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1987, 1973, 1935 PHILIPPINES CONSTITUTION COMPARED/

COMPARISON MATRIX

1987 CONSTITUTION 1973 CONSTITUTION 1935 CONSTITUTION


Preamble Preamble Preamble
We, the sovereign Filipino people, We, the sovereign Filipino people, The Filipino people, imploring the
imploring the aid of Almighty God, in imploring the aid of Divine aid of Divine Providence, in order to
order to build a just and humane Providence, in order to establish a establish a government that shall
society and establish a Government government that shall embody our embody their ideals, conserve and
that shall embody our ideals and ideals, promote the general welfare, develop the patrimony of the nation,
aspirations, promote the common conserve and develop the promote the general welfare, and
good, conserve and develop our patrimony of our Nation, and secure secure to themselves and their
patrimony, and secure to ourselves to ourselves and our posterity the posterity the blessings of
and our posterity the blessings of blessings of democracy under a independence under a regime of
independence and democracy regime of justice, peace, liberty, justice, liberty, and democracy, do
under the rule of law and a regime and equality, do ordain and ordain and promulgate this
of truth, justice, freedom, love, promulgate this Constitution. Constitution.
equality, and peace, do ordain and
promulgate this Constitution.

ARTICLE I ARTICLE I ARTICLE I


The National Territory The National Territory The National Territory

The national territory comprises the Section 1. The national territory Section 1. The Philippines
Philippine archipelago, with all the comprises the Philippine comprises all the territory ceded to
islands and waters embraced archipelago, with all the islands and the United States by the Treaty of
therein, and all other territories over waters embraced therein, and all Paris concluded between the
which the Philippines has the other territories belonging to the United States and Spain on the
sovereignty or jurisdiction, Philippines by historic or legal title, tenth day of December, eighteen
consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, including the territorial sea, the air hundred and ninety-eight, the limits
and aerial domains, including its space, the subsoil, the sea-bed, the which are set forth in Article III of
territorial sea, the seabed, the insular shelves, and the submarine said treaty, together with all the
subsoil, the insular shelves, and areas over which the Philippines islands embraced in the treaty
other submarine areas. The waters has sovereignty or jurisdiction. The concluded at Washington between
around, between, and connecting waters around, between, and the United States and Spain on the
the islands of the archipelago, connecting the islands of the seventh day of November, nineteen
regardless of their breadth and archipelago, irrespective of their hundred, and the treaty concluded
dimensions, form part of the internal breadth and dimensions, form part between the United States and
waters of the Philippines. of the internal waters of the Great Britain on the second day of
Philippines. January, nineteen hundred and
thirty, and all territory over which
the present Government of the
Philippine Islands exercises
jurisdiction.

ARTICLE II ARTICLE II ARTICLE II


Declaration of Principles and Declaration of Principles and Declaration of Principles
State Policies State Policies
Section 1.
Principles Section 1. The Philippines, is a republican
The Philippines is a republican state. Sovereignty resides in the
SEC. 1. state. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority
The Philippines is a democratic and people and all government authority emanates from them.
republican State. Sovereignty emanates from them.
resides in the people and all Section 2.
government authority emanates Section 2. The defense of the State is a prime
from them. The defense of the State is the duty of government, and in the
prime duty of government, and in fulfillment of this duty all citizens
SEC. 2. the fulfillment of this duty all citizens may be required by law to render
The Philippines renounces war as may be required by law to render personal military or civil service.
an instrument of national policy, personal military or civil service.
adopts the generally accepted Section 3.
principles of international law as Section 3. The Philippines renounces war as
part of the law of the land and The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy,
adheres to the policy of peace, an instrument of national policy, and adopts the generally accepted
equality, justice, freedom, adopts the generally accepted principles of international law as
cooperation, and amity with all principles of international law as part of the law of the Nation.
nations. part of the law of the land, and
adheres to the policy of peace, Section 4.
SEC. 3. equality, justice, freedom, The natural right and duty of
Civilian authority is, at all times, cooperation, and amity with all parents in the rearing of the youth
supreme over the military. The nations. for civic efficiency should receive
Armed Forces of the Philippines is the aid and support of the
the protector of the people and the Section 4. government.
State. Its goal is to secure the The State shall strengthen the Section 5. The promotion of social
sovereignty of the State and the family as a basic social institution. justice to insure the well-being and
integrity of the national territory. The natural right and duty of economic security of all the people
parents in the rearing of the youth should be the concern of the State.
SEC. 4. for civic efficiency and the
The prime duty of the Government development of moral character
is to serve and protect the people. shall receive the aid and support of
The Government may call upon the the government.
people to defend the State and, in
the fulfillment thereof, all citizens
may be required, under conditions Section 5.
provided by law, to render personal The State recognizes the vital role
military or civil service. of the youth in nation-building and
shall promote their physical,
SEC. 5. intellectual and social well-being.
The maintenance of peace and
order, the protection of life, liberty, Section 6.
and property, and the promotion of The State shall promote social
the general welfare are essential for justice to ensure the dignity,
the enjoyment by all the people of welfare, and security of all the
the blessings of democracy. people. Towards this end, the State
shall regulate the acquisition,
SEC. 6. ownership, use, enjoyment, and
The separation of Church and State disposition of private property, and
shall be inviolable. equitably diffuse property
ownership and profits.
State Policies
Section 7.
SEC. 7. The State shall establish, maintain,
The State shall pursue an and ensure adequate social
independent foreign policy. In its services in the field of education,
relations with other states the health, housing, employment,
paramount consideration shall be welfare, and social security to
national sovereignty, territorial guarantee the enjoyment of the
integrity, national interest, and the people of a decent standard of
right to self-determination. living.

SEC. 8. Section 8.
The Philippines, consistent with the Civilian authority is at all times
national interest, adopts and supreme over the military.
pursues a policy of freedom from
nuclear weapons in its territory. Section 9.
The State shall afford protection to
SEC. 9. labor, promote full employment and
The State shall promote a just and equality in employment, ensure
dynamic social order that will equal work opportunities regardless
ensure the prosperity and of sex, race, or creed, and regulate
independence of the nation and free the relation between workers and
the people from poverty through employers. The State shall assure
policies that provide adequate the rights of workers to self-
social services, promote full organization, collective bargaining,
employment, a rising standard of security of tenure, and just and
living, and an improved quality of humane conditions of work. The
life for all. State may provide for compulsory
arbitration.

SEC. 10.
Section 10.
The State shall promote social
The State shall guarantee and
justice in all phases of national
promote the autonomy of local
development.
government units, especially the
barrio, to ensure their fullest
SEC. 11.
development as self-reliant
The State values the dignity of
communities.
every human person and
guarantees full respect for human
rights.
SEC. 12.
The State recognizes the sanctity of
family life and shall protect and
strengthen the family as a basic
autonomous social institution. It
shall equally protect the life of the
mother and the life of the unborn
from conception. The natural and
primary right and duty of parents in
the rearing of the youth for civic
efficiency and the development of
moral character shall receive the
support of the Government.

SEC. 13.
The State recognizes the vital role
of the youth in nation-building and
shall promote and protect their
physical, moral, spiritual,
intellectual, and social well-being. It
shall inculcate in the youth
patriotism and nationalism, and
encourage their involvement in
public and civic affairs.

SEC. 14.
The State recognizes the role of
women in nation-building, and shall
ensure the fundamental equality
before the law of women and men.

SEC. 15.
The State shall protect and promote
the right to health of the people and
instill health consciousness among
them.

SEC. 16.
The State shall protect and advance
the right of the people to a balanced
and healthful ecology in accord with
the rhythm and harmony of nature.

SEC. 17.
The State shall give priority to
education, science and technology,
arts, culture, and sports to foster
patriotism and nationalism,
accelerate social progress, and
promote total human liberation and
development.

SEC. 18.
The State affirms labor as a primary
social economic force. It shall
protect the rights of workers and
promote their welfare.

SEC. 19.
The State shall develop a self-
reliant and independent national
economy effectively controlled by
Filipinos.

