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Reference Manual
CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
2
Contents
Contents
3
CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
4
Contents
5
CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
6
Preface
7
CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
Symbols Used
In this manual, the following symbols indicate paragraphs with special safety
relevant meaning:
Symbol Description
Caution: Equipment damage or loss of data possible
General
Always observe the five safety rules:
Disconnect completely
Secure from reconnection
Verify that the installation is dead
Carry out grounding and short-circuiting
Provide protection against adjacent live parts
8
Preface
Safety Rules
Before operating the CP TD1, read the following safety rules carefully. If you do
not understand some safety rules, contact OMICRON electronics before
proceeding.
Maintenance and repair of the CP TD1 is only permitted by qualified experts at
OMICRON electronics repair centers.
Warning: Do not enter the high-voltage area if the red warning light of the
CPC 100 is on since all outputs carry dangerous voltage or current!
Always obey the five safety rules and follow the detailed safety instructions in
the respective user manuals.
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
Figure 1-1 Example for the separation of safe and high-voltage area using
different OMICRON electronics devices
10
Preface
Before performing tests using high voltage, observe the following instructions:
Do not use the test equipment without a good connection to substation
ground.
Do not insert objects (for example screwdrivers, etc.) into any input/output
socket.
Do not operate the CP TD1 under ambient conditions that exceed the
temperature and humidity limits listed in 11.2 "Environmental Conditions" on
page 123.
Make sure to position the test equipment on dry, solid ground.
Do not operate the CP TD1 in the presence of explosives, gas or vapors.
Opening the CP TD1 invalidates all warranty claims.
Do not use an extension cable on a cable reel to prevent an overheating of
the cord; run out the extension cord.
If the CP TD1 does not seem to function properly, do not use it anymore.
Please call the OMICRON electronics technical support.
Handling Cables
Always turn off the CP TD1 completely before you connect or disconnect any
cable (disconnect the CPC 100 from mains or press its Emergency Stop
button).
The high-voltage cable must always be well attached and tightly connected
to both the CP TD1 and the test object. A loose or even falling off connector
at the test object carrying high-voltage is life-hazardous. Make sure the
connectors are clean and dry before connecting.
At the CP TD1, press the high-voltage cables plug to the connector tightly
and turn the screw cap until you feel a mechanical stop. If you notice a rough-
running of the screw-cap, clean the screw thread and use a lubricant
(vaseline recommended).
At the test object, insert the high-voltage cables plugs carefully until you feel
a "click" position. Now they are locked. Confirm this by trying to pull them out.
This should not be possible now.
Note: Tighten the plugs manually. Do not use any tools for that because that
can damage the plugs or connectors.
Insert the yellow banana plug (the high-voltage cables grounding) into the
respective plug socket.
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
Do not connect any cable to the test object without a visible grounding of the
test object.
The high-voltage cable is double-shielded and therefore safe. However, the
last 50cm (20 inch) of this cable have no shield. Therefore, during a test
consider this cable a life wire and due to the high-voltage life-hazardous!
Warning: When the CPC 100 is switched on, consider this part of the cable
has to be in the high-voltage area due to a hazard of electric shock!
Never remove any cables from the CP TD1 or the test object during a test.
Keep clear from zones in which high voltages may occur. Set up a barrier or
establish similar adequate means.
Both low-voltage measuring cables must always be well attached and tightly
connected to the CP TD1s measuring inputs IN A and IN B.
Make sure to insert the red and blue marked cables into the corresponding
measuring inputs: IN A = red, IN B = blue.
Tighten the plugs by turning them until you feel a stop.
Note: Tighten the plugs manually. Do not use any tools for that because that
can damage the plugs or connectors.
Do not use any other cables than the ones supplied by OMICRON electronics.
Orderly Measures
The CP TD1 Reference Manual or alternatively the e-book in PDF format has
always to be available on site where the CP TD1 is being used. It must be read
and observed by all users of the CP TD1.
The manufacturer and/or distributor is not liable for damage resulting from
improper usage. The user alone assumes all responsibility and risk.
Following the instructions provided in this User Manual is also considered part
of being in accordance with the regulations.
12
Preface
Disclaimer
If the equipment is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the
protection provided by the equipment may be impaired.
Static Charges
Static charges on bushings or other apparatus such as transformer windings
may be induced by test potentials. While the voltage may not be significant
enough to do any damage, it can be a source for serious accidents due to falls
caused by reflex action.
High static charges may also be encountered at the bushing capacitance taps if
the covers are removed. Also, you should use safety grounds before handling.
Note: Always observe the five safety rules!
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
14
Introduction
1 Introduction
1.1 Designated Use
The CP TD1 is an optionally available high-precision test system for on-site
insulation tests of high-voltage systems like power and measuring transformers,
circuit breakers, capacitors and isolators. With the add-on device CP TD1, the
CPC 100 increases its range of possible applications into high-voltage
measurements.
The internal switched mode power amplifier enables measuring at different
frequencies without interferences with the mains frequency. Automatic test
procedures reduce the testing time to a minimum. Test reports are generated
automatically.
The CP TD1 comes with its own test card named TanDelta (Tangent Delta),
which provides highly accurate measurements of the capacitance Cx and the
dissipation factor tan (DF) or power factor cos (PF), respectively.
Both the dissipation factor and the power factor grant information about possible
losses in the insulation material, which are increasing with age and water
content. A change of Cx is a warning indicator for partial breakdowns between
the layers of a bushing or a capacitor.
Additionally, the CP TD1 measures the following quantities:
Actual, apparent and reactive power
Quality factor QF
Inductance
Impedance, phase angle
Test voltage & current
The CP TD1 works as an add-on device to the CPC 100. Do not connect the
CP TD1 to any other device. Do not use the accessories for applications not
indicated in this user manual.
Any other use of the CP TD1 but the one mentioned above is considered
improper use, and will not only invalidate all customer warranty claims but also
exempt the manufacturer from its liability to recourse.
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
Equipment trolley
Cable drum with
double-shielded
output cable to feed
the high voltage to the
test object.
CPC 100
Booster cable
CPC 100 CP TD1
(short type). Via this
cable CPC 100 controls
the CP TD1 output
voltage.
High-voltage
output with
attached
screw plug CPC 100, CP TD1
and yellow and the equipment
grounding trolley connected to
plug. the trolleys grounding
bar and led to earth.
Grounding cable min.
6mm.
CP TD1
Grounding terminal
16
Introduction
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
Grounding
Booster Input terminal
IN_A IN_B
measuring measuring
input input
18
Introduction
High-
voltage
connector
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
20
Operation
2 Operation
2.1 Measurement Setup
2.1.1 Setup of Devices with Trolley
The equipment trolley holds the CPC 100, CP TD1 and all required cables. The
trolley is equipped with a grounding bar with three knurled screws to ensure a
solid connection to the grounding terminals of all devices.
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
HV area
CP TD1
12 kV
IN
IN A
IN B
Ix
Measurement
PE
Booster Serial
CPC 100
Power transformer
Safe area
Grounding terminal
22
Operation
C1
IN A
C2
IN B
Ix
C3
Measurement
PE
Booster Serial
Grounding terminal
CPC 100
Safe area
Warning: For using the CP CAL1, make sure to apply the same procedure as
described in this Reference Manual.
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
24
Test Cards
3 Test Cards
3.1 TanDelta Test Card - Main Page (1/2)
The test card TanDelta can be accessed from C T , V T , T R A N S F O R M E R and
OTHERS.
Select "Assessment" to automatically assess the test, clear for no assessment.
Enter the nominal values in the entry fields (here "Cref" and "DFref"; availability
and naming depend on the measuring mode). These values serve as reference
for the assessment. Their tolerance range can be set on the Settings Page (refer
to page 29).
A measurement is rated as OK if both values are within their tolerance range.
The assessment is displayed in the test point tabless column "?"
Note: While a test is running, new nominal values can already be entered.
*) "Auto test points" cleared = manual measurement: Applies the set test
voltage and frequency to the CP TD1s output. When the measurement is
finished, its results are displayed in the results table.
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
26
Test Cards
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
28
Test Cards
If selected, the CPC 100 checks whether the shield of the high-voltage cable is
connected. For some large inductive loads, the CPC 100 can accidentally report
shield check error even when the shield is connected. If this is the case, it makes
sense to clear the check box.
Warning: Never operate the CP TD1 with unconnected shield of the high-
voltage cable. If the "Perform shield check" check box is cleared, make sure
that the shield is connected before operating the CP TD1.
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
30
Test Cards
3.5 Templates
The test procedures for designated applications are controlled by templates
available on the CPC Toolsets shipped with your CP TD1 or on the
CPC 100 Start Page.
