Chapter 29

Antiderivatives

29.1 DEFINITION AND NOTATION

Definition: An antideriuatiue of a functionf is a function whose derivative is$

EXAMPLES

(a) x2 is an antiderivative of 2x, since D,(x2) = 2x.

(b) x4/4 is an antiderivative of x3, since D,(x4/4) = x3.
(c) 3x3 - 4x2 + 5 is an antiderivative of 9x2 - 8x, since D,(3x3 - 4x2 + 5 ) = 9x2 - 8x.
(d) x2 + 3 is an antiderivative of 2x, since D,(x2 + 3) = 2x.
(e) sin x is an antiderivative of cos x, since D,(sin x) = cos x.

Examples (a) and (d) show that a function can have more than one antiderivative. This is true for all
functions. If g(x) is an antiderivative off(x), then g(x) + C is also an antiderivative off(x), where C is
any constant. The reason is that Dx(C)= 0, whence

Let us find the relationship between any two antiderivatives of a function.

Theorem 29.1: If F'(x) = 0 for all x in an interval Y, then F(x) is a constant on 9.
The assumption F'(x) = 0 tells us that the graph of F always has a horizontal tangent. It is then
obvious that the graph of F must be a horizontal straight line; that is, F(x) is constant. For a rigorous
proof, see Problem 29.4.
Corollary 29.2: If g'(x) = h'(x) for all x in an interval Y, then there is a constant C such that
g(x) = h(x) + C for all x in Y.
Indeed,
D,(g(x) - h(x)) = g'(x) - h'(x) = 0
whence, by Theorem 29.1, g(x) - h(x) = C, or g(x) = h(x) C. +
According to Corollary 29.2, any two antiderivatives of a given function differ only by a constant.
Thus, if we know one antiderivative of a function, we know them all.

NOTATION If(.) dx stands for any antiderivative ofJ Thus,

OTHER TERMINOLOGY Sometimes the term indefinite integral is used instead of antiderivative, and the process of
I
finding antiderivatives is termed integration. In the expression f ( x ) d x , f ( x ) is called the integrand. The motive for
this nomendature will become clear in Chapter 31.
222 ANTIDERIVATIVES [CHAP. 29

EXAMPLES

(a) I x2 dx =
x3
7 + C . Since D,(x3/3) = x2, we know that x3/3 is an antiderivative of x2. By Corollary 29.2, any

other antiderivativeof x2 is of the form (x3/3) + C, where C is a constant.

(b) !cos x dx = sin x +C

(c) I s i n x dx = -cos x +C
(d) j s e c 2 x dx =tan x +C
(e) IOdx=C

(f) [ l d x = ~ + C

29.2 RULES FOR ANTIDERNATIVES

The rules for derivatives-in particular, the sum-or-difference rule and the chain rule-yield corre-
sponding rules for antiderivatives.

RULE 1. [ a dx = ax + c for any constant a.

EXAMPLE

s 3 dx = 3x +c

RULE 2. J xr d x = -+ C for any rational number r other than r = - 1.

A

r+l

NOTE The antiderivativeof x- will be dealt with in Chapter 34.

Rule 2 follows from Theorem 15.4, according to which

EXAMPLES

I-$ X-2
dx = J x - ~dx = -+
-2
c
1
- -2 x - 2 + c=
1
2x2
+C

This follows from Dx( a [ f ( x ) d x ) = a Dx( 1

f ( x ) d x ) = af(x).
CHAP. 291 ANTIDERIVATIVES 223

EXAMPLE

Notice that we find a specific antiderivative,x3/3 + x4/4, and then add the arbitraryconstant C.

Rules 1 through 4 enable us to compute the antiderivative of any polynomial.

EXAMPLE J(3x5 -2
1
x4 + 7x2 + x - 3) dx = 3 ( 3 --
2 5(-) + 7 ( 3 + 2-
1 xs
2 3x +c
_ -x6_ - x5 + -7 x3 + -
- x2
- 3x + c
2 10 3 2

The next rule will prove to be extremely useful.

RULE 5 (Quick Formula I).

The power chain rule implies that
s (g(x))+
(g(x))g(x)dx = r-fl
+ c

which yields quick formula I.

