PROCEDURE TEXT

A. Definition
l Text that explain how something works or how to use instruction/operation manuals
e.g. how to use the video, the computer, the tape recorder, the photocopier, the fax.
l Text that instruct how to do a particular activity e.g. recipes, rules for games, science
experiments, road safety rules.
l Text that deal with human behavior, e.g. how to live happily, how to succeed.
B. Generic Structure
1. Goal/Aim
This text contains about purpose of making or operating of something.
2. Materials/Equipment
Materials consist of ingredients that are used in making something. But not all parts
of procedure text includes materials, sometimes a procedure text does not have
materials section.
3. Steps/Methods
Contains the steps or sequences that must be done so that the objectives outlined in
the aim/goal to be achieved. Steps or sequences must be a sequence from the first to
the last.
C. Purpose
The purpose of procedure text is to tell the reader how to do or make something. The
information is presented in a logical sequence of events which is broken up into small
sequenced steps. These texts are usually written in the present tense. The most common
example of a procedural text is a recipe.
D. Language Features
Using imperative sentence patters (Command), for example, Cut, Do not mix, and so
on.
Using active verbs, such as turn, put, do, mix, etc.
Using connectives (Conjunction) to sort of activities, such as then, while, etc.
Using adverbials (Adverbs) to express detail the time, place, manner accurate, for
example, for five minutes, 2 hours, etc.
Using the simple present tense.
E. Example of Procedure Text:
Goal/Aim : How to Make a Pencil Case
Materials :

An empty plastic bottle of mineral water

A sharp cutter
A piece of white or colorful paper
Drawing pencil or marker
Some glue
Steps :
 1. Wash the plastic bottle. Make sure it is clean when you use it.
2. Cut the bottle into two halves
3. Wrap the bottle with a piece of colored paper
4. If you use plain paper, use the drawing pencil to make a drawing on it

HORTATORY EXPOSITION TEXT

A. Definition
T Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to explain the
listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done.
 T Hortatory exposition text can be found in scientific books, journals, magazines,
newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research report etc.
T Hortatory expositions are popular among science, academic community and
educated people.
T To strengthen the explanation, the speaker or writer needs some arguments as the
fundamental reasons of the given idea. In other words, this kind of text can be called
as argumentation.
B. Generic Structure
1) Thesis
The contain of thesis is introduction to the main idea of a effect or event that will be
raised or discussed.
2) Arguments
The contain of argument is the opinions of the writer that support the main idea. The
more opinions the authors write, the more attractive a Hortatory Exposition Text,
because readers tend to believe in an event if there are many opinions that support in
it.
3) Recommendation
Recommendation contains a recommendation or solicitation writer to the reader.
C. Purpose
The Purpose Hortatory exposition is to presenting and influencing the readers that
should be so, and should not be.
D. Language Features
Focus on generic human and non human participants, except for speaker or write
referring to self.
The use of mental processes : to state what writer thinks or feels about issue, e.g.
realize, feel, appreciate.
The use of material processes : to state what happens, e.g., is polluting, drive, travel,
spend, should be treated.
The use of relational processes : to state what is or should be, e.g., doesn't seem to
have been, is.
The use of simple present tense.
The use of emotive words (ex : alarmed, worried)
The use of words that qualify statements (ex : usual, probably)
The use of words that link arguments (ex : firstly, however, on the other hand,
therefore)
The use of compound and complex sentences.
The use of modals and adverbs (ex : can, may, certainly, get, stop)
The use of subjective opinions using pronoun I and we.
E. Example of Hortatory Exposition Text:
Country Concern
Thesis
In all the discussion over the removal of lead from petrol (and the atmosphere) there
doesn't seem to have been any mention of the difference between driving in the city and
in the country.

Argument 1
While I realize my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever I drive, I feel that when
you travel throught the country, where you only see another car every five to ten minutes,
the problem is not as severe as when traffic is concentrated on city roads.

Argument 2
Those who want to penalize older, leaded petrol vehicles and their owners don't seem to
appreciate that, in the country, there is no public transport to fall back upon and one's own
vehicle is the only way to get about.

Recommendation
I feel that country people, who often have to travel huge distances to the nearest town and
who already spend get deal of money on petrol, should be treated differently to the people
who lives in the city.
 ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION TEXT
A. Definition
Exposition is a text that elaborates the writers idea about the phenomenon surrounding.
Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.
B. Generic Structure:
1) Thesis : Introduces the topic and shows speaker or writers position; Outlines of the
arguments to be presented.
2) Arguments : It consists about Point and Elaboration Point, states the main argument.
Elaboration: develops and supports each point of argument
3) Conclusion : Reiteration (restatement), restates speaker or writers position
C. Purpose:
+ To persuade the reader or listener that there is something that, certainly, needs to get
attention
+ To analyze a topic and to persuade the reader that this opinion is correct and supported
by arguments. Examples: argumentative essay, exploratory essay
D. Language Features:
a. Using relational process = Relationships between and among leaders, workers,
followers, partners, co-workers, etc. people knowing and caring about people.
b. Using external conjunctions = Enhancing by linking to real world events (Holocaust,
the Final Solution, death trains)
c. Using internal conjunction = Elaborating and itemizing steps in an argument (Firstly,
secondly, next, finally)
d. Using causal conjunction = the cause of an event, because
e. Using contrastive conjunction = but, nevertheless
f. Using simple present tense = Bruno is quiet boy
g. Focusing on generic human and non-human participants, e.g.: car, pollution, leaded
petrol car
h. Using abstract noun, e.g.: policy, government
i. Using relational processes, e.g.: It is important
j. Using modal verbs, e.g.: We must preserve
k. Using modal adverbs, e.g.: Certainly we.
l. Using passive sentence
E. Example of Analytical Exposition Text:
Cars should be banned in the city
Thesis
Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot
of road deaths and other accidents.

Arguments
Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the pollution in the world. Cars emit a
deadly gas that causes illnesses such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and triggers off asthma.
Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them. Secondly, the city is
very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrians in the city,
which causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killers.

Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night,
or concentrate on your homework, and especially talk to someone.

Reiteration
In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed.