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10/4/2017 MasteringPhysics: Assignment 3 - Forces Part One

ApplyingNewton's2ndLaw

LearningGoal:
TolearnasystematicapproachtosolvingNewton's2ndlawproblemsusingasimpleexample.

OnceyouhavedecidedtosolveaproblemusingNewton's2ndlaw,therearestepsthatwillleadyoutoasolution.Onesuch
prescriptionisthefollowing:

Visualizetheproblemandidentifyspecialcases.
Isolateeachbodyanddrawtheforcesactingonit.
Chooseacoordinatesystemforeachbody.
ApplyNewton's2ndlawtoeachbody.
Writeequationsfortheconstraintsandothergiveninformation.
Solvetheresultingequationssymbolically.
Checkthatyouranswerhasthecorrectdimensionsandsatisfiesspecialcases.
Ifnumbersaregivenintheproblem,plugtheminandcheckthattheanswermakessense.
Thinkaboutgeneralizationsorsimplficationsoftheproblem.

Asanexample,wewillapplythisproceduretofindtheaccelerationofablockofmassm2 thatispulledupafrictionlessplane
inclinedatanglewithrespecttothehorizontalbyaperfectstringthatpassesoveraperfectpulleytoablockofmassm1 that
ishangingvertically.

Visualizetheproblemandidentifyspecialcases

Firstexaminetheproblembydrawingapictureandvisualizingthemotion.ApplyNewton's2ndlaw, F = ma,toeachbody

inyourmind.Don'tworryaboutwhichquantitiesaregiven.Thinkabouttheforcesoneachbody:Howaretheseconsistentwith
thedirectionoftheaccelerationforthatbody?Canyouthinkofanyspecialcasesthatyoucansolvequicklynowandusetotest
yourunderstandinglater?

Onespecialcaseinthisproblemisifm2 = 0 ,inwhichcaseblock1wouldsimplyfallfreelyundertheaccelerationofgravity:
^
a1 = g j .

PartA
Consideranotherspecialcaseinwhichtheinclinedplaneisvertical( = /2 ).Inthiscase,forwhatvalueofm1 wouldthe
accelerationofthetwoblocksbeequaltozero?
Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesm2 andg.
ANSWER:

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10/4/2017 MasteringPhysics: Assignment 3 - Forces Part One

m1 = m2

Correct

Isolateeachbodyanddrawtheforcesactingonit
AforcediagramshouldincludeonlyrealforcesthatactonthebodyandsatisfyNewton's3rdlaw.Onewaytocheckiftheforces
arerealistodetrminewhethertheyarepartofaNewton's3rdlawpair,thatis,whethertheyresultfromaphysicalinteraction
thatalsocausesanoppositeforceonsomeotherbody,whichmaynotbepartoftheproblem.Donotdecomposetheforcesinto
components,anddonotincluderesultantforcesthatarecombinationsofotherrealforceslikecentripetalforceorfictitiousforces
likethe"centrifugal"force.

Assigneachforceasymbol,butdon'tstarttosolvetheproblematthispoint.

PartB
Whichofthefourdrawingsisacorrectforcediagramforthisproblem?

ANSWER:

Correct

Chooseacoordinatesystemforeachbody

Newton's2ndlaw, F = ma,isavectorequation.Toaddorsubtractvectorsitisofteneasiesttodecomposeeachvectorinto

components.Whereasaparticularsetofvectorcomponentsisonlyvalidinaparticularcoordinatesystem,thevectorequality
holdsinanycoordinatesystem,givingyoufreedomtopickacoordinatesystemthatmostsimplifiestheequationsthatresult
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fromthecomponentequations.
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10/4/2017 MasteringPhysics: Assignment 3 - Forces Part One
It'sgenerallybesttopickacoordinatesystemwheretheaccelerationofthesystemliesdirectlyononeofthecoordinateaxes.If
thereisnoacceleration,thenpickacoordinatesystemwithasmanyunknownsaspossiblealongthecoordinateaxes.Vectors
thatliealongtheaxesappearinonlyoneoftheequationsforeachcomponent,ratherthanintwoequationswithtrigonometric
prefactors.Notethatitissometimesadvantageoustousedifferentcoordinatesystemsforeachbodyintheproblem.

Inthisproblem,youshoulduseCartesiancoordinatesandyouraxesshouldbestationarywithrespecttotheinclinedplane.