EXAMPLES

J(; x2 + 5)7x dx =; (; xz + 5) + c

{J- dx = 51 I ( 2 x - 5)12(2)dx = -1 (2x - 5)32 + c = -31 (2x - 5)3z + c

2 3
RULE 6 (Substitution Method). Deferring the general formulation and justification to Problem 29.18,
we illustrate the method by three examples.
(i) Find x2 cos x3 dx. Let x3 = U. Then, by Section 21.3, the differential of u is given by
1
du = Dx(x3)dx = 3x2 dx or x2 d x = - du
3

s s:
Now substitute U for x3 and idu for x2 dx,

x2 cos x3 dx = - cos u du =
3
1
3
1
cos u du = - sin u + c = - sin x3 +C
224 ANTIDERIVATIVES [CHAP. 29

(ii) Find j (x2 + 3x - 5)3(2x + 3) dx. Let U = x2 + 3x - 5, du = (2x + 3) dx. Then

s (x2
u4
+ 3x - 5 ) 3 ( 2 ~+ 3) dx = s u3 du = -
4
+ C = -41 (x2 + 3x - 5)4 + C

s
(iii) Find sin2 x cos x dx. Let u = sin x. Then du = cos x dx, and
u3 sin3 x
sin2 x cos x dx = u2 du = - + c = -+ C
s 3 3
Notice that quick formula I (Rule 5 ) is a special case of Rule 6, corresponding to the substitution
U = g(x).The beauty of quick formula I is that, when it is applicable, it allows us to avoid the bother of
going through the substitution process.

Solved Problems
29.1 Find the following antiderivatives:

(a) / ( f i- 5x2) dx =
-
s
x4/3
(X1l3

- -- 5(;)
- 5x2) dx

+C [by Rules 2 and 41

s

(b) + p-2) dx = 5(4. + - 2) dx = 4 ( 3 + T-+ c

z
2x

= 2x2 + -27 X1l2 - 2x + c

(c) /(x2 - sec2 x) dx = tan x +C
[(?+
3

dx = 3x) dx = 2 !x-'/' dx + 3 s x dx [by Rules 1 and 41

=2 9+ 3 -2 + c = 4J;; + -32 x2 + c
x1/2 x2

29.2 Find the following antiderivatives:

CHAP. 291 ANTIDERIVATIVES 225

(a) Notice that DJ2x3 - x) = 6x2 - 1. So, by quick formula I,

I (2x3 - ~ ) ~ ( -

(b) Observe that Dx(5x2- 1) = 1Ox. Then, by Rule 1,

6 x dx
1) ~
1
= - (2x3 - x)'
5
+C

J~GZ dx =
I (52 -1 p 3 dx = - J ( 5 2 - 11113 iox dx
10
1 ( 5 2 - 1)4/3
=-
+

p y quick formula I]
10 4
3 3
= - pX2
40
- 11413 + c =-
40
(4-1~+ c
=Ad-+c
40

(For manipulations of rational powers, review Section 15.2.)

293 Use the substitution method to evaluate:

(a) Let u = &.Then,

1
du = DJ&) dx = D x( X" 2) dx = - x-1/2 dx = -
2 2> dx

Hence, dx=2

(b) Let U = 3x2 - 1. Then du = 6x dx, and

s sinudu= -~COSU+C= -~COS&+C

(c) Let u = x
s x sec2 (3x2 - 1) dx = -
'I
6
+ 2. Then du = dx and x = u - 2. Hence,
1
sec2 u du = - tan u
6
+ C = -61 tan (3x2 - 1) + C

I x2,/z dx = I (U - 2)2& du = I (u2 - 4u + 4)u1I2 du

= { ( u ~ /-~4u3I2 + 4u1/') du [by du" = ur+q

- -2 u7i2 - -8 u5i2 + -8 u ~ i z+ c = 2 (x + 2)7/2 - 8 (x + 2)5/2 + 8 (x + 2)3/2 + c

7 5 3
The substitution U = ,/=would also work.

29.4 Prove Theorem 29.1.

Let a and b be any two numbers in 9.By the mean-value theorem (Theorem 17.2), there is a number c
between a and b, and therefore in 9,such that

But by hypothesis, F'(c) = 0; hence, F(b) - F(a) = 0, or F(b) = F(a).

