
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) -------------Rome
NATO -------------Brussels
Transparency International -------------Berlin
 SAARC -------------Kathmandu
ASEAN -------------Jakarta
APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Forum) -------------Singapore
Organization of Islamic Cooperation -------------Jeddah

Q1. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was replaced by:
(a) North American Free Trade Association
(b) South Asian Free Trade
(c) World Trade Organization
(d) None of these

Q2. Who were made the permanent members of the U.N. Security Council?
(a) One representative from each continent
(b) Five major powers of the Allied Forces in the Second World War
(c) Five members elected by the U.N. General Assembly at the initial Constitution
(d) Funding members of the U.N.

Q3. According to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child which of the following is not a right?
(a) Safe drinking water
(b) Adequate standard of living
(c) Employment
(d) Protection from exploitation

Q4. Special Drawing Rights (SDR) facility is available at

(a) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
(b) World Bank (IBRD)
(c) International Development Association (IDA)
(d) Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

Q5. The headquarters of UNESCO is in

(a) New York
(b) The Hague
(c) Paris
(d) Moscow

Q6. In which year did the UN General-Assembly adopt the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
(a) 1945
(b) 1948
(c) 1952
(d) 1955

Q7. Which of the following is not associated with the UN organisation?

(a) ILO
(b) WHO
(c) FAO
(d) ASEAN

Q8. Where was the first session of UN General Assembly held?

(a) San Francisco
(b) New York
(c) London
(d) Paris

Q9. The main function of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) is:
(a) enforcing of Uruguay Round Agreements
(b) facilitating multi-lateral trade relations of member countries and reviewing trade policies
(c) administering trade dispute settlement procedures
(d) None of the above

Q10. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) came into existence with:
(a) Berlin Conference
(b) London Conference
(c) Bretton woods Conference
(d) Rome Conference

Q11. The Secretary General of the UNO is appointed by the:

(a) General Assembly
(b) Security Council
(c) Trusteeship Council
(d) World Bank

Q12. The International Criminal Police Organisation (INTERPOL) has its headquarters at
(a) London
(b) Lyon
(c) Bonn
(d) Montreal

Q13. Once elected for a full term, a judge serves on the International Court of Justice for
(a) Five years
(b) Six years
(c) Nine years
(d) Ten years

Q14. The UN flag was adopted by the General Assembly on

(a) October 20, 1947
(b) January 1, 1952
(c) June 24, 1973
(d) August 15, 1982

Q15. Where is the headquarters of European Union located?

(a) London
(b) Paris
(c) Brussels
(d) Bonn
Solutions
1. (c)
2. (b)
3. (a)
4. (a)
5. (c)
6. (b)
7. (d)
8. (c)
9. (b)
10. (c)
11. (a)
12. (b)
13. (c)
14. (a)
15. (c)

Q1. Which of the following countries is not a member of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)?
(a) France
(b) Russia
(c) USA
(d) Iran
Q2. Headquarters of World Health Organisation are situated at
(a) Hague
(b) Oslo
(c) Geneva
(d) New York
Q3. Where is the headquarters of INTERPOL?
(a) Paris
(b) London
(c) Lyons
(d) Geneva
Q4. Which of the following is the latest country to be admitted as a new member State of U.N.?
(a) Switzerland
(b) East Timor
(c) South Sudan
(d) Montenegro
Q5. The headquarters of UNESCO is in
(a) New York
(b) The Hague
(c) Paris
(d) Moscow
Q6. Which country decided to join the United Nations, as a Member, on the basis of the results of referendum held in the
country?
(a) Belgium
(b) Austria
(c) Finland
(d) Switzerland
Q7. Where was the CHOGM held in 2002?
(a) Brisbane
(b) Durban
(c) Coolum
(d) Kuala Lumpur
Q8. According to the UN convention on the rights of the child which amidst the following is NOT a right?
(a) Social security
(b) Employment
(c) Protection from exploitation
(d) Education
Q9. In which year did the UN General-Assembly adopt the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
(a) 1945
(b) 1948
(c) 1952
(d) 1955
Q10. UN emblem is in
(a) White centred on a light blue ground
(b) Green centred on a bright yellow ground
(c) Black centred on a light blue ground
(d) Blue centred on a light white ground
Q11. Permanent members of U.N. Security Council are
(a) U.S.A., U.K. Russia, Germany, China
(b) U.S.A., Russia, U.K., France, China
(c) Canada, China, U.K., U.S.A, Russia
(d) U.S.A., Russia, U.K., China, Japan
Q12. The Headquarters of the International Monetary Fund is located at
(a) New York
(b) London
(c) Washington
(d) Geneva
Q13. Which Institution is known as soft loan window of the World Bank?
(a) International Finance Corporation
(b) International Development Agency
(c) International Monetary Fund
(d) Indian Development Forum
Q14. The Security Council of UN consists of
(a) 5 permanent and 10 non-permanent members
(b) 10 permanent and 5 non- permanent members
(c) 15 permanent members
(d) 15 non- permanent members
Q15. The Secretary General of UNO is appointed by
(a) The General Assembly
(b) The Security Council
(c) The International Court of Justice
(d) The General Assembly on the recommendations of the Security Council

