HOW ARE MUSCLES NAMED?

According to the location of the muscle

For example, the temporalis muscle overlies the temporal bone and
the intercostal muscles run between the ribs/intercostal area.

According to the shape of the muscle

For example, the deltoid muscle group is roughly triangular or deltoid
shape. Another example is the trapezius muscle, which forms a
trapezoid.

According to the size of the muscle

For example minimus, Maximus, longus, and brevis are terms used in
the names of many muscles. Minimus meaning small, Maximus being
large, brevis meaning short and longus meaning long.
HOW ARE MUSCLES NAMED?
According to the direction of muscle fibers
For example some muscles have the word rectus in the name and rectus refers to
straight, other muscles have transverse or oblique in the name and that means that
they run in an angle.

According to the number of origins of muscle

For example biceps, triceps or quadriceps in the case of biceps its means two, triceps
refers to three and quadricep to four origins.

According to the location of the origins and/or insertion of the muscles

For example sternomastoid is named because the muscle of the neck attaches to the
sternum and it inserts to the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
TENDON AND LIGAMENT
Tendon muscle to bone

Ligament muscle to muscle

FASCIA
Description:
Thin, strong connective tissue that envelopes
and isolates the muscles of the body.

Function:
Provide structural support and protection for
the muscles
SYNERGISTIC AND ANTAGONISTIC
MUSCULAR ACTION
Synergistic Muscles
Group of muscles that work together to cause the
SAME movement.
eg. Biceps brachii and brachioradialis both flexors of the arm

Antagonistic Muscles
Group of muscles whose movements OPPOSE each
other
eg. Biceps brachii flexor of the arm while triceps brachii is the
extensor of the arm
MUSCLES IN RESPIRATION
Inspiration
External intercostals raise the lower ribs up and out.
The scalene muscles and sternomastoids also become involved, serving to raise
and push out the upper ribs and the sternum.

Expiration
Abdominal wall (including the rectus abdominus, internal and external obliques,
and transversus abdominus) ey contract, and thus push up the diaphragm,
expiring air.
Internal intercostals assist with active expiration by pulling the ribs down and in.
AMPHIBIAN RINGERS SOLUTION
Chemical compostion:
H20, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, Dextrose and NaCO 3

It is a suitable physiological saline solution to prevent

drying while keeping the ions from diffusing.

Keeps muscle functioning even outside the body

Washes away lactic acid
KYMOGRAPH
PARTS OF A MUSCLE TWITCH
Latent Period (2msec)
Lag time between stimulation and contraction

Contraction (10-100msec)
Period during which force is increasing, muscle shortens

Relaxation (10-100msec)
Period when force is decreasing, muscle lengthens
SINGLE TWITCH
A quick shortening in a muscle when a
single action potential stimulates the
muscle.
SUMMATION
With rapid stimulation that a muscle does not completely
relax in between successive stimulations. A muscle fiber is re-
stimulated while there is still some contractile activity.
There isn't enough time between successive stimulations
to remove all the calcium from the sarcoplasm. With several
stimulations in rapid succession, calcium levels in the
sarcoplasm increase. More calcium means more active cross-
bridges and, therefore, a stronger contraction.
2 TYPES OF SUMMATION
Temporal Summation
Temporal summation is the process of combining the post-synaptic
potentials of several neurons that are fired sequentially. If fired in rapid
succession, these potentials (e.g. 1 mV+1 mV+1 mV) will become one
cohesive sum (e.g., 3 mV). Temporal summation is summation that
creates aggregates of action potentials fired at different times.
Spatial Summation
If action potentials are produced simultaneously, through spatial
summation, these potentials can be combined to create an aggregate.
This is possible due to the space constant in cells, which allows a
charge in one area of the cell to spread to other regions of the same
cell.
TREPPE
The strength of contraction did increase because
muscle contraction causes heat to build up.
The muscles then work better when they are
warmer. Enzymes can work faster and more
efficiently when a muscle is "warmed up".
TETANUS (A TYPE OF TEMPORAL SUMMATION)
If a muscle fiber is stimulated rapidly
that it does not relax at all between
stimuli, a smooth, sustained
contraction
A plateau is reached when all available
active sites are occupied which
signifies maximum contraction.
COMPLETE AND INCOMPLETE TETANUS
Complete Tetanus
If a muscle fiber is stimulated so rapidly that it does
not relax at all between stimuli, a smooth, sustained
contraction occurs.

Incomplete Tetanus
If a muscle fiber is allowed to relax in between
stimulation but not allowed to FULLY relax, a wavy
contraction occurs.
END