AUTOMATIC ALERTING SYSTEM FOR FOOD SECURITY

MEASURING MOISTURE LEVEL

AIM OF THE PROJECT

Technique: Transistor as A Switch

In the field of AUTOMATION, use of proper method for food security is

important because the main reason is intelligent operation and use of modern
technology. Also it reduces human effort and more importantly will increase
economy by direct and indirect means.

PROJECT DECRIPTION

The circuit comprises of sensor parts built around a transistor BC 547.. A

Moisture level sensor is inserted in the soil to sense whether the soil is wet or
dry. The controller is used to control the whole system by monitoring the
sensors and when sensors sense the dry soil condition then the controller will
not send any command to Buzzer/Led Alerting System However It will send
fault signal to the Buzzer/Led Alerting System when sensor is in wet water
condition.
This is safest and no manpower is required. This is very useful to all
climatic conditions and it is economic friendly.
MATERIALS USED
Printed Circuit Board(PCB)
Transistor-BC547
Buzzer
Light Transmitter(LED-Light Emitting Diode)
Resistors
Moisture Sensor
Battery
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
What is Embedded system?
An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and
software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform
a specific function. An embedded system is a microcontroller-based, software
driven, reliable, real-time control system, autonomous, or human or network
interactive, operating on diverse physical variables and in diverse environments
and sold into a competitive and cost conscious market.
An embedded system is not a computer system that is used primarily for
processing, not a software system on PC or UNIX, not a traditional business or
scientific application. High-end embedded & lower end embedded systems.
High-end embedded system - Generally 32, 64 Bit Controllers used with OS.
Examples Personal Digital Assistant and Mobile phones etc .Lower end
embedded systems - Generally 8,16 Bit Controllers used with an minimal
operating systems and hardware layout designed for the specific purpose.
Examples Small controllers and devices in our everyday life like Washing
Machine, Microwave Ovens, where they are embedded in.
SYSTEM DESIGN CALLS:
 Figure 1(a): SYSTEM DESIGN CALLS

EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN CYCLE

Figuren 1(b) V Diagram

Characteristics of Embedded System

 An embedded system is any computer system hidden inside a product
other than a computer.
They will encounter a number of difficulties when writing embedded
system software in addition to those we encounter when we write
applications
Throughput Our system may need to handle a lot of data in a
short period of time.
ResponseOur system may need to react to events quickly
TestabilitySetting up equipment to test embedded software can be
difficult.
DebugabilityWithout a screen or a keyboard, finding out what the
software is doing wrong (other than not working) is a troublesome
problem.
Reliability embedded systems must be able to handle any
situation without human intervention.
Memory space Memory is limited on embedded systems, and
you must make the software and the data fit into whatever memory
exists.
Program installation you will need special tools to get your
software into embedded systems.
Power consumption Portable systems must run on battery power,
and the software in these systems must conserve power.
Processor hogs computing that requires large amounts of CPU
time can complicate the response problem.
Cost Reducing the cost of the hardware is a concern in many
embedded system projects; software often operates on hardware
that is barely adequate for the job.
 Embedded systems have a microprocessor/ microcontroller and a
memory. Some have a serial port or a network connection. They usually
do not have keyboards, screens or disk drives.

APPLICATIONS
1) Military and aerospace embedded software applications
2) Communication Applications
3) Industrial automation and process control software
4) Mastering the complexity of applications.
5) Reduction of product design time.
6) Real time processing of ever increasing amounts of data.
7) Intelligent, autonomous sensors.