SEC. 20.
The State recognizes the
indispensable role of the private
sector, encourages private
enterprise, and provides incentives
to needed investments.
SEC. 21.
The State shall promote
comprehensive rural development
and agrarian reform.

SEC. 22.
The State recognizes and promotes
the rights of indigenous cultural
communities within the framework
of national unity and development.

SEC. 23.
The State shall encourage non-
governmental, community- based,
or sectoral organizations that
promote the welfare of the nation.

SEC. 24.
The State recognizes the vital role
of communication and information in
nation-building.

SEC. 25.
The State shall ensure the
autonomy of local governments.

SEC. 26.
The State shall guarantee equal
access to opportunities for public
service, and prohibit political
dynasties as may be defined by
law.

SEC. 27.
The State shall maintain honesty
and integrity in the public service
and take positive and effective
measures against graft and
corruption.

SEC. 28.
Subject to reasonable conditions
prescribed by law, the State adopts
and implements a policy of full
public disclosure of all its
transactions involving public
interest.

ARTICLE VI ARTICLE VIII ARTICLE VI


Legislative Department The National Assembly Legislative Department

SEC 1. Section 1. Section 1.


The legislative power shall be The Legislative power shall be The Legislative power shall be
vested in the Congress of the vested in a National Assembly. vested in a Congress of the
Philippines which shall consist of a Philippines, which shall consist of a
Senate and a House of Section 2. Senate and a House of
Representatives, except to the The National Assembly shall be Representatives.
extent reserved to the people by the composed of as many Members as
provision on initiative and may be provided by law to be Section 2.
referendum. appointed among the provinces, The Senate shall be composed of
representative districts, and cities in twenty-four Senators who shall be
SEC. 2. accordance with the number of their chosen at large by the qualified
The Senate shall be composed of respective inhabitants and on the electors of the Philippines, as may
twenty-four Senators who shall be basis of a uniform and progressive be provided by law.
elected at large by the qualified ratio. Each district shall comprise,
voters of the Philippines, as may be as far as practicable, contiguous, Section 3.
provided by law. compact, and adjacent territory. The term of office of Senators shall
Representative districts or be six years and shall begin on the
SEC. 3. provinces already created or thirtieth day of December next
No person shall be a Senator existing at the time of the following their election. The first
unless he is a natural-born citizen of ratification of this Constitution shall Senators elected under this
the Philippines, and, on the day of have at least one Member each. Constitution shall, in the manner
the election, is at least thirty-five provided by law, be divided equally
years of age, able to read and write, Section 3. into three groups, the Senators of
a registered voter, and a resident of (1) The Members of the National the first group, to serve for a term of
the Philippines for not less than two Assembly shall be elected by the six years; those of the second
years immediately preceding the qualified electors in their respective group, for four years; and those of
day of the election. districts for a term of six years the third group, for two years.
which shall begin, unless otherwise
SEC. 4. provided by law, at noon on the Section 4.
The term of office of the Senators thirtieth day of June next following No person shall be a Senator
shall be six years and shall their election. unless he be a natural born citizen
commence, unless otherwise of the Philippines and, at the time of
provided by law, at noon on the (2) In case the National Assembly his election, is at least thirty-five
thirtieth day of June next following is dissolved, the newly elected years of age, a qualified elector,
their election. No Senator shall Members shall serve the unexpired and a resident of the Philippines for
serve for more than two consecutive portion of the term from the time the not less than two years immediately
terms. Voluntary renunciation of the Prime Minister convenes the prior to his election.
office for any length of time shall not Assembly, which shall not be later
be considered as an interruption in than thirty days immediately Section 5.
the continuity of his service for the following the elections. The House of Representatives shall
full term for which he was elected. be composed of not more than one
Section 4. hundred and twenty Members who
SEC. 5. No person shall be a Member of the shall be apportioned among the
(1) The House of Representatives National Assembly unless he is a several provinces as nearly as may
shall be composed of not more than natural-born citizen of the be accorded to the number of their
two hundred and fifty members, Philippines and, on the day of the respective inhabitants, but each
unless otherwise fixed by law, who election, is at least twenty-five province shall have at least one
shall be elected from legislative years of age, able to read and Member. The Congress shall by
districts apportioned among the write, a registered voter in the law make an apportionment within
provinces, cities, and the district in which he shall be elected, three years after the return of every
Metropolitan Manila area in and a resident thereon for a period enumeration, and not otherwise.
accordance with the number of their of not less than one year Until such apportionment shall have
respective inhabitants, and on the immediately preceding the day of been made, the House of
basis of a uniform and progressive the election. Representatives shall have the
ratio, and those who, as provided by same number of Members as that
law, shall be elected through a Section 5. fixed by law for the National
party-list system of registered (1) Unless otherwise provided by Assembly, who shall be elected by
national, regional, and sectoral law, the regular election of the qualified electors from the
parties or organizations. Members of the National Assembly present Assembly districts. Each
shall be held on the second representative district shall
(2) The party-list representatives Monday of May every six years comprise, as far as practicable,
shall constitute twenty per centum thereafter. contiguous and compact territory.
of the total number of
representatives including those (2) In case a vacancy arises in the Section 6.
under the party list. For three National Assembly one year or The term of office of the Members
consecutive terms after the more before a regular election, the of the House of Representatives
ratification of this Constitution, one- Commission on Elections shall call shall be four years and shall begin
half of the seats allocated to party- a special election to be held within on the thirtieth day of December
list representatives shall be filled, as sixty days after the vacancy occurs. next following their election.
provided by law, by selection or
election from the labor, peasant, Section 6. Section 7.
urban poor, indigenous cultural The National Assembly shall No person shall be a Member of the
communities, women, youth, and convene once every year on the House of Representatives unless
such other sectors as may be fourth Monday of July for its regular he be a natural born citizen of the
provided by law, except the session, unless a different date is Philippines, and, at the time of his
religious sector. fixed by law, and shall continue to election, is at least twenty-five
be in session until thirty days before years of age, a qualified elector,
(3) Each legislative district shall the opening of its next regular and a resident of the province in
comprise, as far as practicable, session, exclusive of Saturdays, which he is chosen for not less than
contiguous, compact, and adjacent Sundays, and legal holidays. It may one year immediately prior to his
territory. Each city with a population recess for periods not exceeding election.
of at least two hundred fifty thirty days each, and not more than
thousand, or each province, shall ninety days during the year. Section 8.
have at least one representative. However, it may be called to (1) Elections for Senators and
session at any time by the Prime Members of the House of
(4) Within three years following the Minister to consider such subjects Representatives shall be held in the
return of every census, the or legislation as he may designate. manner and on the dates fixed by
Congress shall make a law.
reappointment of legislative districts Section 7.
based on the standards provided in (1) The National Assembly, shall, (2) In case of vacancy in the
this section. by a majority vote of all its Senate or in the House of
Members, elect its Speaker from Representatives, a special election
SEC. 6. the Members thereof. It shall may be called to fill such vacancy in
No person shall be a Member of the choose such other officers as it the manner prescribed by law, but
House of Representatives unless he may deem necessary. the Senator or Member of the
is a natural-born citizen of the The election of the President and House of Representatives thus
Philippines and, on the day of the the Prime Minister shall precede all elected shall serve only for the
election, is at least twenty-five years other business following the unexpired term.
of age, able to read and write, and, election of the Speaker.
except the party-list representatives, Section 9.
a registered voter in the district in (2) A majority of the National The Congress shall convene in
which he shall be elected, and a Assembly shall constitute a quorum regular session once every year on
resident thereof for a period of not to do business, but a smaller the fourth Monday of January,
less than one year immediately number may adjourn from day to unless a different date is fixed by
preceding the day of the election. day and may compel the law. It may be called in special
attendance of absent Members in session at any time by the
such manner, and under such President to consider general
SEC. 7.
penalties, as the National Assembly legislation or only such subjects as
The Members of the House of
may provide. he may designate. No special
Representatives shall be elected for
session shall continue longer than
a term of three years which shall
(3) The National Assembly may thirty days and no regular session
begin, unless otherwise provided by
determine the rules of its longer than one hundred days,
law, at noon on the thirtieth day of
proceedings, punish its Members exclusive of Sundays.
June next following their election.
for disorderly behavior, and with
No member of the House of
concurrence of two-thirds of all its
Representatives shall serve for
Members, suspend or expel a Section 10.
more than three consecutive terms.
Member, but if the penalty is (1) The Senate shall elect its
Voluntary renunciation of the office
suspension, this shall not exceed President and the House of
for any length of time shall not be
sixty days. Representatives its Speaker.
considered as an interruption in the
Each House shall choose such
continuity of his service for the full
(4) The National Assembly shall other officers as may be required.
term for which he was elected.
keep a Journal of its proceedings,
and from time to time publish the (2) A majority of each House shall
SEC. 8. same, excepting such parts as constitute a quorum to do business,
Unless otherwise provided by law, may, in its judgment, affect national but a smaller number may adjourn
the regular election of the Senators security; and the yeas and nays on from day to day and may compel
and the Members of the House of any question shall, at the request of the attendance of absent Members
Representatives shall be held on one-fifth of the Members present, in such manner and under such
the second Monday of May. be entered in the Journal. penalties as such House may
provide.
SEC. 9. Section 8.
In case of vacancy in the Senate or (1) Unless otherwise provided by (3) Each House may determine the
in the House of Representatives, a law, each Member of the National rule of its proceedings, punish its
special election may be called to fill Assembly shall receive an annual Members for disorderly behavior,
such vacancy in the manner salary of sixty thousand pesos. The and, with the concurrence of two-
prescribed by law, but the Senator Speaker of the National Assembly thirds of all its Members, expel a
or Member of the House of shall receive an annual salary of Member.
Representatives thus elected shall seventy-five thousand pesos. No
serve only for the unexpired term. increase in salary shall take effect (4) Each House shall keep a
until after the expiration of the term Journal of its proceedings, and from
SEC. 10. of the Members of the National time to time publish the same,
The salaries of Senators and Assembly approving such increase. excepting such parts as may in its
Members of the House of judgment requires secrecy; and the
Representatives shall be (2) The records and books of yeas and nays on any question
determined by law. No increase in accounts of the National Assembly shall, at the request of one-fifth of
said compensation shall take effect shall be open to the public in the Members present, be entered
until after the expiration of the full accordance with law, and such into the Journal.
term of all the Members of the books shall be audited by the
Senate and the House of Commission on Audit which shall (5) Neither House during the
Representatives approving such publish annually the itemized sessions of the Congress shall,
increase. expenditures for each Member. without the consent of the other,
adjourn for more than three days,
SEC. 11. Section 9. nor to any other place than that in
A Senator or Member of the House A Member of the National which the two Houses shall be
of Representatives shall, in all Assembly shall, in all offenses sitting.
offenses punishable by not more punishable by not more than six
than six years imprisonment, be years imprisonment, be privileged Section 11.
privileged from arrest while the from arrest during his attendance at The Senate and the House of
Congress is in session. No member its sessions, and in going to and Representatives shall have an
shall be questioned nor be held returning from the same; but the Electoral Tribunal which shall be
liable in any other place for any National Assembly shall surrender the sole judge of all contests
speech or debate in the Congress the Member involved to the custody relating to the election, returns, and
or in any committee thereof. of the law within twenty-four hours qualifications of their respective
after its adjournment for a recess or Members. Each Electoral Tribunal
SEC. 12. its next session, otherwise such shall be composed of nine
All Members of the Senate and the privilege shall cease upon its failure Members, three of whom shall be
House of Representatives shall, to do so. A Member shall not be Justices of the Supreme Court to
upon assumption of office, make a questioned or held liable in any be designated by the Chief Justice,
full disclosure of their financial and other place for any speech or and the remaining six shall be
business interests. They shall notify debate in the Assembly or in any Members of the Senate or the
the House concerned of a potential committee thereof. House of Representatives, as the
conflict of interest that may arise case may be, who shall be chosen
from the filing of a proposed Section 10. by each House, three upon
legislation of which they are A Member of the National nomination of the party having the
authors. Assembly shall not hold any other largest number of votes and three
office or employment in the of the party having the second
SEC. 13. government, or any subdivision, largest numbers of votes therein.
No Senator or a Member of the agency, or instrumentality thereof, The senior Justice in each Electoral
House of Representatives may hold including government-owned or Tribunal shall be its Chairman.
any other office or employment in controlled corporations during his
the Government, or any subdivision, tenure except that of Prime Minister
agency, or instrumentality thereof, or Member of the Cabinet. Neither Section 12.
including government-owned or shall he be appointed to any civil There shall be a Commission on
controlled corporations or their office which may have been Appointments consisting of twelve
subsidiaries, during his term without created or the emoluments thereof Senators and twelve Members of
forfeiting his seat. Neither shall he increased while he was a Member the House of Representatives,
be appointed to any office which of the National Assembly. elected by each House,
may have been created or the respectively, on the basis of
emoluments thereof increased Section 11. proportional representation of the
during the term for which he was No Member of the National political parties therein. The
elected. Assembly shall appear as counsel president of the Senate shall be the
before any court inferior to a court Chairman ex officio of the
SEC. 14. with appellate jurisdiction, before Commission, but shall not vote
No Senator or Member of the any court in any civil case wherein except in case of tie.
House of Representatives may the government, or any subdivision,
personally appear as counsel agency, or instrumentality thereof is
before any court of justice or before the adverse party, or before any Section 13.
the Electoral Tribunals, or quasi- administrative body. Neither shall The Electoral Tribunal and the
judicial and other administrative he, directly or indirectly, be Commission on Appointments shall
bodies. Neither shall he, directly or interested financially in any contract be constituted within thirty days
indirectly, be interested financially in with, or in any franchise or special after the Senate and the House of
any contract with, or in any privilege granted by, the Representatives shall have been
franchise or special privilege government, or any subdivision, organized with the election of their
granted by the Government, or any agency, or instrumentality thereof, President and Speaker,
subdivision, agency, or including any government-owned or respectively. The Commission on
instrumentality thereof, including controlled corporation, during his Appointments shall meet only while
any government-owned or term of office. He shall not the Congress is in session, at the
controlled corporation, or its intervene in any matter before any call of its Chairman or a majority of
subsidiary, during his term of office. office of the government for his its Members, to discharge such
He shall not intervene in any matter pecuniary benefit. powers and functions as are herein
before any office of the Government conferred upon it.
for his pecuniary benefit or where Section 12. Section 14.
he may be called upon to act on (1) There shall be a question hour The Senators and the Members of
account of his office. at least once a month or as often as the House of Representatives shall,
the rules of the National Assembly unless otherwise provided by law,
SEC. 15. may provide, which shall be receive an annual compensation of
The Congress shall convene once included in its agenda, during which seven thousand two hundred pesos
every year on the fourth Monday of the Prime Minister or any Minister each, including per diems and other
July for its regular session, unless a may be required to appear and emoluments or allowances and
different date is fixed by law, and answer questions and exclusive only of traveling
shall continue to be in session for interpellations by Members of the expenses to and from their
such number of days as it may National Assembly. Written respective districts in the case of
determine until thirty days before questions shall be submitted to the Members of the House of
the opening of its next regular Speaker at least three days before Representatives, and to an from
session, exclusive of Saturdays, a scheduled question hour. their places of residence in the
Sundays, and legal holidays. The Interpellations shall not be limited to case of Senators, when attending
President may call a special session the written questions, but may sessions of the Congress. No
at any time. cover matters related thereto. The increase in said compensation shall
agenda shall specify the subjects of take effect until after the expiration
SEC. 16. the question hour. When the of the full term of all the Members
(1) The Senate shall elect its security of the State so requires of the Senate and of the House of
President and the House of and the Prime Minister so states in Representatives approving such
Representatives its Speaker, by a writing, the question hour shall be increase. Until otherwise provided
majority vote of all its respective conducted in executive session. by law, the President of the Senate
Members. and the Speaker of the House of
Each House shall choose such (2) The National Assembly or any Representatives shall each receive
other officers as it may deem of its committees may conduct an annual compensation of sixteen
necessary. inquiries in aid of legislation in thousand pesos.
(2) A majority of each House shall accordance with its duly published
constitute a quorum to do business, rules of procedure. The rights of
but a smaller number may adjourn persons appearing in such inquiries Section 15.
from day to day and may compel shall be respected. The Senators and Members of the
the attendance of absent Members House of Representatives shall in
in such manner, and under such Section 13. all cases except treason, felony,
penalties, as such House may (1) The National Assembly may and breach of the peace, be
provide. withdraw its confidence from the privileged from arrest during their
(3) Each House may determine the Prime Minister only by electing a attendance at the session of the
rules of its proceedings, punish its successor by a majority vote of all Congress, and in going to and
Members for disorderly behavior, its Members. No motion for the returning from the same; and for
and, with the concurrence of two- election of such successor shall be any speech or debate therein, they
thirds of all its Members, suspend or debated and voted upon until after shall not be questioned in any other
expel a Member. A penalty for the lapse of three days from the place.
suspension, when imposed, shall submittal of such motion.
not exceed sixty days.
(4) Each House shall keep a (2) The Prime Minister may advise Section 16.
Journal of its proceedings, and from the President in writing to dissolve No Senator or Member of the
time to time publish the same, the National Assembly whenever House of Representatives may hold
excepting such parts as may, in its the need arises for a popular vote any other office or employment in
judgment, affect national security; of confidence on fundamental the government without forfeiting
and the yeas and nays on any issues, but not on a matter his seat, nor shall any Senator or
question shall, at the request of involving his own personal integrity. Member of the House of
one-fifth of the members present, Whereupon, the President shall Representatives, during the time for
be entered in the Journal. dissolve the National Assembly not which he was elected, be appointed
Each House shall also keep a earlier than five days nor later than to any civil office which may have
Record of its proceedings. ten days from his receipt of the been created or the emoluments
(5) Neither House during the advice, and call for an election on a whereof shall have been increased
sessions of the Congress shall, date set by the Prime Minister while he was a Member of the
without the consent of the other, which shall not be earlier than forty- Congress.
adjourn for more than three days, five days nor later than sixty days Section 17.
nor to any other place than that in from the date of such dissolution. No Senator or Member of the
which the two Houses shall be However, no dissolution of the House of Representatives shall
sitting. National Assembly shall take place directly or indirectly be financially
within nine months immediately interested in any contract with the
SEC. 17. preceding a regular election or government or any subdivision or
The Senate and the House of within nine months immediately instrumentality thereof, or in any
Representatives shall each have an following any general election. franchise or special privilege
Electoral Tribunal which shall be the granted by the Congress during his
sole judge of all contests relating to (3) In case of dissolution of the term of office. He shall not appear
the election, returns, and National Assembly or the as counsel before the Electoral
qualifications of their respective termination of its regular term, the Tribunals or before any court in any
Members. Each Electoral Tribunal incumbent Prime Minister and the civil case wherein the Government
shall be composed of nine Cabinet shall continue to conduct or any subdivision or instrumentality
Members, three of whom shall be the affairs of government until the thereof is the adverse party, or in
Justices of the Supreme Court to be new National Assembly is any criminal case wherein an officer
designated by the Chief Justice, convoked and a Prime Minister is or employee of the government is
and the remaining six shall be elected and has qualified. accused of an offense committed in
Members of the Senate or the relation to his office, or collect any
House of Representatives, as the Section 14. fee for his appearance in any
case may be, who shall be chosen (1) Except as otherwise provided in administrative proceedings; or
on the basis of proportional this Constitution, no treaty shall be accept employment to intervene in
representation from the political valid and effective unless concurred any cause or matter where he may
parties and the parties or in by a majority of all the Members be called upon to act on account of
organizations registered under the of the National Assembly. his office. No Member of the
party-list system represented Commission on Appointments shall
therein. The senior Justice in the (2) The National Assembly, by a appear as counsel before any court
Electoral Tribunal shall be it vote of two-thirds of all its inferior to a collegiate court of
Chairman. Members, shall have the sole appellate jurisdiction.
power to declare the existence of a
SEC. 18. state of war. Section 18.
There shall be a Commission on All appropriation, revenue or tariff
Appointments consisting of the Section 15. bills, bills authorizing increase of
President of the Senate, as ex In times of war or other national the public debt, bills of local
officio Chairman, twelve Senators, emergency, the National Assembly application, and private bills, shall
and twelve Members of the House may by law authorize the Prime originate exclusively in the House
of Representatives, elected by each Minister, for a limited period and of Representatives, but the Senate
House on the basis of proportional subject to such restrictions as it may propose or concur with
representation from the political may prescribe, to exercise powers amendments.
parties or organizations registered necessary and proper to carry out a
under the party-list system declared national policy. Unless Section 19.
represented therein. The Chairman sooner withdrawn by resolution of (1) The President shall submit
of the Commission shall not vote, the National Assembly, such within fifteen days of the opening of
except in case of a tie. The powers shall cease upon its next each regular session of the
Commission shall act on all adjournment. Congress a budget of receipts and
appointments submitted to it within expenditures, which shall be the
thirty session days of the Congress Section 16. basis of the general appropriations
from their submission. The (1) The Prime Minister shall submit bill. The Congress may not
Commission shall rule by a majority to the National Assembly within increase the appropriations
vote of all the Members. thirty days from the opening of each recommended by the President for
regular session, as the basis of the the operation of the Government as
SEC. 19. general appropriations bill, a budget specified in the Budget, except the
The Electoral Tribunals and the of receipts based on existing and appropriations for the Congress
Commission on Appointments shall proposed revenue measures, and and the Judicial Department. The
be constituted within thirty days of expenditures. The form, content, form of the Budget and the
after the Senate and the House of and manner of preparation of the information that it should contain
Representatives shall have been budget shall be prescribed by law. shall be prescribed by law.
organized with the election of the (2) No provision or enactment shall (2) No provision or enactment shall
President and the Speaker. The be embraced in the general be embraced in the general
Commission on Appointments shall appropriations bill unless it relates appropriations bill unless it relates
meet only while the Congress is in specifically to some particular specifically to some particular
session, at the call of its Chairman appropriation therein. Any such appropriation therein; and any such
or a majority of all its Members, to provision or enactment shall be provision or enactment shall be
discharge such powers and limited in its operation to the limited in its operation to such
functions as are herein conferred appropriation to which it relates. appropriation.
upon it.
(3) The procedure in approving Section 20.
SEC. 20. appropriations for the National (1) Every bill passed by the
The records and books of accounts Assembly shall strictly follow the Congress shall, before it becomes
of the Congress shall be preserved procedure for approving a law, be presented to the
and be open to the public in appropriations for other President. If he approves the same,
accordance with law, and such departments and agencies. he shall sign it; but if not, he shall
books shall be audited by the return it with his objections to the
Commission on Audit which shall (4) A special appropriations bill House where it originated, which
publish annually an itemized list of shall specify the purpose for which shall enter the objections at large
amounts paid to and expenses it is intended, and shall be on its Journal and proceed to
incurred for each Member. supported by funds actually reconsider it. If, after such
available as certified to by the reconsideration, two-thirds of all the
SEC. 21. National Treasurer, or to be raised Members of such House shall
The Senate or the House of by a corresponding revenue agree to pass the bill, it shall be
Representatives or any of its proposal included therein. sent together, with the objections,
respective committees may conduct to the House by which it shall
inquiries in aid of legislation in (5) No law shall be passed likewise be reconsidered, and if
accordance with its duly published authorizing any transfer of approved by two-thirds of all the
rules of procedure. The rights of appropriations; however, the Prime Members of that House, it shall
persons appearing in or affected by Minister, the Speaker, the Chief become a law. In all such cases,
such inquiries shall be respected. Justice of the Supreme Court, and the votes of each House shall be
the heads of Constitutional determined by yeas and nays, and
SEC. 22. Commissions may by law be the names of the Members voting
The heads of departments may authorized to augment any item in for and against shall be entered on
upon their own initiative, with the the general appropriations law for its Journal. If any bill shall not be
consent of the President, or upon their respective offices from saving returned by the President as herein
the request of either House, as the in other items of their respective provided within twenty days
rules of each House shall provide, appropriations. (Sundays excepted) after it shall
appear before and be heard by have been presented to him, the
such House on any matter (6) If, by the end of the fiscal year, same shall become a law in like
pertaining to their departments. the National Assembly shall have manner as if he had signed it,
Written questions shall be submitted failed to pass the general unless the Congress by
to the President of the Senate or the appropriations bill for the ensuing adjournment prevent its return, in
Speaker of the House of fiscal year, the general which case it shall become a law
Representatives at least three days appropriations law for the preceding unless vetoed by the President
before their scheduled appearance. fiscal year shall be deemed re- within thirty days after adjournment.
Interpellations shall not be limited to enacted and shall remain in force
written questions, but may cover and effect until the general (2) The President shall have the
matters related thereto. When the appropriations bill is passed by the power to veto any particular item or
security of the State or the public National Assembly. items of an appropriation bill, but
interest so requires and the the veto shall not affect the item or
President so states in writing, the Section 17. items to which he does not object.
appearance shall be conducted in (1) The rule of taxation shall be When a provision of an
executive session. uniform and equitable. The National appropriation bill affects one or
Assembly shall evolve a more items of the same, the
SEC. 23. progressive system of taxation. President cannot veto the provision
(1) The Congress, by a vote of two- without at the same time, vetoing
thirds of both Houses in joint (2) The National Assembly may by the particular item or items to which
session assembled, voting law authorize the Prime Minister to it relates. The item or items
separately, shall have the sole fix within specified limits, and objected to shall not take effect
power to declare the existence of a subject to such limitations and except in the manner heretofore
state of war. restrictions as it may impose, tariff provided as to bills returned to the
rates, import and export quotas, Congress without the approval of
(2) In times of war or other national tonnage and wharfage dues, and the President. If the veto refers to a
emergency, the Congress may, by other duties or imposts. bill or any item of an appropriation
law, authorize the President, for a bill which appropriates a sum in
limited period and subject to such (3) Charitable institutions, excess of ten per centum of the
restrictions as it may prescribe, to churches, personages or convents total amount voted in the
exercise powers necessary and appurtenant thereto, mosques and appropriation bill for the general
proper to carry out a declared non-profit cemeteries, and all lands, expenses of the Government for
national policy. Unless sooner buildings and improvements the preceding year, or if it should
withdrawn by resolution of the actually, directly, and exclusively refer to a bill authorizing an
Congress, such powers shall cease used for religious or charitable increase of the public debt, the
upon the next adjournment thereof. purposes shall be exempt from same shall not become a law
taxation. unless approved by three-fourths of
SEC. 24. all the Members of each House.
All appropriation, revenue or tariff (4) No law granting any tax
bills, bills authorizing increase of exemption shall be passed without (3) The President shall have the
public debt, bills of local application, the concurrence of a majority of all power to veto any separate item or
and private bills shall originate the Members of the National items in a revenue of tariff bill, and
exclusively in the House of Assembly. the item or items shall not take
Representatives, but the Senate effect except in the manner
may propose or concur with Section 18. provided as to bills vetoed by the
amendments. (1) No money shall be paid out of President.
the Treasury except in pursuance
SEC. 25. of an appropriation made by law. Section 21.
(1) The Congress may not increase (1) No bill which may be enacted
the appropriations recommended by (2) No public money or property into law shall embrace more than
the President for the operation of shall ever be appropriated, applied, one subject which shall be
the Government as specified in the paid, or used, directly or indirectly, expressed in the title of the bill.
budget. The form, content, and for the use, benefit, or support of
manner of preparation of the budget any sect, church, denomination, (2) No bill shall be passed by either
shall be prescribed by law. sectarian institution, or system of House unless it shall have been
religion or for the use, benefit, or printed and copies thereof in its
(2) No provision or enactment shall support of any priest, preacher, final form furnished its Members at
be embraced in the general minister, or other religious teacher least three calendar days prior to its
appropriations bill unless it relates or dignitary as such, except when passage, except when the
specifically to some particular such priest, preacher, minister, or President shall have certified to the
appropriation therein. Any such dignitary is assigned to the armed necessity of its immediate
provision or enactment shall be forces, or to any penal institution, or enactment. Upon the last reading of
limited in its operation to the government orphanage or a bill no amendment thereof shall
appropriation to which it relates. leprosarium. be allowed, and the question upon
its passage shall be taken
(3) The procedure in approving Section 19. immediately thereafter, and the
appropriations for the Congress (1) Every bill shall become a law yeas and nays entered on the
shall strictly follow the procedure for unless it has passed three readings Journal.
approving appropriations for other on separate days, and printed
departments or agencies. copies thereof in its final form have Section 22.
been distributed to the Members (1) The rule of taxation shall be
(4) A special appropriations bill shall three days before its passage, uniform.
specify the purpose for which it is except when the Prime Minister
intended, and shall be supported by certifies to the necessity of its (2) The Congress may by law
funds actually available as certified immediate enactment to meet a authorize the President, subject to
by the National Treasurer, or to be public calamity or emergency. Upon such limitations and restrictions as
raised by a corresponding revenue the last reading of a bill, no it may impose, to fix, within
proposed therein. amendment thereto shall be specified limits, tariff rates, import
allowed, and the vote thereon shall or export quotas, and tonnage and
(5) No law shall be passed be taken immediately thereafter, wharfage dues.
authorizing any transfer of and the yeas and nays entered in
appropriations; however, the the Journal. (3) Cemeteries, churches, and
President, the President of the parsonages or convents
Senate, the Speaker of the House (2) No bill except those of local appurtenant thereto, and all lands,
of Representatives, the Chief application shall be calendared buildings, and improvements used
Justice of the Supreme Court, and without the prior recommendation exclusively for religious, charitable,
the Constitutional Commissions of the Cabinet. or educational purposes shall be
may, by law, be authorized to exempt from taxation.
augment any item in the general Section 20.
appropriations law for their (1) Every bill passed by the national Section 23.
respective offices from savings in Assembly shall, before it becomes (1) All money collected on any tax
other items of their respective a law, be presented to the Prime levied for a special purpose shall be
appropriations. Minister. If he approves the same treated as a special fund and paid
he shall sign it; otherwise, he shall out for such purpose only. If the
(6) Discretionary funds appropriated veto it and return the same with his purpose for which a special fund
for particular officials shall be objections to the National was crated has been fulfilled or
disbursed only for public purposes Assembly. The bill may be abandoned, the balance, if any,
to be supported by appropriate reconsidered by the National shall be transferred to the general
vouchers and subject to such Assembly and, if approved by two- funds of the Government.
guidelines as may be prescribed by thirds of all its Members, shall
law. become a law. The Prime Minister (2) No money shall be paid out of
shall act on every bill passed by the Treasury except in pursuance of an
(7) If, by the end of any fiscal year, National Assembly within thirty appropriation made by law.
the Congress shall have failed to days after the date of receipt
pass the general appropriations bill thereof; otherwise, it shall become (3) No public money, or property
for the ensuing fiscal year, the a law as if he had signed it. shall ever be appropriated, applied,
general appropriations law for the (2) The Prime Minister shall have or used, directly or indirectly, for the
preceding fiscal year shall be the power to veto any particular use, benefit, or support of any sect,
deemed reenacted and shall remain item or items in appropriation, church, denomination, sectarian
in force and effect until the general revenue, or tariff bill, but the veto institution or system of religion, for
appropriations bill is passed by the shall not affect the item or items to the use, benefit, or support of any
Congress. which he does not object. priest, preacher, ministers, or other
religious teacher or dignitary as
SEC. 26. such except when such priest,
(1) Every bill passed by the preacher, minister, or dignitary is
Congress shall embrace only one assigned to the armed forces or to
subject which shall be expressed in any penal institution, orphanage or
the title thereof. leprosarium.

(2) No bill passed by either House Section 24.


shall become a law unless it has The heads of departments upon
passed three readings on separate their own initiative or upon the
days, and printed copies thereof in request of either House may
its final form have been distributed appear before and be heard by
to its members three days before its such House on any matter
passage, except when the pertaining to their departments,
President certifies to the necessity unless the public interest shall
of its immediate enactment to meet require otherwise and the President
a public calamity or emergency. shall so state in writing.
Upon the last reading of a bill, no Section 25.
amendment thereto shall be The Congress, shall, with the
allowed, and the vote thereon shall concurrence of two-thirds of all the
be taken immediately thereafter, Members of each House, have the
and the yeas and nays entered in sole power to declare war.
the Journal. Section 26. In times of war and
other national emergency the
SEC. 27. Congress may by law authorize the
(1) Every bill passed by the President, for a limited period, and
Congress shall, before it becomes a subject to such restrictions as it
law, be presented to the President. may prescribe, to promulgate rules
If he approves the same, he shall and regulations to carry out a
sign it; otherwise, he shall veto it declared national policy.
and return the same with his
objections to the House where it
originated, which shall enter the
objections at large in its Journal and
proceed to reconsider it. If, after
such reconsideration, two-thirds of
all the Members of such House
shall agree to pass the bill, it shall
be sent, together with the
objections, to the other House by
which it shall likewise be
reconsidered, and if approved by
two-thirds of all the Members of that
House, it shall become a law. In all
such cases, the votes of each
House shall be determined by yeas
or nays, and the names of the
Members voting for or against shall
be entered in its Journal. The
President shall communicate his
veto of any bill to the House where
it originated within thirty days after
the day of receipt thereof;
otherwise, it shall become a law as
if he had signed it.

(2) The President shall have the


power to veto any particular item or
items in an appropriation, revenue,
or tariff bill, but the veto shall not
affect the item or items to which he
does not object.

SEC. 28.
(1) The rule of taxation shall be
uniform and equitable. The
Congress shall evolve a progressive
system of taxation.
(2)The Congress may, by law,
authorize the President to fix within
specified limits, and subject to such
limitations and restrictions as it may
impose, tariff rates, import and
export quotas, tonnage and
wharfage dues, and other duties or
imposts within the framework of the
national development program of
the Government.

(3)Charitable institutions, churches


and parsonages or covenants
appurtenant thereto, mosques, non-
profit cemeteries, and all lands,
buildings, and improvements,
actually, directly, and exclusively
used for religious, charitable, or
educational purposes shall be
exempt from taxation.

(4) No law granting any tax


exemption shall be passed without
the concurrence of a majority of all
the Members of the Congress.

SEC. 29.
(1) No money shall be paid out of
the Treasury except in pursuance of
an appropriation made by law.

(2) No public money or property


shall be appropriated, applied, paid,
or employed, directly or indirectly,
for the use, benefit, or support of
any sect, church, denomination,
sectarian institution, or system of
religion, or of any priest, preacher,
minister, or other religious teacher,
or dignitary as such, except when
such priest, preacher, minister, or
dignitary is assigned to the armed
forces, or to any penal institution, or
government orphanage or
leprosarium.

(3) All money collected on any tax


levied for a special purpose shall be
treated as a special fund and paid
out for such purpose only. If the
purpose for which a special fund
was created has been fulfilled or
abandoned, the balance, if any,
shall be transferred to the general
funds of the Government.

SEC. 30.
No law shall be passed increasing
the appellate jurisdiction of the
Supreme Court as provided in this
Constitution without its advice and
concurrence.

SEC. 31.
No law granting a title of royalty or
nobility shall be enacted.

SEC. 32.
The Congress shall, as early as
possible, provide for a system of
initiative and referendum, and the
exceptions therefrom, whereby the
people can directly propose and
enact laws or approve or reject any
act or law or part thereof passed by
the Congress or local legislative
body after the registration of a
petition therefor signed by at least
ten per centum of the total number
of registered voters, of which every
legislative district must be
represented by at least three per
centum of the registered voters
thereof.

ARTICLE VII ARTICLE VII ARTICLE VII


Executive Department The President and Vice-President Executive Department

SEC 1. Section 1. Section 1.


The executive power shall be The President shall be the head of The executive power shall be
vested in the President of the state and chief executive of the vested in a President of the
Philippines. Republic of the Philippines. Philippines.

SEC. 2. Section 2. Section 2.