226 ANTIDERIVATIVES [CHAP. 29

29.5 A rocket is shot straight up into the air with an initial velocity of 256 feet per second. (a) When
does it reach its maximum height? (6) What is its maximum height? (c) When does it hit the
ground again? (d)What is its speed when it hits the ground?
In free-fall problems, U = I a dt and s = 5 U dt because, by definition, a = du/dt and U = ds/dt. Since
a= - 32 feet per second per second (when up is positive),

U =1-32 dt = -32t + C,
s =ji-32t + C,) dt = (-32) t2
+ C,t + C, = - 16t2 + C,t + C,
in which the values of C1 and C, are determined by the initial conditions of the problem. In the present
+
case, it is given that 40) = 256 and 40) = 0. Hence, 256 = 0 C, and 0 = 0 + 0 + C, ,so that

U = -32t+256 (1)

s = - 16t2 + 256t (2)

(a) For maximum height, ds/dt = o = -32t + 256 = 0. So,
256
t=-- - 8 seconds
32

when the maximum height is reached.

(b) Substituting t = 8 in (2),

(c) Setting s = 0 in (2),

- 16t2 + 256t = 0
-16t(t - 16) = 0
t = O or t = 1 6

The rocket leaves the ground at t = 0 and returns at t = 16.

(d) Substituting t = 16 in (Z), 416) = -32(16) + 256 = -256 feet per second. The speed is the magnitude
of the velocity, 256 feet per second.

29.6 Find an equation of the curve passing through the point (2, 3) and having slope 3x3 - 2x + 5 at
each point (x, y).
The slope is given by the derivative. So,

dY
-
d x = 3x3 - 2x + 5

Hence, Y = l ( 3 2 - 2x + 5) dx = -43 x4 - x2 + 5x + C
Since (2,3) is on the curve,
3
3 = - (2)4 - (2),
4
+ 5(2) + C = 12 - 4 + 10 + C = 18 + C
Thus, C = - 15, and
CHAP. 29) ANTIDERIVATIVES 221

Supplementary Problems

29.7 Find the following antiderivatives:

(U) ](2x3 - 5x2 + 3~ + 1) dx (c) 5 2 f i dx

(6) 1 5 P d x (4 j$ dx (f) j ( x ' - 1)fidx

I($-+ (h) s"-';+ 1 dx (i) I ( 3 sin x + 5 cos x) dx

s
(9)

U) s ( 7 sec2 x - sec x tan x) dx (k) (csc2 x + 3x2) dx (0 1 x ~ 3 dx

x

'I
(m) sec x dx (n) !tan2 x dx (0) Ix(x4 + 2)2 dx
[Hint:Use Theorem 28.3 in (n).)

29.8 Evaluate the following antiderivatives by using Rule 5 or Rule 6. [In (m),a # 0.1

(d) I s i n (3x - 1) dx (e) /sec2 5X dx (f) l v d x

(9) I ( 4 - 2t2)7t dt (h) sx2,./;'Ti dx (i) X dx

s
x+l

U) 1 d x m , dx (k) (x* + 1)ll3x7dx

(m) I.,/= dx (n) I&X cos 3x (0) s,/Gx2 d x

sin (l/x) cos (l/x)
(p) J(3x - 5)l2x dx (4) "4 - 7t2)7tdt dx

(s) 1s sec2
3
2 dx

29.9 A rocket is shot vertically upward from a tower 240 feet above the ground, with an initial velocity of 224
feet per second. (a) When will it attain its maximum height? (b) What will be its maximum height? (c) When
will it strike the ground? (d) With what speed will it hit the ground?

29.10 (Rectilinear Motion, Chapter 18) A particle moves along the x-axis with acceleration a = 2t - 3 feet per
second per second. At time t = 0, it is at the origin and moving with a speed of 4 feet per second in the
positive direction. (a) Find a formula for its velocity U in terms of t. (b) Find a formula for its position x in
terms of t. (c) When and where does the particle change direction? (d) At what times is the particle moving
toward the left?

29.11 Rework Problem 29.10 if a = t 2 - 9 feet per second per second.

29.12 A rocket shot straight up from ground level hits the ground 10 seconds later. (a) What was its initial
velocity? (b) How high did it go?