Solutions
1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (c)
4. (c)
5. (c)
6. (d)
7. (c)
8. (b)
9. (b)
10. (a)
11. (b)
12. (c)
13. (b)
14. (a)
15. (d)

G20 (G-20 or Group of Twenty)

The G20 (or G-20 or Group of Twenty) is an international forum or a bloc of developing nations established in order to
promote the economy among its members and working together for the international financial stability around the globe. The
G20 includes the developing nations, including China, Brazil, India and Russia. Together these countries represent two-thirds
of the world's people, and 85% of the world economy.
The formation of G20 took place in 1999 to give developing countries a more powerful voice in forming the global economy.
The meetings started as an informal get-together of finance ministers and central bankers.
In 2008, the first G20 Leaders Summit was held, and the group played a key role in responding to the global financial crisis. Its
decisive and coordinated actions boosted consumer and business confidence and supported the first stages of economic
recovery.
G20 Members
The members of the G20 are: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan,
Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, and European Union.
G20 doesn't have a permanent secretariat, its Presidency rotates annually. The G20 President is responsible for bringing
together the G20 agenda in consultation with other members and in response to developments in the global economy

Past Summits
SUMMITS DECLERATION
2008 The summit focused primarily on strengthening financial regulation, with agreement on a 47-point action
Washington plan to improve financial regulation over the medium term.
2009 London The summit focused on coordinated fiscal and monetary stimulus measures with the amount of 1.1 trillion
US dollars to avert the threat of global depression.
2009 Designated for international economic cooperation, agreed to act together to support the global recovery
Pittsburgh through a Framework for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth with a Mutual Assessment Process, and
to reform global financial institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
2010 Toronto The summit focused on the need for fiscal consolidation, with agreement that advanced G20 deficit
economies would at least halve fiscal deficits by 2013 and stabilize or reduce sovereign debt ratios by 2016.
Leaders also agreed to conclude work in the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
2010 Seoul G20 leaders agreed to develop guidelines for addressing large current account imbalances under the
Framework for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth, delivered on International Monetary Fund (IMF)
2011 Cannes The summit included the development of a country-specific Cannes Action Plan for Growth and Jobs,
agreement to strengthen the World Trade Organization
2012 Los Cabos G20 member take pledge to strengthen demand, growth, confidence and financial stability under the Los
Cabos Growth
2013 St St Petersburg Action Plan sets out reforms for achieving strong, sustainable and balanced growth, coupled
Petersburg with an Accountability Assessment describing progress made on past commitments.
2014 Brisbane Endorsement of landmark G20 Principles on Energy Collaboration. Leaders also agreed a G20 Energy
Efficiency Action Plan to deepen their collaboration on energy efficiency.
2015 Istanbul In Antalya, G20 Leaders committed to reduce youth unemployment, further improve gender inclusive
economy, address rising inequalities and assist low income developing countries in their efforts to better
integrate into the global economy

On September 4, 2016, the 11th G20 Summit was held at the Hangzhou International Expo Center. President Xi Jinping chaired
the summit. The fourth G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Meeting of 2016 was held in Washington DC on
October 6, 2016. In the meeting both the United States and China agreed to ratify the Paris climate change agreement. They
are the two biggest emitters of greenhouse gases.
Hamburg, Germany will host the G20 summit July 7-8 in 2017.
The G20 is an apt model for global cooperation in todays world. Its response to the global financial crisis is a testament to the
impact G20 members can make when working together. The G20 introduced trillions of dollars in fiscal stimulus packages
worldwide, which saved or created millions of jobs that would otherwise have been destroyed. It also put in place measures to
limit the collapse of financial markets and helped maintain consumer and business confidence. From Indian prospective G20 is
one of the major platform for "MAKE IN INDIA" initiative and promote the Indian economy around the globe.