The templates are pairs of XML documents and Microsoft Excel templates
designed by OMICRON electronics for designated applications. The XML
templates are predefined test procedures, often with comments, that run on the
CPC 100 and guide your through the test. Once completed, the XML file is
saved, downloaded to the PC and then loaded into the corresponding Microsoft
Excel template. There the results are post-processed and a final test report is
generated. The template pairs facilitate and speed testing with the CP TD1 and
the evaluation of results.
To perform a test using a template, open the template for your application and
run the test procedure according to the template.
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
32
Application
4 Application
4.1 Preparations in Substation
Warning: Prior to connecting a test object to the CP TD1, the following steps
need to be carried out by an authorized employee of the utility.
Turn off and disconnect the high voltage from the test object.
Protect yourself and your working environment against an accidental re-
connection of high voltage by other persons and circumstances.
Verify a safe isolation of the test object.
Warning: Earth-connect and shorten out the test objects terminals using a
grounding set.
4.2 Connection
Warning: Make sure to position the test object or CP CAL in the high-voltage
area.
Warning: Never use the CP TD1 without a solid connection to ground with at
least 6 mm. Use a ground point as close as possible to the test object.
1. Without trolley:
Properly connect the CPC 100 and CP TD1 grounding terminals to
substation ground.
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
34
Application
10.Turn on the CPC 100 at its mains power switch at the left-hand side.
11. An error message (313) appears if there is no ground connection, neither via
PE (protective earth wire of the power supply) nor via grounding terminal or
the power supply has no galvanic connection to ground. The latter is the
case on very special power supplies like with diesel generators or when
insulation transformers are used.
12. If the PE and grounding terminal connection are intact and the error
message still appears, select the "Disable ground check" check box at the
Device Setup tab in the Options view.
Note: After the CPC 100 has been rebooted, the "Disable ground check" check
box is cleared for safety reasons.
13. The green warning light "O" lights up, showing that the CPC 100 output does
not carry a dangerous voltage or current yet.
Note: If none or both warning lights are on, the unit is defective and must not be
used anymore.
4.3 Measurement
1. Set up your test in the CPC 100 software.
For a detailed description of how to use the software refer to respective
section in the CPC 100 Reference Manual.
2. Selecting the TanDelta - PF test card from the CPC 100s menu
automatically turns on the CP TD1. If no CP TD1 is connected to the
CPC 100, an error message occurs.
3. Set up your measurement in the TanDelta - PF test card (see 3.1 on
page 25).
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
4. Once all test cards are prepared and the parameters set, make sure the
safety key lock is in position "release" (horizontal).
Warning: If you have a cardiac pacemaker, do not use the CP TD1! Before
operating the CP TD1, make sure there is no person with a cardiac pacemaker
in the immediate vicinity.
5. Start the test by pressing the green I/O (test start/stop) push-button on the
CPC 100 front panel.
Note: A test can only be started in the Test Card View and
with all preconditions met (refer to the CPC 100
Reference Manual).
If voltages 1 kV are to be applied, after pressing the
I/O (test start/stop) push-button for the first time a
warning message appears on the screen.
Only after the I/O push-button is pressed a second
time, the voltage is applied to the CPC 100 output.
Rather than starting a test and activating the outputs,
pressing the I/O (test start/stop) push-button will then
pop up a message box notifying you about this
problem.
4.4 Disconnection
1. Switch off the high voltage with the I/O (test start/stop) push-button.
Note: Even if you switched off the CPC 100, wait until the red I / O warning light
is fully extinguished. As long as this warning light is lit, there is still voltage
potential on the output. The green warning light indicates that the CPC 100
outputs are not activated.
2. Press the Emergency Stop button on the CPC 100 front panel.
36
Application
3. Turn the safety key to "lock" (vertical) and remove the key to avoid anybody
accidentally turning on the high voltage.
Warning: Earth-connect and shorten out the test objects terminals using a
grounding set.
4. Plug off the high-voltage cable from the high-voltage output of the CP TD1.
5. Disconnect the cables from the CP TD1.
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
38
Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Measurement
5.1 Theory
In an ideal capacitor without any dielectric losses, the insulation current is
exactly 90 leading according to the applied voltage. For a real insulation with
dielectric losses this angle is less than 90. The angle = 90 - is called loss
angle. In a simplified diagram of the insulation, Cp represents the loss-free
39
CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
capacitance and Rp the losses (Figure 5-1). Losses can also be represented by
serial equivalent circuit diagram with Cs and Rs (chapter 12.1). The definition of
the dissipation factor and the vector diagram are shown in Figure 5-2.
I
IRP
ICP
U CP RP
40
Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Measurement
1 - Re
tan = -----------------
RP CP
I
I Rp
j Im I Cp
Figure 5-2 Definition of dissipation factor (tan ) and the vector diagram
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
The correlation between the Dissipation Factor and Power Factor (PF = cos )
and the vector diagram are shown in Figure 5-3.
Im
With 1
ICN ICX tan cos
= ---
2
DF -
PF = -----------------------
1 + DF 2
PF
DF = ----------------------
-
1 PF 2
UO
Re
Figure 5-3 Correlation between DF and PF
42
Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Measurement
Suspension Rotation
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
without E with E
without E
with E
44
Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Measurement
without E with E
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
A typical dipole is a water molecule. Figure 5-8 shows such a molecule in the
electrical field. When the electrical field changes the polarity, the orientation of
the water molecule is changed by 180. This rotation, along with the applied
frequency, causes the described losses.
H+
O2-
E
H+
46
Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Measurement
charge region. These space charge regions are moved back and forth through
the field. This effect, for example, occurs on the interface between transformer
oil and solid insulation like paper or transformer board (Figure 5-9).
2
+
2
1 1
Figure 5-9 Interfacial polarization
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
600 60
500 50
Breakdown voltage
400 40
Dissipation factor
tan
300 30
d
200 20
100 10
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Water content mg/kg
48
Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Measurement
Figure 5-11 shows the DF of new and used oil, dependent on the temperature.
With higher temperatures, the viscosity of the oil decreases so the particles, ions
and electrons can move easier and faster. Thus the DF increases with
temperature [2.3].
0
/00
104
4
103
tan
2
2
10
1
101
1
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 C
Oil temperature
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
Figure 5-12 and table 5-1 show a temperature correction factor (according to
ANSI 57.12.90) for insulation based on mineral oil [2.4].
Figure 5-12 Temperature correction factor for mineral oil insulation [2.4]
F pt
F p20 = ------
-
K
where
Fp20 is the power factor corrected to 20C
Fpt is the power factor measured at T
T is the test temperature (C)
K is the correction factor
Table 5-1 Temperature correction factor for mineral oil insulation [2.4]
Test temperature T (C) Correction Factor K
10 0.80
15 0.90
20 1.00
25 1.12
30 1.25
35 1.40
40 1.55
45 1.75
50 1.95
50
Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Measurement
Table 5-1 Temperature correction factor for mineral oil insulation [2.4]
Test temperature T (C) Correction Factor K
55 2.18
60 2.42
65 2.70
70 3.00
Note: The correction factors listed above base on insulated systems using
mineral oil as an insulating liquid. Other insulating liquids may have different
correction factors.
0/
00
1 1014
1
Specific volume resistance
0.1 1013
2
tan 1,2
0.01 1012
0 20 40 60 80 C
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
Temperature in C
Figure 5-14 Temperature behavior RBP, RIP, and OIP bushing [2.5]
The dissipation factor is dependent on the frequency. With modern test devices
like the CPC 100 + CP TD1, it is possible to cover a wide frequency range for
capacitance and DF measurements. Up to now, fingerprint measurements for
comparison are normally available only at line frequency. The following figures
show the frequency dependency for transformer windings (oil-paper insulation)
and an OIP bushing (Figures 5-15 and 5-16).
52
Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Measurement
TR 2-Winding DF (f)
0.55%
0.50%
L (f)
0.45%
HL (f)
0.40%
H (f)
0.35%
0.30%
0.25%
0.0Hz 100Hz 200Hz 300Hz 400Hz 500Hz
DF (f)
0.67%
0.66% A
0.65% B
0.64%
0.63%
0.62%
0.61%
0.60%
0.0Hz
50.0Hz
100.0Hz
150.0Hz
200.0Hz
250.0Hz
300.0Hz
350.0Hz
400.0Hz
450.0Hz
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
The dissipation factor is in many cases also dependent on the test voltage.
Figure 5-17 shows a measurement of a 6kV motor. Above 4kV, partial
discharges occur. This is the reason for the rise of DF.