CLASSIFICATION
Real Time Systems.
RTS is one which has to respond to events within a specified deadline.
A right answer after the dead line is a wrong answer

RTS CLASSIFICATION
Hard Real Time Systems
Soft Real Time System

HARD REAL TIME SYSTEM

"Hard" real-time systems have very narrow response time.
Example: Nuclear power system, Cardiac pacemaker.
SOFT REAL TIME SYSTEM
"Soft" real-time systems have reduced constrains on "lateness" but still
must operate very quickly and repeatable.
Example: Railway reservation system takes a few extra seconds the
data remains valid.
BUZZER DRIVER
This section interfaces one audible piezo electric buzzer with the
controller. The controller activates the buzzer whenever there is any fault
appears in any of the channel.
PIEZO ELECRTIC BUZZER:
It is a device that converts electrical signal to an audible signal (sound
signal).The Microcontroller cannot drive directly to the buzzer, because the
Microcontroller cannot give sufficient current to drive the buzzer for that we
need a driver transistor (BC547), which will give sufficient current to the
buzzer.Whenever a signal received to the base of the transistor through a base
resistance (1.5k) is high, the transistor comes to saturation condition i.e. ON
condition thus the buzzer comes to on condition with a audible sound.
Similarly, whenever the signal is not received to the base of the transistor, thus
the transistor is in cut-off state i.e. is in OFF state thus the buzzer does not gets
activated.

BUZZER DRIVER

VCC

BUZZER

DATA 1.5K
INPUT BC547
LED INDICATOR
The indicator section consists of a light emitting diode and its driver
circuit is designed on the basis of current required to glow the light emitting
diode. Here the driver circuit is required for the following functionality.
The Microcontroller cannot provide adequate current for glowing the
LED. The LEDs requires a current between 10mA to 20mA of current to glow.
The driver circuit provides current to the load from a separate source, so
the load current used not pass through the Microcontroller.
The driver circuit activates the load on receipt of a logic signal from the
Microcontroller and of the load in the absence of the signal as he current
requirement Is very less to glow a LED a single stage driver is sufficient to
drive the load. The driver circuit is nothing other than a perfect a transistor
switch. The driver transistor goes in to saturation on receipt of base signal and
drives into cut-off region, in absence of base signal.
The driver designs around a BC548/BC547 transistor and designed for a
working voltage of +5 V dc and 10mA current.

Rc= Vcc-VCEsat = 5-0.2V

IC 10mA
= 4.8K
Ib=Ic/=10mA/200=5x10-5 A=0.5x10-6A
=0.5A
 As per the design a 0.5A current is sufficient to trigger the driver
circuit. As this current is very small and to avoid mistriggering a base current of
100A is assumed
VB-IBRB-VBE=0
IBRB = 5-0.7
RB = 5-0.7V/100A = 4.3/100 M
= 0.043x10-6
= 43K
On approximation 68K is connected by calculating back
IB = 4.3/68K = 60 70A
Which is adequate to avoid mis-triggering level also this amount of
current can be drawn from the Microcontroller without any problem.
The indicator section consists of 8 no of driver with 8 no of LED as
indicator load. The circuit diagram is enclosed.
Whenever there is a fault in any of the condition (parameter) it indicates a
high output at the Microcontroller, which is given to the base of the driver
transistor (BC547/BC548) with a base resistance (68k/56k) & thus transistor
comes to saturation condition i.e. ON condition, thus the emitter current flows
to the collector of the transistor at which the LED is connected through a
current limiting resistor (330E/470E) thus the LED gets forward biased which
turns ON the LED it indicates the channels fault .
LED INDICATOR

VCC

330E

LED

DATA 68k
INPUT BC547
CONCLUSION
Our project goal was to implement a smart automation system for Food
Security with receiving alerts through Buzzer Sound and light Indication. The
goal was achieved successfully. The devices were controlled through the
application of sensors and Transistor as a Switch and alert along with fault
indications. A led light was used to show the demonstration of an electronic
device management. Flexibility with the technical customization and economy
are the main advantages of the design .This project will have a large effect to
the living standard of human being. In the system, a lot of other features can be
added to the user's requirement depending upon the situation.
FUTURE EXPANSION

This project is designed with due limitation of time equipments. This project
can be further expanded to interfaced to LAN and Internet. This system can be
interfaced to the Internet so, that the Food security aspect can be observed and
warned through the internet access.
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