DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

MATH2000 Assignment 1 solutions Semester 1, 2008

(1) Solve y 00 + y 0 = 1 subject to y(0) = 8 and y 0 (0) = 8

Find yh where yh00 + yh0 = 0 use yh = emx which gives (m2 + m)emx = 0 therefore
(m + 1)m = 0 so m = 0 or m = 1 which means that yh = Ae0.x + Be1 = A + Bex
Note that r(x) = 1 is part of the homogeneous solution therefore try yp = cx 1 = cx.
yp = cx so yp0 = c and yp00 = 0
Sub into equation gives

yp00 + yp0 = 0 + c = 1 (RHS).

so c = 1 and the general equation is yh + yp = A + Bex + x. Now y(0) = A + B + 0 = 8

and y 0 (x) = Bex + 1 so y 0 (0) = B + 1 = 8. Solving gives B = 7 and A = 15 so

y = 15 7ex + x

(2) Solve y 00 + y 0 = sin x.

yh = emx which gives (m2 + m)emx = 0 therefore (m + 1)m = 0 so m = 0 or m = 1

which means that yh = A + Bex .
Try

yp = A cos x + B sin x

yp0 = A sin x + B cos x

yp00 = A cos x B sin x

Sub into equation to give

(A cos x B sin x) + (A sin x + B cos x) = sin x

(B A) cos x + (B A) sin x = sin x + 0 cos x

B A = 1

BA=0A=B

2A = 1 A = 12

1
 y = A + Bex 21 (sin x + cos x)

(3) Find the general solution of y 00 3y 0 4y = ex .

Let yh = emx therefore m2 3m 4 = 0 (m 4)(m + 1) = 0 y1 = e4x and y2 = ex

For yp choose

yp = cxex

yp0 = cex cxex

yp00 + 2cex + cxex

LHS = ex (2c + cx 3(c cx) 4cx)

= ex (5c + cx + 3cx 4cx)

= 5cex = LHS = ex and c = 51

y = Ae4x + Bex 15 xex

(4) Show that the trial solution y = emx only provides one solution to the equation

y 00 + by 0 + cy = 0

b2
if c = 4
. Obtain the second solution using the method of reduction of order.

As y 00 + by 0 + cy = 0 and y = emx

m2 + bm + c = 0

b b2 4ac
m=
2a 2a

b b2 4c
=
2 2
b
but c = b2 /4 so m = b/2 Therefore y1 = e 2 x
Reduction of order says Z
1 R p dx
u(x) = e dx
y12

2
 Z
1 R
b dx
= e dx
2b x
(e )2

Z
= ebx ebx dx

Z
= dx = x + d

b b
y2 = uy1 = (x + d)e 2 x y2 = xe 2 x

(5) Find the general solution of

y 00 + 2y 0 + y = 2x2 ex

Find y1 and y2 . For y 00 + 2y 0 + y = 0 let y = emx m2 + 2m + 1 = (m + 1)2 = 0 so

m = 1

y = Aex + Bxex

Therefore y1 = ex and y2 = xex

R y2 r
R y1 r
y = uy1 + vy2 u= w
dx v= w
dx

Z
xex 2x2 ex
u=
w
w = y1 y20 y10 y2

= ex (ex xex ) (ex )(xex )

= e2x xe2x + xe2x = e2x

R 1 e2x R
u = 2x e2x dx = 2 x1 dx = 2 ln x + c1
R ex 2x2 ex
R
v= e2x
dx = 2 x2 dx = 2x1 + c2

y = (2 ln x + c1 )ex + (2x1 + c2 )xex

x x
= 2
| ln x{z 2e } + |c1 e + c xex
{z 2 }
yp yh