Tan Delta Motor 6 kV
1.6%
1.5%
1.4%
1.3%
1.2%
1.1%
1.0%
0.9%
0.8%
0.7%
0.6%
0V 1kV 2kV 3kV 4kV 5kV 6kV 7kV 8kV
54
Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Measurement
free reference capacitor. The parallel circuit diagram shown in Figure 5-1 can be
transferred as a direct equivalent into this serial diagram at specified frequencies
(section 12.1).
1 - 1- + jC
R 1 + ------------ ----- 4
jC 1 R4
------------------------- = -------------------------
R3 jC 2
C1
C2
R1
R3 R4 C4
R1 C4 C4
Real parts: ------ = ------ R 1 = ------ R 3
R3 C2 C2
R4
Imaginary parts: C1 R3 = C2 R4 C 1 = ------ C 2
R3
tan = R 1 C 1
R3 R4
tan = C 4 ------ ------ C 2
C2 R3
tan = C 4 R 4
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
CN Z N CX Z X, L X
ICN ICX
U0 (t)
UN (t) Z1 Z2 UX (t)
The CP TD1 test system utilizes a method similar to that of the Schering bridge.
The main difference is that the CP TD1 measuring principle (Figure 5-19) does
not require tuning for measuring C and DF. Cn is a gas insulated reference
capacitor with losses below 10E-5. For laboratory use, such capacitors are
regularly used to obtain precise measurements, as the ambient lab temperature
normally ranges between 20 - 25 C (68 - 77 F). When carrying out on-site
measurements, however, temperatures can vary significantly, which results in
changes of the electrodes geometry.
56
Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Measurement
The CP TD1 takes all these effects into account and compensates for them
electronically, so it is now possible for the first time to measure in the field down
to DF = 5 x 10E-5. Figure 5-20 shows the complete equivalent circuit diagram.
To the present day, the dissipation or dissipation factor was measured only at
line frequency. With the power source described in [2.2], it is now possible to
make these insulation measurements in a wide frequency range. Beside the
possibility to apply frequency scans, measurements can be made at frequencies
different from the line frequency and their harmonics. With this principle,
measurements are possible also in the presence of high electromagnetic
interference in high-voltage substations.
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
CH
CT
CH-L
CL
CL-T
G
Tank
58
Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Measurement
C1 C2 C3
Guard IN A
IN B
UST-A
C = C1
Measuring input
Figure 5-22 CP TD1 block diagram with GUARD and measuring input
To get more familiar with this technique we want to measure C HL, C HT and C
H of Figure 5-21. The high-voltage winding is connected to the test voltage
(high-voltage output of the CP TD1), the low-voltage winding is connected to IN
A and the tertiary winding is connected to IN B.
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
CHL CHT CH
IN A
IN B
GST
C = CHL + CHT + CH
60
Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Measurement
CHL CHT CH
IN A
IN B
UST-A
C = CHL
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
CHL CHT CH
IN A
IN B
UST-B
C = CHT
62
Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Measurement
The last measurement is C H. Figure 5-26 shows this connection diagram. The
measuring mode is GSTg-A+B. C HL and C HT are not measured, because they
are connected to GUARD.
The build-in relay matrix enables the described four different measurements
without any rewiring. This principle can be used not only for transformers, but
also for any system with partial capacitors inside.
CHL CHT CH
IN A
IN B
GSTg-A+B
C = CH
5.4 References
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
64
Power Transformers
6 Power Transformers
6.1 Introduction
Due to ever-increasing pressure to reduce costs, the power industry is forced to
keep old power facilities in operation as long as possible. In most European
countries, about one third of the transformers are over 30 years old. Even
transformers older than 50 years are still in service. A regular check of the
operating conditions becomes more and more important with the advancing age
of transformers. The Dissolved Gas Analysis is a proven and meaningful method
for finding a fault as soon as possible if increased proportions of hydrogen and
hydrocarbon gases are found in the oil. This way, important preventative
maintenance can be performed in time to avoid an unexpected total failure.
Overheated Oil
Corona
Arcing
Acetylene C2H2 5 15
Ethylene C 2H 4 80 170
Cellulose
Ethane C2H6 35 75
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
Legend:
Major gases
Minor gases
1)
ppm = parts per million by volume (gas/liquid)
2) Previous limits for CO were 500 and 700 ppm
3)
Previous limits for CO2 were 2000 and 10000 ppm
Behind the absolute value of gas content are the quotients of the gas
components, which also allow for additional information (Table 6-1) [3.2].
66
Power Transformers
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
Transformer Faults
68
Power Transformers
Notes on Table :
1. X wax formation comes from paraffinic oils (paraffin based). These are not
used in transformers at present in the United States but are predominate in
Europe.
2. The last overheating problem in the table says "over 700C". Recent
laboratory discoveries have found that acetyl can be produced in trace
amounts of 500C, which is not reflected in this table. We have several
transformers that show trace amounts of acetylene that are probably not
active arcing but are the result of high-temperature thermal faults as in the
example. It may also be the result of one arc, due to a nearby lightning strike
or voltage surge.
3. A bad connection at the bottom of a bushing can be confirmed by comparing
infrared scans of the top of a bushing with a sister bushing. When loaded,
heat from a poor connection at the bottom will migrate to the top of the
bushing, which will display a markedly higher temperature. If the top
connection is checked and found tight, the problem is probably a bad
connection at the bottom of the bushing.
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
In addition to the previous table , it should be taken into account that overheating
is often caused by bad contacts in the tap selector. In order to find out the reason
for high gas values, further tests have to be performed on the transformer.
Common test methods are:
Winding resistance measurement
On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC) test
Turns ratio measurement
Excitation current measurement
Measurement of leakage reactance
Capacitance and Dissipation factor measurement
All the mentioned tests can be done with the CPC 100 + CP TD1. This
instrument is the ideal test and analysis instrument for transformer diagnosis
with these measuring possibilities.
70
Power Transformers
B (T)
A (T)
C (T)
T
A B C
71
CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
like the bushings and the transformer tank (flashovers) with the
unscreened part of the high-voltage test cable must be avoided.
Connect the IN A, e.g. to the low-voltage winding, IN B, e.g. to the tertiary
winding (according to the connection instructions).
Short circuit all bushing CTs.
Do not make high-voltage tests on transformers under vacuum.
The test voltage should be chosen with respect to the rated voltage of the
winding.
All tests should be made with oil temperatures near 20C. Temperature
corrections can be calculated by using correction curves, but they depend
a great deal on the insulation material, the water content and many other
parameters. This way the correction has limited accuracy.
72
Power Transformers
L
C L(A)
C L(C)
C L-T
C L-T(A) C L-T (C)
(B) C L(B)
T
C T(C)
C L(A)
C T(B)
A B C
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
As shown in Figure 6-2, the three phases of the high-voltage (H), the low-voltage
(L) and the tertiary (T) windings are connected internally in y or delta. This way
only the sum of all three phases can be measured, the single phases can not be
measured separately. Figure 6-3 shows the simplified circuit diagram of the
three-phase transformer of Figure 6-2.
Core
L T
H
CH
CT
CH-L
CL
CL-T
G
Tank
74
Power Transformers
Caution: All phases and the neutral terminal of one winding (H, L and T) have
to be short-circuited. Due to the inductance of the windings resonant effects
may occur and influence the measurement.
In IEEE Std. 62-1995 [3.4] the test procedure is described for transformers with
two and three windings. Figure 6-4 shows the six measurements.
CHT
CLT CHL
CT CL CH
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
A more detailed test procedure for two- and three- winding transformers can be
found in [3.6]. This test procedure is included in the appendix and is now used
as an example to show the test preparation of a 3-winding transformer test with
76
Power Transformers
the CPC Editor. Due to the high amount of measuring data, the test is split into
three single test files. The first file contains the tests with high-voltage winding
connected to the CP TD1 high-voltage output:
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
78
Power Transformers
The other tests for H-L are prepared analog to the examples.
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
A second test file contains the tests with the low-voltage winding connected to
the high-voltage output of the CP TD1. Figure 6-10 shows the first screen with
the connection instructions.
Figure 6-10 Connection instructions for the tests with energized low-voltage
winding
80
Power Transformers
A third test file is used for the tests with the tertiary winding connected to the
CP TD1 high-voltage output. 6-11 shows the connection instructions for the
tests with energized tertiary winding.
Figure 6-11 Connection instructions for the tests with energized tertiary
winding
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
The prepared tests are uploaded to the CPC 100 as xml files without results.
After the test is done, this xml file with the results is downloaded to the computer
and loaded into Microsoft Excel with the OMICRON CPC 100 File Loader (the
complete test files are included on the CD-ROM).