PartC
Giventhecriteriajustdescribed,whatorientationofthecoordinateaxeswouldbebesttouseinthisproblem?
Intheansweroptions,"tilted"meanswiththexaxisorientedparalleltotheplane(i.e.,atangletothehorizontal),
and"level"meanswiththexaxishorizontal.
ANSWER:

tiltedforbothblock1andblock2

tiltedforblock1andlevelforblock2

levelforblock1andtiltedforblock2

levelforbothblock1andblock2

Correct

ApplyNewton's2ndlawtoeachbody

PartD
Whatis F2x ,thesumofthexcomponentsoftheforcesactingonblock2?Takeforcesactinguptheinclinetobe
positive.
ExpressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablestensionT ,m2 ,themagnitudeoftheaccelerationof
gravityg,and.

Hint1.Decomposetheforceofgravityonblock2
Inthisproblem,thehardestforcevectortoexpressintermsofitscoordinatesistheforceofgravityonblock2.The
magnitudeoftheweightism2 g.Findtheforceofgravityintermsofitscomponents,usingatiltedcoordinatesystem
whosexaxisisparalleltoandpointinguptheinclinedplane.

Expresstheforceofgravityonblock2,F g2 ,intermsofsomeorallofthevariablesm2 ,g,and.Express
youranswerasavectorintermsoftheunitvectors^i and^
j.

ANSWER:

^ ^
F g2 = m 2 g(sin() i + cos() j )

ANSWER:
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10/4/2017 MasteringPhysics: Assignment 3 - Forces Part One

m 2 a2x = F 2x = T m 2 gsin()

Correct

PartE
Nowdeterminem1 a1y = F 1y ,thesumoftheycomponentsoftheforcesactingonblock1.Takeforcesactingupward
aspositive.
ExpressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesT ,m1 ,andg.

ANSWER:

m 1 a1y = F 1y = T m1 g

Correct

PartF
Writeequationsfortheconstraintsandothergiveninformation
Inthisproblem,thefactthatthelengthofthestringdoesnotchangeimposesaconstraintonrelativeaccelerationsofthe
twoblocks.Findarelationshipbetweenthexcomponentoftheaccelerationofblock2,a2x ,andtheaccelerationofblock1.
Paycarefulattentiontosigns.

Expressa2x intermsofa1x and/ora1y ,thecomponentsoftheaccelerationvectorofblock1.

Hint1.Visualizethemotion
Ifblock2hasanaccelerationa2x uptheincline,musttheaccelerationofblock1beupwardordownwardtokeepthe
stringtaut?

ANSWER:

a2x = a1y

Correct

PartG
Solveandcheck
Inthepreviousparts,youobtainedthefollowingequationsusingNewton's2ndlawandtheconstraintonthemotionofthe
twoblocks:

m 2 a2x = T m 2 g sin(), (1)

m 1 a1y = T m 1 g, (2)

and
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10/4/2017 MasteringPhysics: Assignment 3 - Forces Part One
a2x = a1y . (3)

Solvetheseequationstofinda1y .

Beforeyouenteryouranswer,makesureitsatisfiesthespecialcasesyoualreadyidentified:

a1y = g ifm2 = 0and


a1y = 0ifm 1 = m 2 and = /2 .

Alsomakesurethatyouranswerhasdimensionsofacceleration.
Expressa1y intermsofsomeorallofthevariablesm1 ,m2 ,,andg.

Hint1.Howtosolvetheequations
SubstituteforT fromequation(1)intoequation(2)andthenusea2x fromequation(3)inthenewequation(2).This
willyieldalinearequationina1y thatiseasytosolve.

ANSWER:

m 2 gsin()m 1 g
a1y =
m 1 +m 2

Correct
Canyouseehowasimplegeneralizationoftheproblemcouldbesolvedwithalittleextraworkorhowyoucouldsolve
anontrivialproblemthatisasubsetofthisone?
Forexample,imaginethatthereisfrictioninthisproblembetweentheplaneandblock2.Thiswouldleadtoan
additionalforceonblock2:Ff 2 = N ,wherethenormalforceN isgivenbyN = m2 g cos().

Thisadditionalforcewouldleadtoanewtermintheexpressionfortheaccelerationofblock1:

m 2 sin()m 2 cos()m 1
a1y = g.
m 1 +m 2

Now,bychoosingwhetherornot = 0 ,youhavearesultthatcanbeappliedwhethertheplaneisfrictionlessornot!

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