No person may be elected There shall be a Vice-President The President shall hold his office
President unless he is a natural- who shall have the same during a term of four years and
born citizen of the Philippines, a qualifications and term of office as together with the Vice-President
registered voter, able to read and the President and may be removed chosen for the same term, shall be
write, at least forty years of age on from office in the same manner as elected by direct vote of the people.
the day of the election, and a the President as provided in Article The returns of every election for
resident of the Philippines for at XIII, Section 2 of this Constitution. President and Vice-President, duly
least ten years immediately certified by the board of canvassers
preceding such election. The Vice-President may be of each province or city, shall be
appointed as a member of the transmitted to the seat of the
SEC. 3. Cabinet and may be nominated and National Government, directed to
There shall be a Vice-President who elected as Prime Minister. the President of the Senate, who
shall have the same qualifications shall, in the presence of the Senate
and term of office and be elected The Vice-President shall be elected and the House of Representatives,
with and in the same manner as the with and in the same manner as the open all the certificates, and the
President. He may be removed from President. votes shall then be counted. The
office in the same manner as the person respectively having the
President. The President shall be elected from highest number of votes for
The Vice-President may be among the Members of the National President and Vice-President shall
appointed as a Member of the Assembly by a majority vote of all be declared elected, but in case
Cabinet. Such appointment requires its Members for a term of six years two or more shall have an equal
no confirmation. from the date he takes his oath of and the highest number of votes for
office, which shall not be later than their office, one of them shall be
SEC. 4. three days after the proclamation of chosen President or Vice-
The President and the Vice- the National Assembly, nor in any President, as the case may be, by a
President shall be elected by direct case earlier than the expiration of majority vote of the Members of the
vote of the people for a term of six the term of his predecessor. Upon Congress in joint session
years which shall begin at noon on taking his oath of office, the assembled.
the thirtieth day of June following President shall cease to be a
the day of the election and shall end Member of the National Assembly Section 3.
at noon of the same date six years and of any political party. He shall No person may be elected to the
thereafter. The President shall not be ineligible to hold any other office of the President or Vice-
be eligible for any reelection. No elective office during his term. President unless he is a natural
person who has succeeded as born citizen of the Philippines, a
President and has served as such Section 3. qualified voter, forty years of age or
for more than four years shall be No person may be elected over, and has been a resident of
qualified for election to the same President unless he is at least fifty the Philippines for at least ten years
office at any time. years of age at the day of his immediately preceding the election.
election as President, and a
No Vice-President shall serve for resident of the Philippines for at Section 4.
more than two consecutive terms. least ten years immediately Elections for President and Vice-
Voluntary renunciation of the office preceding his election. However, if President shall be held once every
for any length of time shall not be no Member of the National four years on a date to be fixed by
considered as an interruption in the Assembly is qualified or none of law.
continuity of the service for the full those qualified is a candidate for
term for which he was elected. President, any Member thereof may The terms of the President and
Unless otherwise provided by law, be elected President. Vice-President shall end at noon on
the regular election for President the thirtieth day of December
and Vice-President shall be held on Section 4. following the expiration of four
the second Monday of May. (1) The President shall have an years after their election, and the
official residence and shall receive terms of their successors shall
The returns of every election for a compensation to be fixed by law, begin from such time.
President and Vice-President, duly which shall not be increased or
certified by the board of canvassers decreased during his term of office. Section 5.
of each province or city, shall be He shall not receive during his No person shall serve as President
transmitted to the Congress, tenure any other emolument from for more than eight consecutive
directed to the President of the the government or any other years. The period of such service
Senate. Upon receipt of the source. Until the National Assembly shall be counted from the date he
certificates of canvass, the shall provide otherwise, the shall have commenced to act as
President of the Senate shall, not President shall receive an annual President. Voluntary renunciation of
later than thirty days after the day of salary of one hundred thousand the office for any length of time
the election, open all certificates in pesos. shall not be considered as an
the presence of the Senate and the interruption in the continuity of the
House of Representatives in joint (2) The President shall not during service of the incumbent for the full
public session, and the Congress, his tenure, hold any appointive term for which he was elected.
upon determination of the office, practice any profession,
authenticity and due execution participate directly or indirectly in Section 6.
thereof in the manner provided by the management of any business, If, at the time fixed for the beginning
law, canvass the votes. or be financially interested directly of the term of the President, the
or indirectly in any contract with, or President-elect shall have died, the
The person having the highest in any franchise or special privilege Vice-President-elect shall become
number of votes shall be proclaimed granted by, the government or any President. If a President shall not
elected, but in case two or more subdivision, agency, or have been chosen before the time
shall have an equal and highest instrumentality thereof, including fixed for the beginning of his term
number of votes, one of them shall government-owned or controlled or if the President shall have failed
forthwith be chosen by the vote of a corporations. to qualify, then the Vice-President
majority of all the Members of the shall act as President until a
Congress, voting separately. Section 5. President shall have qualified, and
The Congress shall promulgate its In case of permanent disability, the Congress may by law provide
rules for the canvassing of the death, removal from office, or for the case wherein neither a
certificates. resignation of the President, the President-elect nor a Vice-
Speaker of the National Assembly President-elect shall have qualified,
The Supreme Court, sitting en banc, shall act as President until a declaring who shall then act as
shall be the sole judge of all successor has been elected for the President, or the manner in which
contests relating to the election, unexpired portion of the term of the one who is to act shall be selected,
returns, and qualifications of the President. and such person shall act
President or Vice- President, and accordingly until a President or
may promulgate its rules for the Section 6. Vice-President shall have qualified.
purpose. The President shall have the
following duties and functions: Section 7.
SEC. 5. Before he enters on the execution
(1) Address the National Assembly
Before they enter on the execution of his office, the President shall
at the opening of its regular
of their office, the President, the take the following oath or
session.
Vice-President, or the Acting affirmation :
President shall take the following
(2) Proclaim the election of the "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that
oath or affirmation :
Prime Minister. I will faithfully and conscientiously
fulfill my duties as President of the
"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that
(3) Dissolve the National Assembly Philippines, preserve and defend its
I will faithfully and conscientiously
and call for a general election as Constitution, execute its laws, do
fulfill my duties as President (or
provided herein. justice to every man, and
Vice-President or Acting President)
consecrate myself to the service of
of the Philippines, preserve and
(4) Accept the resignation of the the Nation. So help me God." (In
defend its Constitution, execute its
Cabinet as provided herein. case of affirmation, last sentence
laws, do justice to every man, and
will be omitted)
consecrate myself to the service of
(5) Attest to the appointment or
the Nation. So help me God." (In
cessation from office of Members of Section 8.
case of affirmation, last sentence
the Cabinet, and of other officers as In the event of the removal of the
will be omitted.)
may be provided by law. President from office, or his death,
resignation, or inability to discharge
SEC. 6.
(6) Appoint all officers and the powers and duties of the said
The President shall have an official
employees in his office in office, the same shall devolve on
residence. The salaries of the
accordance with the Civil Service the Vice-President, and the
President and Vice-President shall
Law. Congress shall by law provide for
be determined by law and shall not
the case of removal, death,
be decreased during their tenure.
(7) Perform such other duties and resignation, or inability, both of the
No increase in said compensation
shall take effect until after the functions of State as may be President and Vice-President,
expiration of the term of the provided by law. declaring what officer shall then act
incumbent during which such as President, and such officer shall
increase was approved. They shall Section 7. act accordingly, until the disability
not receive during their tenure any The President shall be immune be removed, or a President shall be
other emolument from the from suit during his tenure. elected.
Government or any other source.
Section 9.
SEC. 7. The President shall have an official
The President-elect and the Vice- residence and receive a
President-elect shall assume office compensation to be ascertained by
at the beginning of their terms. law which shall be neither
If the President-elect fails to qualify, increased nor diminished during the
the Vice-President-elect shall act as period of which he shall have been
President until the President-elect elected, and he shall not receive
shall have qualified. within the period any other
If a President shall not have been emolument from the Government or
chosen, the Vice-President-elect any of its subdivisions or
shall act as President until a instrumentalities. Until the
President shall have been chosen Congress shall provide otherwise,
and qualified. the President shall receive an
If at the beginning of the term of the annual salary of thirty thousand
President, the President-elect shall pesos. The Vice-President, when
have died or have become not acting as President, shall
permanently disabled, the Vice- receive an annual compensation of
President-elect shall become fifteen thousand pesos until
President. otherwise provided by law.

Where no President and Vice- Section 10.


President shall have been chosen (1) The President shall have control
or shall have qualified, or where of all executive departments,
both shall have died or become bureaus or offices, exercise general
permanently disabled, the President provision over all local governments
of the Senate or, in case of his as may be provided by law, and
inability, the Speaker of the House take care that the laws be faithfully
of Representatives shall act as executed.
President until a President or a
Vice-President shall have been (2) The President shall be
chosen and qualified. commander-in-chief of all armed
forces of the Philippines, and,
The Congress shall provide for the whenever it becomes necessary,
manner in which one who is to act he may call out such armed forces
as President shall be selected until to prevent or suppress lawless
a President or a Vice-President violence, invasion, insurrection, or
shall have qualified, in case of rebellion. In case of invasion,
death, permanent disability, or insurrection, or rebellion or
inability of the officials mentioned in imminent danger thereof, when the
the next preceding paragraph. public safety requires it, he may
suspend the privilege of the writ of
SEC. 8. habeas corpus, or place the
In case of death, permanent Philippines or any part thereof
disability, removal from office, or under Martial Law.
resignation of the President, the
Vice-President shall become the (3) The President shall nominate
President to serve the unexpired and with the consent of the
term. In case of death, permanent Commission on Appointments, shall
disability, removal from office, or appoint the heads of the executive
resignation of both the President departments and bureaus, officers
and Vice-President, the President of of the Army from the rank of
the Senate or, in case of his colonel, of the Navy and Air Forces
inability, the Speaker of the House from the rank of captain or
of Representatives, shall then act commander, and all other officers
as President until the President or of the Government whose
Vice-President shall have been appointments are not herein
elected and qualified. otherwise provided for, and those
whom he may be authorized by law
The Congress shall, by law, provide to appoint; but the Congress may
who shall serve as President in by law vest the appointment of
case of death, permanent disability, inferior officers, in the President
or resignation of the Acting alone, in the courts, or in the heads
President. He shall serve until the of departments.
President or the Vice-President
shall have been elected and (4) The President shall have the
qualified, and be subject to the power to make appointments during
same restrictions of powers and the recess of the Congress, but
disqualifications as the Acting such appointments shall be
President. effective only until disapproval by
the Commission on Appointments
SEC. 9. or until the next adjournment of the
Whenever there is a vacancy in the Congress.
Office of the Vice-President during
the term for which he was elected, (5) The President shall from time to
the President shall nominate a Vice- time give to the Congress
President from among the Members information on the state of the
of the Senate and the House of Nation, and recommend to its
Representatives who shall assume consideration such measures as he
office upon confirmation of a shall judge necessary and
majority vote of all the Members of expedient.
both Houses of the Congress,
voting separately. (6) The President shall have the
power to grant reprieves,
SEC. 10. commutations, and pardons, and
The Congress shall, at ten o'clock in remit fines and forfeitures, after
the morning of the third day after conviction, for all expenses except
the vacancy in the offices of the in case of impeachment, upon such
President and Vice-President conditions and with such
occurs, convene in accordance with restrictions and limitations as he
its rules without need of a call and may deem proper to impose. He
within seven days enact a law shall have the power to grant
calling for a special election to elect amnesty with the concurrence of
a President and a Vice-President to the Congress.
b held not earlier than forty-five
days nor later than sixty days from (7) The President shall have the
the time of such call. The bill calling power, with the concurrence of two-
such special election shall be thirds of all the Members of the
deemed certified under paragraph Senate to make treaties, and with
2, Section 26, Article VI of this the consent of the Commission on
Constitution and shall become law Appointments, he shall appoint
upon its approval on third reading ambassadors, other public
by the Congress. ministers, and consuls. He shall
receive ambassadors and other
Appropriations for the special public ministers duly accredited to
elections shall be charged against the Government of the Philippines.
any current appropriations and shall
be exempt from the requirements of Section 11.
paragraph 4, Section 25, Article VI (1) The executive departments of
of this Constitution. The convening the present Government of the
of the Congress cannot be Philippine Islands shall continue as
suspended nor the special election now authorized by law until the
postponed. No special election shall Congress shall provide otherwise.
be called if the vacancy occurs
within eighteen months before the (2) The heads of the departments
date of the next presidential and chiefs of bureaus or offices and
election. their assistants shall not, during
their continuance in office, engage
SEC. 11. in the practice of any profession, or
Whenever the President transmits intervene, directly or indirectly, in
to the President of the Senate and the management or control of any
the Speaker of the House of private enterprise which in any way
Representatives his written may be affected by the functions of
declaration that he is unable to their office; nor shall they, directly
discharge the powers and duties of or indirectly, be financially
his office and until he transmits to interested in any contract with the
them a written declaration to the Government, or any subdivision or
contrary, such powers and duties instrumentality thereof.
shall be discharged by the Vice-
President as Acting President. (3) The President may appoint the
Vice-President as a member of his
Whenever a majority of all the Cabinet and also as head of an
Members of the Cabinet transmit to executive department.
the President of the Senate and to
the Speaker of the House of
Representatives their written
declaration that the President is
unable to discharge the powers and
duties of his office, the Vice-
President shall immediately assume
the powers and duties of the office
as Acting President.