82
Power Transformers
Voltage and frequency scans enable additional information about the insulation
quality. They should be saved as "fingerprint" for future measurements. For all
the described measurements only three different connections of the test leads
are necessary. Preparing the test in the office by utilizing the CPC Editor, the
testing time on-site can be reduced to a minimum.
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84
Power Transformers
L Core
H
CH
CH-L CL
G
Tank
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
LOW HIGH
CL CH
86
Power Transformers
Figures 6-17 and 6-18 show the preparation with the CPC Editor and the test
results in MS Excel format.
6.2.3 Auto-Transformer
The auto-transformer has only one winding with a tap for the low-voltage output.
Only one measurement is made of the winding to tank and core. All high-voltage
and low-voltage terminals are connected together as they are building the high-
voltage electrode of the capacity.
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
6.2.4 Reactors
Similar to the auto-transformers, reactors also normally have only one winding.
Often the low-voltage ends of the three phases are connected outside the tank
to the Neutral. In this case we have 2 bushings per phase, which have to be
connected for the DF test. We can measure all combinations: phase to phase
and phase to tank (ground).
88
Power Transformers
For oil paper insulation, the range of the DF values for new and aged
transformers are published in some standards like [3.4] and in other literature
[3.1], [3.2]. In IEEE Std. 62-1995 [3.1] the following limits for DF values are
given:
It is always better to measure the values regularly and save them for comparison
to tests in the past and in the future. In this way, trends can be observed and the
evaluation of results is of much higher quality.
6.5 References
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90
Capacitance and DF Measurement on High-Voltage Bushings
Wall,tank
Flange
Conductor
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Condenser
This type is most frequently used for high-voltage bushings and it is therefore
the main one focused in this guide. Cylindrical conducting layers are arranged
coaxially with the conductor within the insulating material. The length and
diameter of the cylinders are designed to control the distribution of the electric
field in and over the outer surface of the bushing. The partial capacities are
switched in series and the voltage drops across the capacities is nearly equal to
each other (Figures 7-2 and 7-3) [4.1].
CA
CB
CC
CD
CE
CF
CG
CH
CI
CJ
CK
Tap electrode
grounded
layer/flange
Grounded
layer/flange
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Capacitance and DF Measurement on High-Voltage Bushings
Notes:
Equal capacitances, CA through CJ, procedure equal distribution of voltage from the energized
center conductor to the grounded condenser layer and flange.
The tap electrode is normally grounded in service except for certain designs and bushings used
with potential device.
For bushings with potential taps, the C2 capacitance is much greater than C1. For bushings with
power-factor tap, C1 and C2 capacitances may be same order of magnitude.
Tap insulation
Main insulation C2
C1
CA = CB = CC = CD = CE = CF = CG = CH = CI = CJ CK
Grounded
Center
layer/flange
conductor
V1 = V2 = V3 = V4 = V5 = V6 = V7 = V8 = V9 = V10
Tap electrode
Line-to-ground system voltage (normally grounded)
Composite
A bushing where the insulation consists of two or more coaxial layers consisting
of different insulating materials.
Compound-filled
A bushing where the space between the major insulation or conductor, if no
major insulation is used, and the inside surface of a protective weather casing
(usually porcelain) is filled with a compound that contains insulating properties.
Dry or unfilled
A bushing consisting of a porcelain tube with no filler in the space between the
shell and the conductor. These are usually rated 25 kilovolts and below.
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
Oil-filled
A bushing where the space between the major insulation or the conductor, and
the inside surface of a protective weather casing is filled with insulating oil.
Oil-immersed
A bushing composed of major insulators that are totally immersed in a bath of
insulating oil.
Oil-impregnated paper-insulated
A bushing where the internal structure is made of cellulose material impregnated
with oil.
Resin-bonded paper-insulated
A bushing where cellulose material bonded with resin provides the major
insulation.
Solid, ceramic
A bushing where a ceramic or other similar material provides the major
insulation.
Gas insulated
A bushing that contains compressed gas like SF6 or mixtures of SF6 with other
gasses i.e. N2. This type is frequently used for circuit breaker bushings.
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Capacitance and DF Measurement on High-Voltage Bushings
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Capacitance and DF Measurement on High-Voltage Bushings
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be made on the insulation between the tap and the flange. Most manufacturers
list the UST dissipation factor and capacitance values on the bushing
nameplate.
IN A
IN B
Equalizers
C1 Layer
Voltage tap
UST-A Mounting flange
C2 layer (always
grounded to flange)
When bushings with capacitance or potential taps rated at 110 kV and above are
tested by the ungrounded test specimen method, a separate dissipation factor
test on the tap insulation should be performed as well.
For capacitance or potential taps, tests are performed at a voltage between 500
and 1,000 volts. The tap is energized with the bushing center conductor and
flange grounded. The dissipation factor of a capacitance or potential tap will
generally be of the order of 1.0 percent or less. Routine tap insulation tests are
not normally recommended for bushings that are rated 69 kilovolts and below
with dissipation factor taps. However, a dissipation factor test of the tap
insulation should be performed when UST results are questionable or visual
examination indicates the dissipation factor tap's condition is questionable. This
test procedure is similar to that used earlier for capacitance taps. In such cases,
the maximum permissible test potentials should be limited to those given in the
98
Capacitance and DF Measurement on High-Voltage Bushings
IN A
IN B
Equalizers
C1 Layer
Voltage tap
GST g A+B Mounting flange
C2 layer (always
grounded to flange)
Paper insulation
Main conductor
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
used to test bushings in apparatus when the three tests are either inapplicable
or impractical, such as, with SF6 bushings. Perform a hot-collar test at every
third skirt on SF6 bushings. Hot-collar tests are effective in locating cracks in
porcelain, deterioration, or contamination of insulation in the upper section of a
bushing, low compound or liquid level, or voids in compound often before such
defects are noticeable with the previous tests.
IN A
IN B
Mounting flange
GST
In tables of the appendix, typical dissipation factors and dissipation factor the
manufacturers initially published limits. However, the typical or initial dissipation
factor of many bushings is listed on the nameplate. In such cases, field
measurement, particularly UST, should compare with the nameplate dissipation
factors. In general, any bushing that exhibits a history of continuing increase in
dissipation factor should be questioned and scheduled for removal from service.
Measured dissipation factor values should be temperature corrected to 20C
before being compared with reference values which are measured at 20C.
Temperature correction factors are average values at best, and therefore,
subject to some error. The magnitude of error is minimized if tests are performed
at temperatures near the reference temperature of 20C. If questionable
dissipation factors are recorded at relatively high temperatures then the
bushings should not be condemned until it has been allowed to cool down to
near 20C and repeat tests have been performed. This also applies to bushings
100
Capacitance and DF Measurement on High-Voltage Bushings
tested near freezing where a large (greater than 1.00) correction may cause the
result to be unacceptably high; in this case the equipment should be retested at
a higher temperature. Bushing should not be tested when their temperatures are
much below freezing because moisture may have changed to ice, which has a
significantly higher volumetric resistivity any therefore be undetected. In the
case of bushings mounted in transformers, taking the average between the
ambient and transformer top-oil temperatures approximates the bushing
temperature.
Bushing capacitance should be measured with each power or dissipation factor
test and compared carefully with both nameplate and previous tests in
assessing bushing condition. This is especially important for capacitance-
graded bushings where an increase in capacitance of 5% more over the initial/
nameplate value is cause to investigate the suitability of the bushing for
continued service. The manufacturer should be consulted for guidance on
specific bushings.
When the relative humidity is high, measurements are often influenced by the
current, which is flowing on the surface of the insulator. Sometimes these
currents are in the same order than the current, which is flowing through the
insulation or even higher. If a good cleaning and drying of the insulator surface
is not sufficient, the guard technique should be used to bypass this current, see
Figure 7-7.
IN A
IN B
Surface current
Mounting flange
GST gA
Figure 7-7 Use of guard method for bypassing the surface current
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
This connection technique is also very useful when the insulation of cables is
measured.
When transformer bushings are tested, inputs A and B can be used to measure
two bushings at a time without rewiring:
Frequency scans of bushing insulation are helpful for a better diagnosis. Figure
7-8 shows a frequency scan of a new RIP bushing, Figure 7-9 of an aged one.
This additional information should be used as benchmark of the bushing for
future comparison.
0.33%
0.32%
0.31%
0.30%
0.29%
0.28%
0.27%
0.26%
0.25%
0.0Hz 100Hz 200Hz 300Hz 400Hz 500Hz
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Capacitance and DF Measurement on High-Voltage Bushings
0.51%
0.50%
0.49%
0.48%
0.47%
0.46%
0.45%
0.44%
0.43%
0.0Hz 100Hz 200Hz 300Hz 400Hz 500Hz
0.67%
0.66% A
0.65% B
0.64%
0.63%
0.62%
0.61%
0.60%
0.0Hz
50.0Hz
100.0Hz
150.0Hz
200.0Hz
250.0Hz
300.0Hz
350.0Hz
400.0Hz
450.0Hz
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10
C-change in % RBP 8
6
4
2
0
10
C-change in % OIP
8
6
4
2
0
10
8
C-change in % RIP
6
4
2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 years
Figure 7-11 Aging of RBP, RIP and OIP bushings (change of capacitance)
104
Capacitance and DF Measurement on High-Voltage Bushings
10
2.0
DF in % RBP
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2.0
DF in % OIP
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2.0
1.5
DF in % RIP
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 years
Figure 7-12 Aging of RBP, RIP and OIP bushings (change of DF)
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3.5
3.0
TanDelta x 10 -2 2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
Years of operation time under oil
0.50
0.45
0.40
TanDelta x 10 -2
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Years
106
Capacitance and DF Measurement on High-Voltage Bushings
Evaluation:
DF meas < 2 x DF ref Acceptable
7.9 References
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
108
Capacitance and DF Measurement of Generators and Motors
1.5%
1.4%
1.3%
1.2%
1.1%
1.0%
0.9%
0.8%
0.7%
0.6%
0V 1kV 2kV 3kV 4kV 5kV 6kV 7kV 8kV
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The maximum output power of the CP TD1 is 3600 VA, that means, capacitance
values up to 80nF (50Hz) respectively 66nF (60Hz) can be measured. Bigger
capacitors can be tested at lower voltages, or with a reactor switched in parallel
to the capacitance of test object. In any case a first test should be carried out
with a small voltage to measure the capacitance before applying high voltage.
110
Capacitance and DF Measurement of Circuit Breakers
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
Test Connections
There are six overall tests performed when the breaker is open. Each bushing
is individually tested in the overall GST test mode. Three overall tests are
performed with the breaker closed in the GST test mode. If the bushing is
equipped with a test tap, the C1 main insulation test can be performed in the UST
mode along with the overall GST test without making a lead change.
All tests are performed at 10kv or a lower voltage suitable for the insulation.
112
Capacitance and DF Measurement of Circuit Breakers
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114
Capacitance and DF Measurement of Overvoltage Arresters
Temperature
It is recommended to measure the capacitance and the resistance of the
arrester at the same temperature as the measurement that was made as a
benchmark.
Voltage
The measurement should be made exactly at the same voltage level that the
fingerprint measurement was made. Normally the test voltage is 10 kV.
Figures 10-1, 10-2, and 10-3 show the dissipation factor, the capacitance and
the parallel resistance of a lightning arrester, dependent on the frequency.
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
DF (f)
DF
10.0%
9.0%
8.0%
7.0%
6.0%
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0.0%
0.0Hz 100Hz 200Hz 300Hz 400Hz f
116
Capacitance and DF Measurement of Overvoltage Arresters
C (f)
C in F
4.85x10-11
4.80x10-11
4.75x10-11
4.70x10-11
4.65x10-11
4.60x10-11
4.55x10-11
4.50x10-11
4.45x10-11
4.40x10-11
4.35x10-11
4.30x10-11
0.0Hz 100Hz 200Hz 300Hz 400Hz f in Hz
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Rp (f)
Rp in
14.0x108
12.0x108
10.0x105
8.0x108
6.0x108
4.0x108
2.0x108
0.0
0.0Hz 100Hz 200Hz 300Hz 400Hz f in Hz
118
Technical Data
11 Technical Data
11.1 Technical Data of the CP TD1 in Combination with
the CPC 100
11.1.1 High-Voltage Output
Conditions: Signals below 45Hz with reduced values possible. Capacitive
linear loads.
11.1.2 Measurements
Test frequencies
Range Resolution Typical accuracy
15 ... 400Hz 0.01Hz error < 0.005% of reading
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120
Technical Data
0 ... 100% 5 digits error < 0.5% of reading Vtest = 300V ... 10kV
+ 0.02%
1. Reduced accuracy of PF at mains frequency or its harmonics. Mains frequency suppression
available by precisely selecting a mains frequency of *50Hz or *60Hz in the "Hz" column.
Phase angle
Range Resolution Typ. accuracy Conditions
-90 ... +90 4 digits error < 0.01 Vtest = 300V ... 10kV
Impedance Z
Range Resolution Typ. accuracy Conditions
1k ... 1200M 6 digits error < 0.5% of Vtest = 300V ... 10kV
reading
Quality factor QF
Range Resolution Typ. accuracy
0 ... 1000 5 digits error < 0.5% of reading + 0.2%
> 1000 5 digits error < 5% of reading
Power P, Q, S (selective)
Range Resolution Typ. accuracy
0 ... 3.6kW 6 digits error < 0.5% of reading + 1mW
0 ... 3.6kvar 6 digits error < 0.5% of reading + 1mvar
0 ... 3.6kVA 5 digits error < 0.5% of reading + 1mVA
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122
Technical Data
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11.4 Cleaning
To clean the CP TD1, use a cloth dampened with isopropanol alcohol or water.
124
Technical Data
11.5 Accessories
11.5.1 Cables and Clamps
The following accessories are delivered with the CP TD1:
Accessories
1 High-voltage cable, triaxial, 20 m with cable drum
2 Low-voltage cables, coaxial, 20 m on one cable drum
2 Cables (1 red, 1 blue) for connecting low-voltage cable drum with
CP TD1
2 Different high-voltage clamps
2 Low-voltage clamps (1 red, 1 blue)
2 Different interface cables (0.5 m/3 m) for configurations with/without trolly
2 Booster cables (0.5 m/3 m)
1 Grounding cable
1 Transport case
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
Characteristic Rating
Temperature
Range 10+60C (+14+140 F)
Resolution 0.1C (0.18 F)
Accuracy 0.4C (0.72 F)
Humidity
Range 595% relative humidity
Resolution 0.1%
Accuracy 2.5%
Battery 9 V block cell or 9 V NiCd Accu
Weight 150 g (0.066 lbs)
Dimensions (w x h x d): 71 141 27 mm (2.8 5.6 1.1")
126
Technical Data
Characteristic Rating
Temperature range 50+150C (58302 F)
Cable length 1m
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
128
Appendix
12 Appendix
12.1 Parallel and Serial Equivalent Circuit Diagrams
The dielectric losses in insulation can be presented in parallel and serial
diagrams. The real situation is much more complicated and always is a mixture
of an assortment of both diagram types. A parallel can be recalculated into a
serial one and vice versa by using the following formulas.
CS RS
CP RS
Series impedance
Parallel impedance
1 -
tan = -----------------
RP CP
CS CS
C P = ------------------------
2
- = ---------------------------------
-
1 + tan S 1 + ( R S C S) 2
1 - = R 1 + ------------------------
1
R P = R S 1 + --------------- -
tan2
S
S( R C )2 S S
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
C11
C12
1
C 1a = ---------------------------------------------------
-
C13 1 1
-------- + -------- + -------- 1 +
C 11 C 12 C 13
C1
C1n-1
Surface
current
C1n
R
Measuring tap
C2
Z i 0
Bushing
1
U 2 = U 1 -----------------------------------
1
--- + jC 1n
R
1 + --------------------------
C1a jC 1a
U1 IC1n
C1n
U2
R
130
Appendix
1
U 2 = U 1 -------------------------------------------------------
C
1 + -------- 1n 1
- j -----------------
C 1a RC 1a
C 1n 1
1 + -------- - + j -----------------
C 1a RC 1a
U 2 = U 1 ----------------------------------------------------------
-
1 + C
2 1 2
1n
--------- + -----------------
C 1a RC 1a
1 -
----------------
RC 1a
= arc tan ------------------
C 1n
1 + -------- -
C 1a
j Imaginary
IC1n
U2
Re
U1
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
Method I Method II
Test without guard circuit a Test with guard circuit a
Two-winding transformers b Two-winding transformers b
High to low and ground High to low and ground
Low to high and ground High to ground, guard on low
High and low to ground Low to high and ground
Low to ground, guard on high
Three-winding transformers Three-winding transformers
High to low, tertiary, and ground High to low and ground, guard on tertiary
Low to high, tertiary, and ground High to ground, guard on low and tertiary
Tertiary to high, low, and ground Low to tertiary and ground, guard on high
High and low to tertiary and ground Low to ground, guard on high and tertiary
High and tertiary to low and ground Tertiary to high and ground, guard on low
Low and tertiary to high and ground Tertiary to ground, guard on high and low
High and low to tertiary and ground
High, low, and tertiary to ground
High and tertiary to low and ground
Note 1: While the real significance that can be attached to the power factor of liquid-immersed
transformers is still a matter of opinion, experience has shown that power factor is helpful
in assessing the probable condition of the insulation when good judgement is used.
Note 2: In interpreting the results of power-factor test values, the comparative values of tests taken
at periodic intervals are useful in identifying potential problems rather than an absolute
value of power factor.
Note 3: A factory power-factor test will be of value for comparison with field power-factor
measurements to assess the probable condition of the insulation. It has not been feasible
to establish standard power-factor values of liquid-immersed transformers for the following
reasons:
a) Experience has indicated that little or no relation exists between
the power factor and the ability of the transformer to withstand the
prescribed dielectric tests.
b) Experience has shown that the variation in power factor with
temperature is substantial and erratic so that no single correction
curve will fit all cases.
c) The various liquids and insulating materials used in transformers
result in large variations in insulation power-factor values.
a)
In this table the term guard signifies one or more conducting elements arranged and connected to
132
Appendix
an electrical instrument or measuring circuit to divert unwanted currents from the measuring means.
b)
Permanently connected windings, such as in autotransformers or regulators, shall be considered
as one winding.
12.5.1 Abstract
Measurement of C2 power factor and capacitance of condenser bushings has
been a topic of much interest among the utility and other users for quite
sometimes. This paper deals with the subject of C1 and C2 power factor and
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
12.5.2 Introduction
C2 power factor and capacitance measurement of condenser bushings has
been a topic of much discussion for many years. Even though this measurement
can be influenced by various external factors, more and more users are making
C2 measurements to assess the quality of the bushing insulation. As per the
IEEE bushing standards, bushings rated 115 kV and above are tested for C1
and C2 capacitance and power factor values. Both these capacitances are
mainly dependant on paper insulation, which is strictly controlled by condenser
design, therefore producing predictable test results. Bushings rated 69 kV and
below on the other hand have an inherent C2 capacitance that is dependent
upon on a few outer layers of paper with adhesive, and an oil gap. The C2 power
factor and capacitance of these bushings can be affected by external stray
factors. These factors among others may include contamination on porcelains,
air and oil surrounding the bushing. This paper describes the constructional /
design differences of C1 and C2 capacitance between bushings of different
voltage classes/designs and discusses the factors that can influence these
measurements.
134
Appendix
the voltage tap can be used for measuring the power factor and capacitance of
C1 and C2 insulation of the bushing. In addition, this tap can be used for
monitoring the partial discharge during factory tests and insulation leakage
current (including partial discharge) during field service operation.
See Figure 12-2 for condenser design and voltage tap details.
Voltage Equalizers
C1 Layer/Foil
Mounting Flange
C1 C2
C2 Layer/Foil
(always grounded)
Central Conductor
Condenser bushings rated 69 kV and below as per the IEEE Standards are
provided with C1 capacitance, which is the main capacitance. This capacitance
is formed by the oil/paper insulation between the central conductor and the C1
layer/foil, which is inserted during the condenser winding process. The C1 layer/
foil is internally connected to the test tap.
These bushings have an inherent C2 capacitance, which is formed by the
insulation between the C1 layer and the mounting flange. This insulation
consists of a few layers of paper with adhesive, an oil gap between the
condenser core and the mounting flange, and the tap insulator. Under normal
operating condition, the C1 layer/foil is automatically grounded to the mounting
flange with the help of the screw-in test tap cover that makes a connection
between the test tap spring and the flange. The C2 insulation under normal
operating condition is therefore shorted and not subjected to any voltage stress.
The test tap is used for measuring the power factor and capacitance of C1 and
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
Voltage Equalizers
C1 Layer/Foil
Mounting Flange
C2
Test Tap Spring
C1
Bushing oil/paper in C2 insulation
Central Conductor
136
Appendix
IEEE Standard C57.19.01 specifies a limit 0.5% for C1 power factor for oil
impregnated paper insulated bushings, Type O Plus C, AB, and T condenser
bushings C1 power factor values are well below this limit.
Condenser bushings rated 69 kV and below as mentioned earlier, have the main
C1 capacitance, which is strictly controlled by design. Like the bushings rated
115 kV and above, the C1 power factor and capacitance test values of these
bushings are not affected too much by external factors under normal
circumstances. However, under conditions of contamination and high humidity,
these measurements may be significantly affected. Also, these measurements
may be affected by supporting structure, wooden crates that are moist/wet,
resistance between bushing mounting flange and the transformer tank, stray
effect from other objects, and external connections during testing. These
bushings have an inherent C2 capacitance, which is dependent upon a few
outer layers of paper with adhesive, an oil gap between the flange and the
condenser core, and the tap insulator. Variations in adhesive in the outer paper
layers and other factors can result in PF variations in bushings of the same style
number. In addition, the close proximity of the C1 layer (see figure 12-3) with the
mounting flange results in greater fringing effect between the two parts. As a
result of this, the porcelains, oil, and air surrounding the bushing can have some
affect on the C2 power factor test values. In particular, high current Type T
condenser bushings with a short mounting flange and a long internal C1 layer/
foil tend to exhibit higher power factors because of greater coupling effect
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
Paper
Voltage
Equalizers
Upper Porcelain
C1 Layer/Foil
Tap Assembly
Bushing Oil
Coupling Effect
Between the External
Ground Plane and the
Paper C1 Layer/Foil
Lower Transformer
Porcelain Tank
Central Conductor
One of the factors that can significantly influence the C2 capacitance in bushings
with long internal C1 layer/foil and a short mounting flange is the external ground
plane. The following table shows the effect of proximity and type of ground plane
on power factor and capacitance of two different types of condenser bushings.
Type AB, which is similar to an O Plus C bushing with a metallic mounting flange
and a long external ground sleeve. Type T bushing with short mounting flange
and a long internal C1 layer/foil as shown in figure 12-4.
138
Appendix
* C2 value is normally checked in air. C1 value is normally checked with lower end immersed in oil.
** C1 and C2 values are normally checked with lower end immersed in oil.
As can be seen from the above table, the C1 and C2 capacitance values of Type
AB bushing have basically very little effect from the type or proximity of the
ground plane within the practical range of clearances. Similarly the C1
capacitance of Type T bushings has minimal effect from the type or proximity of
the ground plane. The C2 capacitance of Type T bushing on the other hand
increased by 55% (from 278 pF to 431) when the bushing was tested with a
cylindrical ground plane surrounding the lower porcelain with an air gap of about
1 inch. This is because of greater coupling effect between the C1 layer/foil and
the external ground plane. The above bushings were tested in a clean and dry
environment and therefore the power factor values exhibit very little change if
any. If the lower end of the bushing was immersed in oil, the increase in
capacitance would be higher as the oil has a higher dielectric constant.
Another observable fact is the small difference of C2 PF and CAP test values of
Type T bushing between nameplate (with lower end immersed in oil) and those
taken with the bushing in air and no external ground plane. The test values with
the lower end in air are lower by about 10%. This could be due to the fact that
air has zero power factor and a lower dielectric constant compared to oil. Since,
Type T bushings have a greater coupling effect between the C1 plate and the
medium surrounding the lower porcelain, the C2 values are somewhat lower
when the test is made in air.
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12.5.5 Conclusions
Because of the inherent design of C2 capacitance and design/constructional
differences in bushings rated 69 kV and below, the C2 power factor and
capacitance can be affected by external factors. These factors may include
external contamination, humidity, and stray effect and proximity of other objects.
As a result of this, the field installed C2 power factor and capacitance test values
can vary from the nameplate values. Test values with lower end in air may vary
from those with bushing mounted on the transformer with lower end immersed
in oil. Sometimes, variations may be noticed between bushings of the same
140
Appendix
design. The initial test values before installation should be compared with the
factory nameplate values. While checking the power factor and capacitance
values of these bushings, it is important to compare the field test values with the
initial benchmark value after installation. Any significant deviation from the
benchmark value would be a cause for concern and should be investigated.
Additional information on bushing maintenance can be found in ABB bushing
instruction leaflets IL 44-663, 665, and 666 available on our web site at
http://alamo.abbus.com.
12.5.6 Biography
Pritpal Singh is a Fellow Engineer with ABB Inc. in Alamo, TN and is engaged in
business/product development activity. In the past 41 years, he has been
involved in the design, development, and testing of transformers and bushings.
