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Text Book:
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, by C. K. Alexander and M.
N. O. Sadiku
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts
Chapter 2 Basic Laws
Chapter 3 Methods of Analysis
Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems
Chapter 5 Operational Amplifiers
Chapter 6 Capacitors and Inductors
Chapter 7 First-Order Circuits
Chapter 8 Second-Order Circuits

Homework: 15%
A480%

: 35%
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: 15%
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E-mail: ycchiang1970@nchu.edu.tw
: http://web.ee.nchu.edu.tw/~ycchiang1970 (
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: http://web.ee.nchu.edu.tw/~rfem

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 Introduction
Electric Circuit
An interconnection of electrical elements.

Connecting wires

4
Introduction

5
 Introduction

6
 Systems of Units
International System of Unit (SI)
The General Conference on Weights and Measures (1960).

Quantity Basic unit Symbol

Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
Luminous intensity candela cd

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 Multiplier Prefix Symbol
Systems of Units
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 1018 exa E
1 000 000 000 000 000 1015 peta P
1 000 000 000 000 1012 tera T
1 000 000 000 109 giga G
1 000 000 106 mega M
1 000 103 kilo k
100 102 hecto h
10 101 deka da
0.1 101 deci d
0.01 102 centi c
0.001 103 milli m
0.000 001 106 micro
0.000 000 001 109 nano n
0.000 000 000 001 1012 pico p
0.000 000 000 000 001 1015 femto f
0.000 000 000 000 000 001 1018 atto a 8
 Charge and Current
Charge
An electrical property of the atomic particles of which
matter consists, measured in coulombs (C).
Electronic Charge
e 1.60 217733 1019 (C)
Coulomb
Unit for charges, 1 C charges:
1 (1.60217733 1019 ) 6.24 1018 electrons
Low of conservation of charge
Charge can neither be created nor destroyed.

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 Charge and Current
Electric Current
The time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes (A).

dq
i (1.1)
dt
1 ampere
=1 coulomb / 1 second

t
Q i dt (1.2)
t0

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 Charge and Current
Direct Current (dc)
A current that remains constant with time.
Alternating Current (ac)
A current that varies sinusoidally with time.
I i

t
0

0 t
Direct current (dc) Alternating current (ac)
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Charge and Current

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Example 1.1

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 Practice Problem 1.1
Calculate the amount of charge represented by four million
protons.

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Example 1.2

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 Practice Problem 1.2
If in Example 1.2, q = (10 10e2t ) mC, find the current at
t = 0.5 s.

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Example 1.3

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 Practice Problem 1.3
The current flowing through an element is
2 A, 0 t 1
i 2
2t A, t 1
Calculate the charge entering the element from t = 0 to t = 2s.

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 Voltage
Voltage (or Potential difference, emf)
The energy required to move a unit charge through an
element, measured in volts (V).
dw
vab (1.3)
dq vab = vba
1 volt
= 1 joule / 1 coulomb
= 1 newton-meter / 1 coulomb

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Voltage

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 Power and Energy

Power
The time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured
in watts (W).
dw
p (1.5)
dt
dw dw dq
p vi (1.6)
dt dq dt
p vi (1.7)

instantaneous power

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 Power and Energy

Passive sign convention

Current enter the positive polarity of the voltage.

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 Power and Energy
Passive sign convention

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 Power and Energy
Law of conservation of power

p0 (1.8)

Energy
The capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).
t t
w p dt vi dt (1.9)
t0 t0

The electric power utility companies measure energy in

watt-hours (Wh):
1 Wh = 3600 J

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Example 1.4

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 Practice Problem 1.4
To move charge q from point a to point b requires 30 J. Find
the voltage drop vab if: (a) q = 2C, (b) q = 6C.

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Example 1.5

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Example 1.5 (cont.)

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 Practice Problem 1.5
Find the power delivered to the element in Example 1.5 at t = 5
ms if the current remains the same but the voltage is:
(a) v = 2i V,
(b)
t

v 10 5 idt V.
0

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Example 1.6

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 Practice Problem 1.6
A stove element draws 15A when connected to a 240-V line.
How long does it take to consume 60 kJ?

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 Circuit Elements
2 types of elements: Passive and Active
Active elements: Voltage sources, current sources,
2 kinds of sources: Independent and Dependent sources

Ideal independent source

An active element that provides a specified voltage or
current that is completely independent of other circuit
elements.
Ideal dependent (or controlled) source
An active element in which the source quantity is
controlled by another voltage or current.

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 Circuit Elements
Independent sources

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 Circuit Elements
Dependent sources

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 Circuit Elements
4 possible types of dependent sources
A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)
A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)
A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
A current-controlled current source (CCCS)

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Circuit Elements

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Example 1.7

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Example 1.7 (cont.)

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Example 1.7 (cont.)

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 Practice Problem 1.7
Compute the power absorbed or supplied by each component
of the circuit in Fig. 1.16.

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 Applications
TV Picture Tube

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Example 1.8

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Example 1.8 (cont.)

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 Practice Problem 1.8
If an electron beam in a TV picture tube carries 1013 electrons/
second and is passing through plates maintained at a potential
difference of 30 kV, calculate the power in the beam.

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 Applications
Electricity Bills

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Example 1.9

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Example 1.9 (cont.)

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 Practice Problem 1.9
Referring to the residential rate schedule in Example 1.9,
calculate the average cost per kWh if only 400 kWh are
consumed in July when the family is on vacation most of the
time.

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 Problem Solving
1. Carefully Define the problem.
2. Present everything you know about the problem.
3. Establish a set of Alternative solutions and determine the one
that promises the greatest likelihood of success.
4. Attempt a problem solution.
5. Evaluate the solution and check for accuracy.
6. Has the problem been solved Satisfactorily? If so, present the
solution; if not, then return to step 3 and continue through the
process again.

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Example 1.10

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Example 1.10 (cont.)

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52
Example 1.10 (cont.)

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Example 1.10 (cont.)

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55
Example 1.10 (cont.)

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