Magnifying Glass

1. Magnifying glass is also known as simple microscope.

2. A magnifying glass is a single convex lens with short focal length.
3. The iage formed is
a. virtual,
b. magnified
c. upright
4. A magnifying glass enlarges the image of an object by increasing the virtual angle at the
eye when the object is viewed.

Angular magnitude and apparent size

1. The angular magnitude of an object is the virtual angle at the eye. It is the angle the
object subtends at the eye.
2. This angle determines the size of the image (apparent size) formed on the retina and
hence governs the apparent size of the object
Optical Instruments
Camera

Functions
Convex lens To focus the light of an object onto the film so that a sharp image can be
produced.

Diaphragm To control the size of the aperture and hence control the amount of light
move into the camera.

Focusing Ring To adjust the distance between the lens and the film so that the image is
sharply focus on the film.

Film 1. Acts as a screen for the image to form onto it.

2. Chemical on it will react when exposed to light and produce a
photograph.

Shutter Open when picture is taken to allow light move onto the film.
The shutter speed is the length of time when the shutter is open. It control the
amount of light move onto the film.

Aperture Open when picture is taken to allow light move onto the film.
The shutter speed is the length of time when the shutter is open. It control the
amount of light move onto the film.

Note:

1. The film, which is normally kept in total darkness, contains a light-sensitive chemical called
silver bromide.
2. When you press the camera button, a shutter in front of the film opens then shuts again, exposing
the film to light for a brief moment only.
3. Different intensities and colours of light across the image cause varying chemical changes in the
film, which can later be developed, 'fixed', and used in printing a photograph.
4. The image formed on the film is
a. Real
b. Inverted
c. Smaller than the object.
Projector

Function
Bulb 1. Bulb with high brightness is used.
2. The bulb must be placed at the centre of curvature of the concave
mirror.

Concave mirror 1. The function of the concave mirror is to reflect and focus light that
shines on it to the direction of the condenser.
2. This is to increase the brightness of the image.

Condenser 1. The condenser consists of two Plano-convex lenses.

2. The function of the condenser is to focus all the light that brightens
the whole slide.
3. It also acts as a heat insulator to stop heat from the bulb so it does not
spoil the slide.

Slide 1. The slide acts as the object.

2. It is located at a distance between f and 2f from the projector lens so
that the image produced is real and magnified.
3. It is purposely placed upside down so that the image forms on the
screen looks upright.

Projector Lens 1. The projector lens projects the image on the screen that is placed a
few meters away.
2. It can be adjusted to focus a sharp image.

Image The image produced is

1. real (it form on a screen)

2. magnified
3. inverted (Since the slide is placed upside down, hence the image
looks upright)
Astronomical Telescope

Astronomical Telescope
Objective lens Lower power
Eye lens Higher power
Position of the At infinity
object
Nature of the Real, inverted and magnified
image, I1
Position of the At the principle focus of object lens, fo.
image, I1.
Nature of the Virtual, inverted and smaller in size.
image, I2
Distance in between
the two lens
1. The distance between the object lens and the eye lens in a
compound microscope is equal to the sum of the focal length (fo
+ fe).
2. If the distance between both lenses are bigger than (fo + fe), no
image can be seen.

Magnification of m=Focal length of the object lens, foFocal length of the e

the
compound microsc
ye lens, fm
ope.
Compound Microscope

Compound Microscope

Object lens Higher power

Eye lens Lower power

Position of The object is placed at a position between fo and 2fo.

the object

Nature of the Real, inverted and magnified

image, I1

Position of The first image, I1 must be placed between the optical center of the eye lens with the eye
the image, I1. lens principle focus point, fe.

Nature of the Virtual, inverted and magnified

image, I2

Distance in The distance between the object lens and the eye lens in a compound microscope is bigger
between the than the sum of the focal length (fo + fe).
two lens If the distance between both lenses are adjusted to less than (fo + fe), no image can be
seen.

Magnificatio m=m1m2 =Height of first image , I1Height of objectHeight of second image, I2H
n of the
compound eight of first image , I1 =Height of second image, I2Height of object
microscope.

m1 = Linear magnification of the object lens

m2 = Linear magnification of the object lens