He has held different technical and management positions in BHEL (India),
General Electric (Pittsfield, MA), Westinghouse (Alamo, TN), and now with ABB
Inc. (Alamo, TN). He has been an active member of the IEEE Transformer
Committee for the past 20 years and was the Chair of the WG for the revision of
IEEE Std. C57.19.01 - 2000. Presently, he is the Secretary of Bushing
Subcommittee. He is a native of India and graduated in 1962 with a Bachelor of
Science degree in Electrical Engineering from Aligarh University.
12.5.7 References
1. IEEE Standard C57.19.00 - 1991
2. IEEE Standard C57.19.01 - 2000
3. Doble Manual for Testing of Electrical Insulations by the Dielectric Loss and
Power factor.
4. A.L. Rickely and R.E. Clark: "Application and Significance of Ungrounded
Specimen Tests", Minutes of the Doble Clients Conference 27AC60, Page
3-201.
5. D.J. Kopaczynski and S.J. Manifase: "The Doble Tap - Insulation Test For
Bushings (A Review)", Minutes of the Doble Clients Conference 57A1C90,
Page 4-3.1.
6. Raka Levi and Stan Manifase: "Further Studies of Anomalous Phenomena In
Dielectric-Loss Measurement - Transformer Bushings Model", IEEE
Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 2, April 1995.
7. IEEE Standard C57.19.01 - 2000: "Performance Characteristics and
Dimensions For Outdoor Apparatus Bushings".
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142
Appendix
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144
Appendix
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146
Appendix
12.9.1 Introduction
Due to ever-increasing pressure to reduce costs, the power industry is forced to
keep old power facilities in operation as long as possible. In most European
countries, about one third of the transformers are older than 30 years.
Transformers, which are older than 50 years can still be found in service [1].
40
Proportion in %
30
110 kV transformers
20
220 kV transformers
10
0
1 to 10 11 to 20 21 to 30 > 30
Age in years
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The most frequent sources of failure are the tap changers, bushings, the paper-
oil insulation and the accessory equipment (Figure 12-7).
148
Appendix
One possible reason for the observation of high temperatures could be the
existence of high contact resistances at the tap selector. However, there are
many other possible reasons for increased gas values in the oil. An example
might be decomposed oil leaking from the diverter switch into the transformer oil
through a defective sealing between the diverter switch vessel and the
transformer tank. Exceptionally high current densities causing high
temperatures can also occur as a result of partial breaks in conductors
connected in parallel. Further interesting information about this can be found in
[4], [5], [6] and [7].
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In this paper, all tests were performed with a new self-contained test system.
The device comprises a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) which generates
sinusoidal signals in a frequency range of 15 to 400 Hz which is fed into a
switched-mode power amplifier. A transformer at the output matches the internal
amplifier impedance with the test object impedance [8]. By utilizing test
150
Appendix
frequencies different from the line frequency and their harmonics, together with
measurements using selective filtering techniques, the test equipment can be
operated on-site, even in substations with high electromagnetic disturbances.
Tap selector
Diverter switch
OLTC
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In most cases, the tap changer consists of two units. The first unit is the tap
selector, which is directly located inside the transformer tank and switches to the
next higher or lower tap without carrying current. The second unit is the diverter
switch, which switches without any interruption from one tap to the next while
carrying load current. The commutation resistances R limit the short circuit
current between the taps which could otherwise become very high due to the
interruption-free switching of the contacts. The switching process between two
taps takes approximately 40 - 80 ms.
Figure 12-10 shows a tap changer with the tap selector (lower part) and the
diverter switch (upper part). In Figure 12-11, a transformer with an attached tap
changer is shown. In both pictures the separate oil tank of the diverter switch is
clearly visible.
152
Appendix
Figure 12-12 shows a diverter switch of a 40 MVA transformer for 110 kV. The
switches shown are positioned near the star-point of the transformer's high-
voltage windings.
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154
Appendix
Measuring
lines for U
Measuring
lines for I
A constant current source is used to feed a direct current into the winding. The
test current should be at least 1% of the rated current to bring the core into
saturation. On the other hand it should not exceed 15% of the rated current to
avoid temperature rise during measurement. A relatively high no-load voltage
enables a quick saturation of the core and a final value with only minor
fluctuations is reached. Therefore, in most cases the charging time per tap is
distinctly less than 30 seconds. By pressing one button on the test system, all
values are logged and a test report is automatically generated (Figure 12-14).
The resistance values are automatically corrected to the reference temperature
by automatic calculation utilizing the following formula:
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156
Appendix
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In the measurements taken with the test system, the different winding
temperatures were considered and all other taps showed a significant increase
compared to the original measured values. The differences are more than 10%
or, in absolute values, up to 70 m. The deviations between switching upwards
and switching downwards are likewise clearly significant. This shows that the
158
Appendix
high contact resistances are actually caused by the switching contacts of the tap
selector. No silver-plated contacts were originally used and the copper contact
surface was now coated by oil carbon (Figure 12-17) [2].
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
After a full maintenance of the tap selector, no significant difference to the values
measured at the factory in 1954 could be observed (Figure 12-18).
160
Appendix
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1 = Diverter switch commutes from the first tap to the first commutation resistor
2 = The second commutation resistor is switched in parallel
3 = Commutation to the second tap (direct contact)
4 = Charging the additional windings
For the dynamic resistance measurement, the test current should be as low as
possible otherwise short interruptions or bouncing of the diverter switch contacts
cannot be detected. In this case, the initiated arc has the effect of shortening the
open contacts internally. Comparison to "fingerprint" results, which were taken
when the item was in a known (good) condition allows for an efficient analysis.
A glitch detector measures the peak of the ripple and the slope of the measuring
current, as these are important criteria for correct switching (without bouncing or
other short interruptions). If the switching process is interrupted, even if only for
a short-time, the ripple (= Imax - Imin) and the slope of the current change
(di/dt) increase. The values for all taps and particularly the values for the three
phases are compared. Major deviations from the mean values indicate faulty
162
Appendix
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In the Figures 12-21 and 12-22, an analysis of a transformer with shorted turns
in the low-voltage winding (Phase A) is shown.
164
Appendix
The large difference of approximately 20% indicates a failure with 20% of the
turns. Due to the non-linear behavior, it can be assumed that the current, which
is flowing through the low-voltage winding is partly flowing through the magnetic
core. This can happen when the forces have significantly deformed the inner
turns (Figure 12-23).
The winding is probably interrupted and parts of the winding are contacting the
core which can be proven by measuring a resistance of 10m between LV
winding and core. For intact windings, this ratio is nearly totally independent
from the frequency in the discussed frequency range.
The ratio was measured with a test voltage of 200 V on the HV side. The
excitation current of the defective phase was approximately 340 mA whereas
the excitation current of the intact phases was approximately 10 mA.
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Uk Pk
Rk (50Hz) = Z k * cos = *
3*I 3 *U * I
Uk Pk
X k (50Hz) = Z k * sin = * (1 ( )2 )
3*I 3 *U * I
Xk
Lk (50Hz) =
2 * *
with
Pk = the measured short circuit losses and
U k = the measured short circuit voltage
The measurement of the short circuit impedance is done as part of the initial
acceptance test in the factory. The leakage reactance can be calculated from
the short circuit impedance. The difference between the average of Lk of the
three phases should be within 3% of the calculated value from the short circuit
impedance factory test. However, the percentage impedance should not vary
more than 1% from any fingerprint results taken in a good condition.
After events such as through faults, nearby lightning strikes, other surges and
transport of the transformer, this test is used in the field to detect winding
deformation or displacement. This can lead to immediate transformer failure
after a severe through fault, or a small deformation can lead to a failure several
166
Appendix
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The transformer with the shorted LV winding (Figure 12-21 and 12-22), was
used for the leakage reactance frequency scan (Figure 12-25). The faulty phase
shows a totally different behavior. As already mentioned a part of the LV winding
current is flowing through the core. In this case the leakage reactance depends
on the frequency due to the skin effect.
168
Appendix
IRP
ICP
U CP RP
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I Rp 1 - Re
tan = ----------- = -------------------
I CP 1 C p
with = 2 f
and f = frequency
I
I Rp
j Im I Cp
Figure 12-27 Definition of dissipation factor (tan ) and the vector diagram
170
Appendix
The first measuring device for tan delta was the mentioned Schering bridge [9]
(Figure 12-28).
