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Stroke
C/R
Stroke
PRODUCT INFORMATION
P R O D U C T I N F O R M AT I O N E N G I N E P O W E R C O N C E P T S
CONTENTS
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Engine Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
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P R O D U C T I N F O R M AT I O N E N G I N E P O W E R C O N C E P T S
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P R O D U C T I N F O R M AT I O N E N G I N E P O W E R C O N C E P T S
ENGINE SIZING
Bore refers to the inside diameter of the Displacement, or swept volume, per cylinder is
cylinders in an engine. The piston is slightly the volume of air a piston displaces as it moves
smaller than the bore measurement because it through one stroke. These terms are used
slides in the cylinder. interchangeably. Both mean bore area times
stroke.
Stroke is the distance the piston travels in the
cylinder. The length of the stroke is determined Bore Area = (3.14 x bore squared)/4
by the crankshaft radius also known as crank Displacement per Cylinder = Bore Area x Stroke
throw (the distance from the centerline of main
Engine Displacement = Displacement per
bearing journal to centerline of connecting rod
Cylinder x No. of Cylinders
bearing journal). This movement is controlled
by the shape of the crankshaft.
displacement
or
Stroke
swept
volume
C/R
Stroke
C/R
If the bore diameter and stroke are in inches,
the displacement will be in cubic inches. If the
bore diameter and stroke are in centimeters,
The connecting rod connects the crankshaft to displacement is in cubic centimeters. 100 cubic
the piston. As the crankshaft rotates through centimeters is one liter.
180 degrees, the connecting rod and the piston
Compression Ratio is the ratio of volume in the
move from the extreme bottom position (BC) to
cylinder with the piston all the way down vs.
the extreme top position (TC). The stroke then is
all the way up. If the minimum volume in the
two times the crankshaft crank radius (C/R). The
cylinder with the piston at TC is one cubic inch
crank radius is also the lever arm on which the
and the maximum volume with the piston at BC
force from the piston acts to produce torque.
is 10 cubic inches, the compression ratio is 10:1.
Automotive gasoline engines have
compression ratios between 7:1 and 12:1.
Diesel engines have compression ratios
between 13:1 and 24:1. Generally, larger
diesel engines have the lower compression
ratios.
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P R O D U C T I N F O R M AT I O N E N G I N E P O W E R C O N C E P T S
ENGINE POWER
Engine speed (the number of revolutions made
by the crankshaft in one minute) is measured in
rpm (revolutions per minute).
2 ft 1 ft
que 10 ft
r
To
4 lb-ft 2l
bs
Torque = 10 lb-ft
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P R O D U C T I N F O R M AT I O N E N G I N E P O W E R C O N C E P T S
ENGINE POWER
The most common unit of engine power in the Variables influencing power rating are:
U.S. is horsepower (hp). Originally, this unit
Temperature of the air
was derived by what an average horse could do.
Rigged up with a pulley system, an average Temperature of the fuel
horse could lift 33,000 pounds one foot off the
Barometric pressure
ground in one minute.
Humidity
Heat content of the fuel
The total horsepower actually developed on the
pistons is called indicated horsepower. It is
greater than the power measured at the engine
flywheel by the horsepower required to
Because power takes into account engine torque
overcome frictional losses in the bearings, piston
output as well as engine speed, it is a convenient
rings, etc. as well as operating satellite systems
unit used to compare engine size.
such as fuel, oil, and water pumps. The
Though horsepower is an accepted unit to rate difference between indicated horsepower and
engines, each application must be considered flywheel horsepower is called friction
individually. The engine ratings can be: horsepower.
Power that can be produced continuously The friction horsepower of an engine can be
determined in the laboratory by motoring the
Power that can be produced for a given
engine with an electric motor. In this test the
time period, (generally one hour) followed
engines fuel rack is at shut-off. The electric
by an equal time period at a lower rating
power required to motor the engine at any
Power that the engine can deliver for very given speed is the engine friction horsepower
short times, such as five minutes at that speed.
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P R O D U C T I N F O R M AT I O N E N G I N E P O W E R C O N C E P T S
BMEP
pressure
+
o
compression power exhaust intake
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P R O D U C T I N F O R M AT I O N E N G I N E P O W E R C O N C E P T S
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P R O D U C T I N F O R M AT I O N E N G I N E P O W E R C O N C E P T S
POWER CURVES
Engine torque can be measured using a If fuel consumption is measured for each
dynamometer, which is a device allowing an loading, we can also produce a curve for this
operator to vary engine load. With the engine data. Given in terms of the quantity of fuel
running at full load speed, torque is measured burned to produce one brake horsepower for one
and plotted. The load is then increased slightly, hour, this data is called Brake Specific Fuel
and the torque is measured, along with the drop Consumption (BSFC), as shown below.
in speed; and that point is plotted. A further load
increase then produces further engine speed
reduction and torque increase, and another point
to graph. When enough points have been plotted,
Torque
we can connect them producing a lug torque
curve as shown below.
hp
0.5
0.4 BSFC
Torque 0.3
rpm
rpm
Torque
hp
rpm
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P R O D U C T I N F O R M AT I O N E N G I N E P O W E R C O N C E P T S
POWER CURVES
BMEP is also sometimes shown on such graphs before a load is applied. If the applied load is
by calculating BMEP for each point on the equal to or less than that which the engine can
torque curve and plotting the resulting data. carry at that throttle setting, the governor opens
the rack enough to allow the engine to produce
the required power, and engine rpm remains
steady.
Torque BMEP
Lug Torque
hp
0.5 Torque
0.4 BSFC
0.3
rpm
Torque
Acceleration
Torque
rpm
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P R O D U C T I N F O R M AT I O N E N G I N E P O W E R C O N C E P T S
POWER CURVES
A certain amount of torque, or rise, is normal
under lug conditions, but it can be substantially
increased by modifying the fuel and air systems.
With modern, medium-speed, turbocharged, Lug Torque
Torque
Lug Torque
hp Torque
Acceleration
Torque
rpm
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P R O D U C T I N F O R M AT I O N E N G I N E P O W E R C O N C E P T S
POWER CURVES
Another curve you will often see is called a
Pressure Time (PT) curve. The vertical axis
represents pressure; the horizontal axis Injection
represents time.
Time in this case is measured in degrees of
Pressure
engine crankshaft rotation rather than in seconds
or minutes. When the crankshaft has made one Ignition Delay
full revolution, it has traveled 360 degrees.
When the piston is at its lowest point in the
cylinder, it is at Bottom Center (BC). As it starts BC TC BC
upward on the compression stroke, pressure
Time
begins to rise, until it reaches a maximum when
the piston is at Top Center (TC). Should that 2. When the fuel does start to burn, heat is
cylinder fail to fire, pressure would drop off as generated, rapidly increasing the pressure
shown, and would again be zero at BC. of the fuel-air mixture.
3. The peak pressure comes some few degrees
after TC. Although some of the fuel is still
burning at this point, the piston is moving
down so rapidly that volume increases faster
than the pressure can now increase, and
Pressure pressure starts to fall off.
The volume between the two curves is the net
work produced by combustion. A long-time
engineering goal is altering the shape of that
curve so that the volume under it is maximized
BC TC BC
for a given cylinder pressure.
Time
BC TC BC
Time
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P R O D U C T I N F O R M AT I O N E N G I N E P O W E R C O N C E P T S
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1997 Caterpillar Inc.
LEBW6460-00 Printed in U.S.A.
Supersedes LEKQ1186 and LEKQ1193 and LEKQ7351 All rights reserved.