Thereafter, when the President


transmits to the President of the
Senate and to the Speaker of the
House of Representatives his
written declaration that no inability
exists, he shall reassume the
powers and duties of his office.
Meanwhile, should a majority of all
the Members of the Cabinet
transmit within five days to the
President of the Senate and to the
Speaker of the House of
Representatives their written
declaration that the President is
unable to discharge the powers and
duties of his office, the Congress
shall decide the issue. For that
purpose, the Congress shall
convene, if it is not in session,
within forty-eight hours, in
accordance with its rules and
without need of call.
If the Congress, within ten days
after receipt of the last written
declaration, or, if not in session,
within twelve days after it is required
to assemble, determines by a two-
thirds vote of both Houses, voting
separately, that the President is
unable to discharge the powers and
duties of his office, the Vice-
President shall act as the President;
otherwise, the President shall
continue exercising the powers and
duties of his office.

SEC. 12.
In case of serious illness of the
President, the public shall be
informed of the state of his health.
The Members of the Cabinet in
charge of national security and
foreign relations and the Chief of
Staff of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines, shall not be denied
access to the President during such
illness.

SEC. 13.
The President, Vice-President, the
Members of the Cabinet, and their
deputies or assistants shall not,
unless otherwise provided in this
Constitution, hold any other office or
employment during their tenure.
They shall not, during said tenure,
directly or indirectly, practice any
other profession, participate in any
business, or be financially
interested in any contract with, or in
any franchise, or special privilege
granted by the Government or any
subdivision, agency, or
instrumentality thereof, including
government-owned or controlled
corporations or their subsidiaries.
They shall strictly avoid conflict of
interest in the conduct of their office.
The spouse and relatives by
consanguinity or affinity within the
fourth civil degree of the President
shall not during his tenure be
appointed as members of the
Constitutional Commissions, or the
Office of the Ombudsman, or as
Secretaries, Undersecretaries,
chairmen or heads of bureaus or
offices, including government-
owned or controlled corporations
and their subsidiaries.

SEC. 14.
Appointments extended by an
Acting President shall remain
effective, unless revoked by the
elected President within ninety days
from his assumption or
reassumption of office.

SEC. 15.
Two months immediately before the
next presidential elections and up to
the end of his term, a President or
Acting President shall not make
appointments, except temporary
appointments to executive positions
when continued vacancies therein
will prejudice public service or
endanger public safety.

SEC. 16.
The President shall nominate and,
with the consent of the Commission
on Appointments, appoint the heads
of the executive department,
ambassadors, other public ministers
and consuls, or officers of the
armed forces from the rank of
colonel or naval captain, and other
officers whose appointments are
vested in him in this Constitution.
He shall also appoint all other
officers of the Government whose
appointments are not otherwise
provided for by law, and those
whom he may be authorized by law
to appoint. The Congress may, by
law, vest the appointment of other
officers lower in rank in the
President alone, in the courts, or in
the heads of departments,
agencies, commissions, or boards.
The President shall have the power
to make appointments during the
recess of the Congress, whether
voluntary or involuntary, but such
appointments shall be effective only
until after disapproval by the
Commission on Appointments or
until the next adjournment of the
Congress.

SEC. 17.
The President shall control of all the
executive departments, bureaus
and offices. He shall ensure that the
laws be faithfully executed.

SEC. 18.
The President shall be the
Commander-in-Chief of all armed
forces of the Philippines and
whenever it becomes necessary, he
may call out such armed forces to
prevent or suppress lawless
violence, invasion or rebellion. In
case of invasion or rebellion, when
the public safety requires it, he may,
for a period not exceeding sixty
days, suspend the privilege of the
writ of habeas corpus or place the
Philippines or any part thereof
under martial law. Within forty-eight
hours from the proclamation of
martial law or the suspension of the
privilege of the writ of habeas
corpus, the President shall submit a
report in person or in writing to the
Congress. The Congress, voting
jointly, by a vote of at least a
majority of all its Members in regular
or special session, may revoke such
proclamation or suspension, which
revocation shall not be set aside by
the President. Upon the initiative of
the President, the Congress may, in
the same manner, extend such
proclamation or suspension for a
period to be determined by the
Congress, if the invasion or
rebellion shall persist and public
safety requires it.

The Congress, if not in session,


shall, within twenty-four hours
following such proclamation or
suspension, convene in accordance
with its rules without any need of a
call.

The Supreme Court may review, in


an appropriate proceeding filed by
any citizen, the sufficiency of the
factual basis of the proclamation of
martial law or the suspension of the
privilege of the writ or the extension
thereof, and must promulgate its
decision thereon within thirty days
from its filing.
A state of martial law does not
suspend the operation of the
Constitution, nor supplant the
functioning of the civil courts or the
legislative assemblies, nor authorize
the conferment of jurisdiction on
military courts and agencies over
civilians where civil courts are able
to function, nor automatically
suspend the privilege of the writ.
The suspension of the privilege of
the writ shall apply only to persons
judicially charged for rebellion or
offenses inherent in or directly
connected with the invasion.

During the suspension of the


privilege of the writ, any person thus
arrested or detained shall be
judicially charged within three days,
otherwise he shall be released.

SEC. 19.
Except in cases of impeachment, or
as otherwise provided in this
Constitution, the President may
grant reprieves, commutations and
pardons, and remit fines and
forfeitures, after conviction by final
judgment.
He shall also have the power to
grant amnesty with the concurrence
of a majority of all the Members of
the Congress.

SEC. 20.
The President may contract or
guarantee foreign loans on behalf of
the Republic of the Philippines with
the prior concurrence of the
Monetary Board, and subject to
such limitations as may be provided
by law. The Monetary Board shall,
within thirty days from the end of
every quarter of the calendar year,
submit to the Congress a complete
report of its decisions on
applications for loans to be
contracted or guaranteed by the
Government or government-owned
and controlled corporations which
would have the effect of increasing
the foreign debt, and containing
other matters as may be provided
by law.

SEC. 21.
No treaty or international agreement
shall be valid and effective unless
concurred in by at least two-thirds of
all the Members of the Senate.

SEC. 22.
The President shall submit to the
Congress within thirty days from the
opening of the regular session, as
the basis of the general
appropriations bill, a budget of
expenditures and sources of
financing, including receipts from
existing and proposed revenue
measures.

SEC. 23.
The President shall address the
Congress at the opening of its
regular session. He may also
appear before it at any other time

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