1 - 1- + jC
R 1 + ------------ ----- 4
jC 1 R4
------------------------- = -------------------------
R3 jC 2
C1
C2
R1
R3 R4 C4
R1 C4 C4
Real parts: ------ = ------ R 1 = ------ R 3
R3 C2 C2
R4
Imaginary parts: C1 R3 = C2 R4 C 1 = ------ C 2
R3
tan = R 1 C 1
R3 R4
tan = C 4 ------ ------ C 2
C2 R3
tan = C 4 R 4
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In Figure 12-28, the serial connected C1 and R1 represent the test object with
losses, C2 the loss-free reference capacitor. The parallel circuit diagram in
Figure 12-26 can be transferred as a direct equivalent into this serial diagram at
specified frequencies. The new test system utilizes a method similar to that of
the Schering bridge. The main difference is that the system described in Figure
12-29 doesn't require tuning for measuring C and DF. Cn is a gas insulated
reference capacitor with losses below 10E-5.
CN Z N CX Z X, L X
ICN ICX
U0 (t)
UN (t) Z1 Z2 UX (t)
For laboratory use, such capacitors are regularly used to obtain precise
measurements, as the climatic conditions are very constant. This is not the case
for on-site measurements where temperatures can vary significantly, which
leads to extension and contraction of the electrode length in the reference
capacitor. The test system takes all these effects into account and compensates
172
Appendix
for them electronically, so it is now for the first time possible to measure in the
field down to DF = 5 x 10 E-5. The correlation between DF and power
factor = cos and the vector diagram are shown in Figure 12-30.
Im
With 1
ICN ICX tan sin
= ---
2
DF -
PF = -----------------------
1 + DF 2
PF
DF = ----------------------
-
1 PF 2
UO
Re
Figure 12-30 Correlation between DF and PF
To the present day, the dissipation or power factor was measured only at line
frequency. With the power source described in [8], it is now possible to make
these insulation measurements in a wide frequency range. Beside the possibility
to apply frequency scans, measurements can be made at frequencies different
from the line frequency and their harmonics. With this principle, measurements
are possible also in the presence of high electromagnetic interference in high-
voltage substations.
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174
Appendix
The DF value for 60Hz is about 0.30%. The character of the DF curve over the
frequency range is interesting and should be retained as a fingerprint result for
future diagnosis of the insulation and its degradation.
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10
C-change in % OIP
8
6
4
2
0
10
8
C-change in % RIP
6
4
2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 years
Figure 12-33 Aging of RBP, RIP and OIP bushings (change of capacitance)
[10]
176
Appendix
10
2.0
DF in % RBP
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2.0
DF in % OIP
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2.0
1.5
DF in % RIP
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 years
Figure 12-34 Aging of RBP, RIP and OIP bushings (change of DF)
To determine bushing losses, dissipation factor tests are also performed. Figure
12-34 shows the increase of losses for RIP-, OIP-, and RBP-bushings. RBP-
bushings particularly show a significant change of capacitance and dissipation
factor during their life-time [10].
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
178
Appendix
These results show that the frequency scan method will enable more detailed
insulation analysis in the future. But it is necessary to compare the curves to
fingerprint measurements. This way it will be possible to detect changes in
insulation at a very early stage.
12.9.17 Summary
With advancing age of transformers, a regular check of the operating condition
becomes more and more important. The analysis of the gas in oil is well-proven
method of analysis but must be complemented by efforts to locate any faults
indicated by excess hydrocarbon gases in the oil. This way important
maintenance can be performed in time to avoid a sudden total failure. The fault
location can be successfully performed using simple electrical methods, such as
resistance measurements.
The described new test technology enables DF frequency scans which, by
comparing DF curves to fingerprints it will be possible to detect degradation in
insulation at a very early stage with a more detailed analysis. Additionally,
excellent suppression of electromagnetic interference is guaranteed.
With the described system, other interesting tests can be performed such as
zero sequence measurements without additional equipment; current
transformers can be tested up to 2000A (ratio, polarity, excitation curve,
burden ); voltage transformers can be tested up to 2000V, contact
resistances, ground and line impedances can be measured and a lot of
additional applications are possible.
All measurements can be performed quickly and efficiently with automatic test
procedures enabling simple operation such that all results are saved in one
system. Essentially, the whole test report and diagnosis can be created
automatically.
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12.10 References
[1] Weck, K.-H.: Instandhaltung von Mittelspannungs-verteilnetzen, Haefely
Symposium 2000, Stuttgart
[2] Seitz, V.: Vorbeugende Instandhaltung an Leistungstransformatoren
Betriebsbegleitende Messungen an Stufenschaltern und
Durchfhrungen, OMICRON Anwendertagung 2003, Friedrichshafen
[3] CIGRE-WG 12-05: An international survey on failures in large power
transformers in service, Electra No. 88 1983, S. 21-48
[4] Drnenburg, E., Hutzel, O.: Betriebsberwachung durch Untersuchungen
des Isolierls, etz-a, Bd. 98 1977 H.3, S. 211-215
[5] Mller, R., Schliesing, H., Soldner, K.: Prfung und berwachung von
Transformatoren durch Analyse der im l gelsten Gase, Sonderdruck
aus Elektrizittswirtschaft, Trafo Union Nrnberg, 1981, TU 81.5.19/1.75
[6] Foschum, H.: Erfahrungsbericht zur Gasanalyse an ltransformatoren,
ELIN-Zeitschrift 1980, Heft , S. 17-26
[7] Mllmann, A., Ltge, H.: IEC / VDE Standards fr flssige Isolierstoffe zur
Diagnostik von Transformatoren und Wandlern, ETG-Fachbericht
"Diagnostik elektrischer Betriebsmittel", VDE-Verlag GmbH Berlin 2002,
S. 205-210
[8] Hensler, Th., Kaufmann, R., Klapper, U., Krger, M., Schreiner: S., 2003,
"Portable testing device", US Patent 6608493
[9] Schering, H.: "Brcke fr Verlustmessungen", Ttigkeitsbericht der
Physikalisch-Technischen Reichsanstalt, Braunschweig 1919
[10] Sundermann, U.: "Transformer life cycle management" 1.Symposium
Geriatrie des Transformators, Regensburg 2002
180
Appendix
PF ( DF ) 20 = PF ( DF ) T k
where
PF(DF)20 is the corrected Power Factor (Dissipation Factor) to 20 C
PF(DF)T is the Power Factor (Dissipation Factor) measured at T
k is the correction factor
12.11.1 Transformers
IEEE Std. C57.12.90
1.3
1.2
1.1
DF Correction Factor k
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Temperature in C
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CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
12.11.2 Bushings
The temperature curves apply to medium-aged bushings and are determined by
long-time studies of a utility.
Resin Impregnated Paper (RIP)
1.1
1.0
DF Correction Factor k
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature in C
Resin Bonded Paper (RBP)
1.3
1.2
DF Correction Factor k
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature in C
182
Appendix
DF Correction Factor k
1.0
0.9
0.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature in C
183
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184
OMICRON Service Centers
Americas
OMICRON electronics Corp. USA
3550 Willowbend Blvd.
Houston, TX 77054, USA
Phone: +1 713 830-4660
1 800-OMICRON
Fax: +1 713 830-4661
techsupport@omicronusa.com
www.omicronusa.com
Asia Pacific
OMICRON electronics Asia Ltd.
Suite 2006, 20/F, Tower 2
The Gateway, Harbour City
Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R.
Phone: +852 3767 5500
Fax: +852 3767 5400
support@asia.omicron.at
www.omicron.at
185
CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
186
Index
Index I
IEC 68-2-78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
A
auto test points
M
at TanDelta test card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
measuring modes
UST & GST (CP TD1 / TanDelta) . . . . . . 27
C
capacitor
reference capacitor for CP TD1 . . . . . . . . 23
O
contact information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 ordering information
CP CAL1 calibration set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 calibration set CP CAL1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
CP TD1 CP TD1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
optional test system . . . . . . . 15, 21, 25, 119 TH 3631 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
D Q
dimensions qualification of operating personnel . . . . . . . . 7
CP TD1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
R
G reference capacitor for CP TD1 . . . . . . . . . . 23
GST repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
measuring modes (CP TD1 / TanDelta) . 27
S
H safety
high voltage instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
plug at CP TD1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 internal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
hotline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 qualification of operating personnel . . . . . 7
rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
standards
187
CP TD1 Reference Manual V 1.44
safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
substation
preparation prior to test . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 36
support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
T
TanDelta
test card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
technical data
weight and dimensions (CP TD1) . . . . . 122
technical support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
temperature
temp. measuring unit TH 3631 . . . . . . . 126
test
grounding set for test object . . . . . . . 23, 36
preparation of substation . . . . . . . . . . 23, 36
test card TanDelta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
test object
preparation prior to test . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 36
TH 3631
optional temp. measuring unit . . . . . . . . 126
trolley
setting CP TD1 into operation without trolley
34
trolley for CP TD1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
U
UST
measuring modes (CP TD1 / TanDelta) . 27
W
warranty claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
weight
CP TD1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
188